Psychology Chapter 3: Development

Mary Ainsworth Experiment and Results

"Strange Situation" - measures attachment Place child under stress. What kid do in fun but new room. Stranger enter room w/ kid and mom. Couple min later stranger try play with baby. Mom leave. Stranger try comfort/ play with baby. Mom come back and stranger leave, mom leave kid alone. Stranger return try console baby (in vain) mom come back. Child easily calmed down when attachment figure come back. Secure Attachment: visibly distressed when attachment figure leaves because know that person important. Insecure Attachment: kid no care when attachment figure leave. When kid beg upset when fig leave and when they come back kid can't be calmed down easily. Or is clingy and no interact with stranger or environment, no leave figure because can't trust him or her to not leave

Egocentricism

(Lost over time) they think they are king of the world and don't really care for other people's needs. Their perspective is everyone's perspective. Experiment: child sit on both sides of a volcano diagram (3d) and is asked what they see from each perspective. Try to ask them what the person sitting opposite them sees, but they only say what they see if they have ___

Love

(People starting to get married later). Majority of adults form a long-term, loving partnership with another adult at some point in their lives. Especially common in young adulthood. More than 90% of Americans get married

Neural Devlopment

(Pituitary gland, hypothalamus). Frontal lobes still developing. Myelin growth- improved judgement, impulse control, planning (improved cognitive). Limbic steam developing (emotions and memory). Hormonal changes- impulsivity, risky behavior, emotional storms

Heinz Dilemma

(Should be under Kohlberg). A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to produce. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's laboratory to steal the drug for his wife. Should Heinz have broken into the laboratory to steal the drug for his wife? Why or why not? --investigate your response--how does it fit in with Kohlberg's stages? --what are some examples of each stage?

4 Milestones

10 days post- conception, 1st 2 weeks, 9 weeks, 6 months

Jean Piaget

1920s: creating French intelligence tests. Intrigued by patterns of wrong answers within age groups. Intrigued by wrong answers he was getting. Kids of same age were getting same questions wrong in same ways, over time they would improve. We understand we are separate beings from everyone else, but younger kids don't. They become aware of themselves at about 18 months. Kids don't understand how their size relates to things around them. At 2 and a half they have their sense of self, but have scale error: give kids normal size toys- give them identical miniature toys- they'll play with them the same way

6 preferences

1st 2 look at diagrams and explanation in notebook. Prefer focus watching stuff 8 to 10 inches away. Usually see things around that away, like when being held. Prefer voices over random noise Prefer mom voice to stranger voice Prefer mom smell to stranger smell

Focus on Faces

1st spend more time looking at faces than other parts of person or animals. Even when young, realize how important face is to communication. Experiment: show a lot of cat pictures until they get bored (habituated), then showed then images of cat body on dog face and vice versa. Babies got excited and found it more interesting. They stared more time at dog face than dog body. Show that babies focus on dace

Pre-operational

2 to about 6 or 7 years. Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. At this stage of life, kids play pretend because they can now use their mind and imagination. They can pictures things not in front of them. Egocentricism. theory of mind

Middle Adulthood

40s-60s. Physical decline accelerates. However, fitness is more of a factor than age for most people. Women menopause around age 50 (menstrual cycle stop, chemicals go crazy, hot flashes)

Prenatal Development: Conception

50% genes mom, 50% genes from dad. Single egg, usually fertilized by one sperm Your sex determined by father (mom have 2 x chromosomes, dad have x and y chromosomes)(mitosis?-process sex cells produced, chromosome pairs split up but don't duplicate selves [dif. mimosas]) Every egg has x, half male sperm x, other half y If egg x and sperm x meet = usually girl If egg x and sperm y meet = usually boy Neural network develops first, the heart, limbs, eye/ear, teeth/bones, genitalia

Developmental Psychology

A branch of psych that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

False Belief Test

AKA Smarties Test (type candy in England that every kid know what it is and what package look like). Kid opens a package that is supposed to have smarties in it, but instead it has pencils in it. Ask kid if they bought another kid over what would they think was in the package. Kids without TOM would say pencils, kids with TOM would say smarties.

Formal Operational

About 12 through adulthood. Abstract reasoning. Big ideas like love and justice (not concrete). Can think about theoretical ideas. Start able reason, make moral decisions. Abstract logic. Potential for mature moral reasoning.

Concrete Operational

Ages 7-11. Math. Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations. Ex. 1+2=3 is the same as 2+1=3. Conservation and mathematical transformation. Problems need be tied back to real world. Understanding of conservation emerge

Attachment

An emotional tie with another person. Can refer to a lot of different relationships. Kids form emotional bonds during stranger anxiety, they can differentiate between good and bad, differentiate faces. Formation of social bonds, relationship bonds, and how they formulate it. Infant-parent bond is usually 1st and best example (of first sentence). What causes attachment? Food vs comfort. Harry Harlow

3 Parenting Styles

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative

Imitation

Babies can imitate basic facial expressions. Ex. Sticking tongue out, etc. Even in delivery room have this. Monkeys do it too. Not necessarily reflex because it doesn't happen all the time.

Postconventional

Best option. Ascendence. Relies on self defined ethical principals. You decide own moral guidance. You decide moral vs immoral. Prioritize just, wrestled with values and principles. Have benchmark for what you think moral vs immoral

Primary Sex Characteristics

Body structure that make sexual reproduction possible. Ovaries, testes, external genitalia

Early Onset: Boys vs Girls

Boys: triggers growth and strength, which is correlated with popularity, self-assurance, independence. Taller, more muscle, deeper voice, etc. girls: stressful. Body image, older attention, risky behavior

9 Months

Brain a mesh of networks

1st 2 Weeks

Cell differentiation begins - when cells decide what they are gonna be when they grow up: brain cells, muscle cells, blood cells, etc. Cells start to split off and develop into their own special cells

Insecure Attachment

Clingy to or dismissive of parents. Don't view caregiver as dependable, trustworthy, or reliably meet needs. Not always attachment figure fault. Some babies just fussier. Ex, at night no easy for parent to check on baby every time they whine. Interaction nature vs nurture. Kids temperament, etc.

Harry Harlow

Controversial psychologist, sadistic. Researcher who wanted investigate what causes emotional bond. Parents keep them alive or because they provide "contact comfort"? If can separate food and comfort. One parent provide one, other parent provide other, which relationship bond stronger. Attachment figures provide sense of security. Form bond because feel safer and more secure w/ figure. Severe issues if no have security figure growing up. No social contact = physically, socially behind. Hard make bonds/ attachments.

Stability Vs. Change

Do our early traits persist through life? (core characteristics no change, personality same). Do we become different people as we age? (change from introverted to extroverted is an ex)

Still Face Infant Experiment

Dr. Edward Tronick. Mom play with baby. Then stare at baby straight faced and not respond to baby. Babies will do things like reach out hands, point, smile real big, etc. to try to get mom to play again. They get stressed and confused, etc. they will screech, lose posture because of stress, etc. Think- what happening? Why no responding? Try regain attention, do everything in their position.

Erik Erikson

Each stage if life associated with a psychosocial task that needs resolution. Ex. Infants - trust vs no trust. Most important stage was adolescence, it is socially most formative. Identity vs role confusion

9 Weeks

Embryo looks human -> Fetus

Conservation

Even if certain characteristics change, core components do not. Ex. if have pitcher water and pour into dif. pitcher, still same amount water. Understand amount, volume, etc. Experiment 1: 2 equal, same glasses w/ same amount water. Poor one glass water into a skinnier, longer glass and ask if same amount or if one has more water than the other. If say same amount, have ____ Experiment 2: 2 rows same amount quarters, ask if they same amount. then spread out one row more than other and ask if same amount or if one have more. If understand same amount, have ___

Sensorimotor

Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping). Object permanence. Birth to nearly 2 years. Stranger anxiety

Zygote

Fertilized egg. Fewer than 1/2 fertilized eggs survive beyond first 2 weeks

Preconventional

First stage of moral reasoning. Early childhood. Reward vs punishment. Right vs wrong based on reward vs punishment

Piaget

Formal operational - abstract reasoning - human nature, good vs evil, truth, justice, God, etc. start questioning a lot. Like what parents believe, thing, etc. rebellion, pushing away. __ think now is when people start thinking morally

Marshmallow Test

Give kids 1 marshmallow, leave room and tell them if they don't eat it they get another, come back later to see if they get another one. What kids could resist, who couldn't? Check on them later in life. Better in life for those who waited. younger kids struggled with waiting

Novelty-preference

Habituate to one stimulus. Present new stimulus..which is more novel? Can't ask babies thing because they have limited communication skills. Rely on stuff they can do. Pay attention what they interact with, stuff they spend more time looking at. Get baby used to something, present them with something a little different and see if they can tell difference, ex, show something red then something green. If bored they can't tell difference between the colors. If stare at it as it becomes a new fascination, then they can differentiate colors. Habituated - used to/ bored with? Babies can tell different primate faces, while others can't. Babies lose extraordinary skill as get older - recognized dif. primate faces not a skilled need when older, cause always see human faces not primate faces. Able to hear/ distinguish sounds better when younger as well, lose this when older.

Birth

Have all neurons you will have in the lifetime. Only ones gonna get

Kohlberg

He focused on why people made moral choices, their explanations. Start thinking morally very young age, but it changes as the older. He show someone moral dilemma, focus on reasoning behind their choice. Stages of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, postconventional

G. Stanley Hall

He. "1st president of APA. Studied proxy __? People's comfort zones in terms of personal space. "Storm and stress" for adolescence. Very stormy and stressful time. Chemical changes, physical changes, move from safety of small middle school to big scary high school, social changes

Nature Vs. Nurture

How do genes impact development? How does experience impact development?

Stepping

If have baby and hold then upright, with their feet right over the ground, the baby will start doing weird walking/stepping movements. Maybe because even though they can't walk because they have no balance or leg muscles, the ability to walk is hard wired into them. Reflex eventually goes away for a while until they are able to actually walk

Reflexes and 4

If infants no show these reflexes it is very concerning and could be a severe problem rooting, startle (moro), grasping, and stepping (imitation isn't technically a reflex)

Grasping

If something placed on palm of hand, the baby will hold onto it (maybe babies no have a lot of ways to have people care about then, when they grab your hand it makes you feel like the chosen one. Or maybe this is because rely on people to carry them around, maybe baby no trust us, to stop self from being dropped.

Health

Immune system weakens. Susceptible to life-threatening ailments, not to short-term ailments. 1/2 as likely as 20 year old to have the flu

Familiarity

Imprinting (birds) things around them when hatching. Bond not based on emotion or contact comfort. When ducks hatch, first moving thing see is what they attribute as their mom. Imprint and attach to you. Process of forming attachments during a critical period. Konrad Lorenz

Later Life: Life Expectancy

Increasing life expectancy (around 80 for developed world). Social security not made to handle this later life expectancy. 2050: 35% of European population will be over 60

Criticisms of Kohlberg

Individualistic(Kohlberg, cultures that prize individual voice, individual most important. Should listen to own inner voice) vs Collectivist (priority group. Conforming isn't bad. Needs group more important than individual) Carol Gillian: "androcentric" (female usually conventional, male usually postconventional) = derived from male research Ethics of caring (women) vs ethics of justice (men)

Rooting

Infant if brushed on cheek will turn their head to the cheek side that was stroked and start sucking. Infants are built with an ability to know how to breast feed. Lasts 3 - 4 months

Startle (Moro)

Infants when startled (if feel like falling) flail limbs outward like baby starfish then contract them back in. (maybe because: make you larger built in way deal w/ startle or monkeys if dropped by mothers make self big, slow down self by grabbing onto trees, and prepare for fall)

Continuity Vs. Stages

Is development a gradual, continual process? (no milestone moments, change over lifespan, but no ah ha big change moment). Does it proceed through a sequence of separate stages? (milestone markers, big change)

Conventional

Kids focused on norms and conventions of society. Right thing= what law or rules say. Social order and Norman's - if violate = wrong. No steak because it's illegal. What most people view

Stranger Anxiety

Kids know they have a caretaker, when they see a stranger they panic. It also shows they are gaining some object permanence because they realize their caretaker is not with them

Common Moments of Adulthood

Love, parenting, career

Life Expectancy: Male vs Female

Males "more prone to dying" Male: female (Male embryos more fragile than females) 126: 100 embryo 105: 100 at birth 1st year of life - male death rate exceeds females by 1/4. Women outlive men by 4 years worldwide; 5-6 years in USA article

Attachment Styles

Mary Ainsworth. Secure and insecure attachment

3-6 years

Most rapid growth in frontal lobes.

Adolescence vs Adulthood

Much less predictable (in adolescence puberty predictable). F(x) of decisions, circumstances, luck. Very few age-related milestones

Infancy and Childhood (Physical Development)

Neural development big focus. Many brain changes beginning of life. Brain encounter so many new things

Newborn to 1 Month

Neuron (neural) networks forming rapidly. Process visual stimuli, language, etc.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Non reproductive sexual characteristics. Female breasts and hips, male voice quality, body hair.

Object Permanence

Objects continue to exist even when they're not visible (little kids don't have that, as soon as you're out of sight and sound, you're gone. Ex. Peek a boo, cover an object with a blanket.)

6 Months

Organ developed enough to give preemie (born premature baby) chance to survive [need be put in incubator]. Touch stimulate growth hormones. visual system of baby no get early start) chance at survival. Fetus responds to sound - newborns prefer sound of mom's voice

Theory of Mind

Our understanding that people have different, unique mental states. thoughts, etc. Different minds. Unique cognition. Little kids need develop this. Able to kind of mind read. Ex. when you get test back and you are happy because you got a good grade and your friend gets a bad grade, you know they must feel sad. Kids think we share a mental state, this is why they're bad at lying, they think everyone knows the truth too if they know it

Diane Baumrind

Outcome research. Authoritative linked with highest self-esteem, self-reliance, social competence. Correlation suggest this is way to parent. Permissive not held accountable for things Authoritarian no learn have a voice of worth

Authoritarian

Parents who demand obedience. Set rules and expect child follow them. No into compromise or explain self. Because I said so. Im the parent you're the child. My way or the highway. Rapunzel - mother gothel, Cinderella's step mom

Infants/kids most important relationship with people, adolescence most important relationship with_____

Peers. Listen to voices and opinions of peers most. Adopt many same values, same activities, etc.

Authoritative

Perfect blend. Set rules and expectations. Willing to compromise and explain self and rules. Ex. Ha curfew but ask if can come home little later because have a safe, supervised school dance. Willing hear feedback from kids and acknowledge they have a voice, but parent voice the deciding, final voice. Modern family Phil and Claire, full house parents, billy Rae Cyrus Hannah Montana

Adulthood Physical Abilities

Physical peak at mid-twenties. Rarely notice unless you are in a physically demanding sport or occupation (slow reaction time, take longer to heal, etc.). Women peak earlier

Adult

Pruning process post-puberty. Trimming off things that you don't need, the neural connections themselves, it is also strengthening the ones you're keeping. Most things can't regrow once pruned. Complex processing forms last/ doing multiple things at once/ making judgments

Konrad Lorenz

Psychologist. Got ducks to attach to him, ball, wagon, etc. can't imprint ducks on multiple things. Birds learn how to be birds from their imprinted duck mama. If imprinted on human, no learn how to live like a duck in the wild

Infant Perception Experiment

Put velcro on hands of babies. They more fascinated with object sooner than would normally. Usually focus face over objects, but opposite when wearing the velcro mitts (Basic research: increase knowledge of something. Applied research: learn something for a purpose)

Competent Newborn

Reflexes

Study Tip

Retrieval. Practice bringing info to mind. Put notebook away, write everything u remember, check what Right and accurate and if have main ideas

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor, pre-operational

Permissive

Set few rules/boundaries. Let kid decide what do. Permit almost anything. More friend relationship. No really hold kids to guidelines/ rules. No curfew, rules, etc. Ex. Dora's parents, Regina George mom

Brain

Slower neural processing. Memory regions start to atrophy. Brain cells start to die in young adulthood. 5% brain weight reduction by 80. Frontal lobe atrophy. Physical fitness/exercise can slow this decline. (Brain start die, shrinks size, mainly memory section)

Identity vs Role Confusion

Solidified by integrating multiple roles into one cohesive self. Try different versions self. Have different types of role you play in different scenarios -w/ friends, family, school, etc. Take the extreme versions of self been dealing with together to make one version of self. Who are you? Cohesive self- bundled roles into one. Some people struggle. Role confusion- when people leave adolescence but still don't know their one, true self going into young adulthood. Form identity most importing during adolescence.

Sally-Anne Test

Tell little kid story with dolls or puppets. Sally has a basket and Anne has a box. Sally puts the marble in the basket and leaves the room. Anne takes the marble and puts it in her box. The child is asked where Sally will look for the marble when she gets back? The child should say she would look in the basket, but kids w/o TOM would say the box because they know it's in there. Asked where the object was at the beginning and where it is now

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. The sequence is predictable, the timing isn't. Girls begin at around age 11, boys begin at around age 13. But overall usually start age around 10 to 15 or 16

Adolescence

Transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Harry Harlow Experiments

Used monkeys. 2 moms- one monkey made of wire with a bottle attached and one made of cloth to provide contact comfort. Experiment 1: let monkey go and he prefer contact comfort mom over food mom. Baby feel security in presence of mother. Experiment 2: scare money and see if feel more safe and secure with food or comfort mom. He went to comfort mother. Scared of thing, went to comfort mom, changed from scared to threatening thing. Attachment figure= secure home base to feel more confident and explore the world. More adventurous and communicate but always keep tabs on security home base.

Secure Attachment

View primary caregiver as dependable, trustworthy, reliably meet your needs. Play out in relationships in future. Higher self esteem and. Enter self reliance

Sensory Decline

Visual acuity, distance perception, adaptation to changing light levels - pupil shrinks, lens becomes less transparent - 65 year old retina receives 1/3 as much light as 20 years old. Sense of smell, hearing -high pitch sounds (can't be heard)

10 Days Post-Conception

Zygote attaches to uterine wall. The inner cells become the embryo and the outer cells become the wall.

3 Major Issues

nature vs nurture, continuity vs stages, stability vs change

Tests of Theory of Mind

sally-anne test, false belief test

At every prenatal stage, both genes and environment play a role

teratogens (harmful agents) - e.g. drugs, alcohol