Psychology Chapter 4 Part 2

The median age at which young children begin walking in the United States is _____ months.

12

In developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Accommodation

People constantly crave acceptance but remain alert to signs of possible rejection.

Anxious Attachment

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Assimilate

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Attachment

Parents are coercive. They impose rules and expect obedience.

Authoritarian

Parents are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.

Authoritative

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

People experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others.

Avoidant Attachment

Which of the following is true of motor-skill development? A. It is determined solely by genetic factors. B. The sequence, but not the timing, is universal. C. The timing, but not the sequence, is universal. D. It is determined solely by environmental factors.

B

Maturation refers mainly to _____ development.

Biological

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Cognition

Stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. (about ages 7 to 11)

Concrete Operational

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Conservation

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.

Conservation

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

Critical Period

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

Egocentric

Stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. (normally begins about age 12)

Formal Operational

Between ages 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the ______________ lobes, which enable rational planning and aid memory.

Frontal

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.

Imprinting

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Maturation

The biological growth process called _____________ explains why most children begin walking by about 12 to 15 months.

Maturation

Nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____.

Maturation; Exerience

Parents are uninvolved. They are neither demanding nor responsive. They are careless, inattentive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children.

Negligent

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Oject Permanence

Parents are unrestraining. They make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment.

Permissive

Stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age)

Preoperational

Reflecting a use-it-or-lose it approach, unused synaptic connections are eliminated during infancy and childhood in a process called _____.

Pruning

Reflecting a use-it-or-lose it approach, unused synaptic connections are eliminated during infancy and childhood in a process called __________.

Pruning

A framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.

Scaffold

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Schema

Piaget used the word _____ to refer to a mental framework that organizes and interprets information.

Schema

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Sense of Trust

Stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. (from birth to nearly age 2)

Sensorimotor

In Piaget's view, cognitive development consisted of four major stages.....

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Stranger Anxiety

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Temperment

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Theory of Mind

A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false BEST illustrates the development of _______________.

Theory of mind