Psychology chapter 5 and 6

After receiving a cute boy's cell phone number, Tammie mentally repeats the number over and over in her head. This process convert auditory signals into strings of recognizable sounds, and it is called ___

acoustic

In her yoga teacher training, Reissa uses "Roy G. Biv" to memorizes the colors associated with the seven chakras. Which memory technique is Reissa utilizing?

acronym

Of the following mnemonics, which involves forming a word composed of the first letters of a series of words?

acronyms

Which of the following is not one of the processes involved in cognitive learning?

affective monitoring

The ___ plays an important role in encoding emotional experiences, such as fear responses.

amygdala

Which brain structure plays an important role in encoding fear and anger?

amygdala

In anterograde amnesia, there is

an inability to form new long-term memories

Shawn does extremely well on his spelling test in school. His father praises Shawn for this test score and tells him how smart he is, but he should be able to learn the next list of words even faster. Where giving praise is concerned, Shawn's Dad needs to know about the principle of

"Reward the effort, not the outcome."

graduate student Charisse Goldberg conducted operant conditioning trials with a laboratory rat. Goldberg trained the animal to press a lever to earn a food pellet. The rat successfully learned to press the lever. In the language of operant conditioning, what is the animal's learned response called?

an operant response

In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus was the one that caused

an unlearned response or reflex

Ella has suffered a head injury. She is no longer able to form new long-term memories. She is suffering from

anterograde amnesia

Classical conditioning is best describes as learning by

association

Helena has learned that she gets motion sickness easily. If Helena takes medicine before a boat ride so she doesn't get sea sick, she is demonstrating

avoidance learning

Rosa has learned to bring an umbrella with her on overcast days, explaining "I don't want to get wet if it rains." We can explain her behavior as a form of

avoidance learning

Many psychologists think of human memory as a type of information processing system that has ___ basic processes that are called ___.

3; encoding, storage, and retrieval

In his studies of memory, Ebbinghaus found that __ of the information was lost by the end of the first day after studying, and that ___ of the information was lost after a month had passed

66%; 80%

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A mother picks up her infant when he cries, which then stops his crying, thereby reducing the mother's level of annoyance

To learn the EGBDF musical scale Rybeccah uses the saying "Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge." Which mnemonic technique is Rybeccah using?

Acrostic

A group of students make a presentation on theories of forgetting. Which student was assigned retrieval theory?

Apollo says, "Forgetting from a failure to access stored memories either from encoding failure or from a lack of access cues."

Which of the following best describes Bandura's research and subsequent general conclusions about the effects of violent television on behavior?

Bandura believed that children become more aggressive after observing aggressive models on television, and his research has been supported

Of the following parents giving praise which is using the most effective strategy?

Barney tells his son, "I'm so proud of how well you prepared for your biology test."

Who invented the World Wide Web?

Berners- Lee

Pavlov found that the strength of a conditional response increased with the number of pairings of the

CS and US

Which pattern best describes what happens once classical conditioning occurs?

CS elicits the CR

Regarding the timing of the CS and the US in classical y conditioning, the STRONGEST conditioned response occurs when the

CS is present first and remains on during the presentation of the US

Although Hannah knows that praise strengthens desirable behavior in children, she is not sure what specific strategies she should use. Which of the following guidelines should Hannah follow?

Combine physical contact with verbal praise

Sleep is important for which memory process?

Consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories

Which of the following can best be described as an example of insight learning?

Dr. Caruthers, who has been working on a particularly thorny problem in microbiology for a number of months. She then suddenly realize the solution to her problem, seemingly without effort.

Which of the following psychologists is most likely to apply a cognitive perspective to research on classical conditioning?

Dr. Rivers, who believes that conditioned stimuli are signals or cues organisms use to make predictions about the environment

To make your studying more productive, your text suggests all but which of the following?

Eat a large meal before sitting down to study in order to avoid distractions from hunger

Regarding eidetic imagery, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Eidetic imagery is more common in children than adults

Regarding implicit and explicit memory, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while implicit memory does not

Regarding research on the classical conditioning of taste aversions, which of the following statements is FALSE

Garcia and Koelling's work on taste aversions was no surprise to their colleagues; the research turned out as expected

which of the following is demonstrating extinction of an operant response?

Hermione, who eventually stops raising her hand when Professor Snape fails to call on her

who is most closely associated with classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

Which of the following can best be described as an example of observational learning?

Jason, who has a flat tire while driving on a country road. He remembers having seen his dad change a flat tire before, so he doesn't hesitate to attempt the task himself. He is successful in the attempt and is soon on his way again

Who is most closely associated with the study of conditioned emotional reactions?

John Watson

Thorndike is to ___ as Skinner is to ___

Law of Effect; operant conditioning

Which of the following best describes the nature of learning?

Learning is adaptive in most cases. It involves enduring, but not necessarily permanent, changes in behavior

Which of the following psychologists is a leading expert on eyewitness testimony?

Loftus

Regarding long-term memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Long-term memory relies primarily on acoustic and visual encoding

Which student is taking a test that is a recognition task?

Melissa, who takes a multiple-choice exam in her sociology class in which she must identify key events and founders in the history of sociology from a list of choices

The capacity of short-term memory was investigated by

Miller

Why do students generally perform better on multiple-choice tests than on essay tests?

Multiple-choice tests provide more retieval cues

In Watson's research with Little Albert, the rat began as the ___ and became the ___.

NS; CS

The systematic application of learning principles to help people overcome phobias is called ___ therapy

behavior

___ is the systematic application of operant conditioning to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior

behavior modification

The "Magic 7" refers to the

capacity of short-term memory

When asked to report his social security number Ian says, "999-99-111." Ian has taken the larger 9-digit number and broken it down into smaller pieces, which makes it easier to recall. This is best explained by the concept of

chunking

Learning in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a reflexive response is called

classical conditioning

Marcel sat at a cafe eating the best croissant he had ever tasted. He begins frequenting the cafe to order the croissants. He hardly notices the jingling of the cash register just before the clerk hands him the croissant. Now every time he heard the same kind of jingling from another cash register, his mouth waters. Marcel's learning is an example of

classical conditioning

When two-year-old Clarice was playing in the basement, a large burst of thunder scared her at the same time she saw a spider. Now Clarice has a spider phobia. Clarice's experience is an example of which time of learning?

classical conditioning

"Mental learning" is closest in meaning to which form of learning?

cognitive learning

____ is learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being reinforced for it

cognitive learning

In the classic latent learning experiments described in you test, it appears that the rats developed a mental representation of the maze. Researches call this mental representation a

cognitive map

Classical conditioning can explain the development of all of the following EXCEPT

complex, voluntary behaviors

All but which of the following are examples of the application of principles of operant conditioning?

conditioned immune system responses

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the puff of air is called the

conditioned stimulus

Dr. Emmanuel demonstrates a typical Pavlovian conditioning experiment for his psychology class. Emmanuel pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus and then asks the class, "What is the neutral stimulus called now?" the correct answer is

conditioned stimulus

Which of the following does NOT belong?

conditioned stimulus

A researcher finds that rats avoid drinking from bottles in a room in which they had received exposure to radiation that subsequently made them ill. This demonstrates

conditioned taste aversion

Pauline became ill after eating eggs contaminated with salmonella. She subsequently becomes nauseous whenever she sees eggs. This is an example of

conditioned taste aversion

the most suprising element in Garcia's research on taste aversion was that

conditioned taste aversion could be developed even when the CS occurred several hours before the US

Maintenance rehearsal is

consciously repeating information over and over again

The process of converting unstable, short-term memory into lasting, stable memories is called

consolidation

the view that memory is based on recreating representations of the past rather than recalled verbatim images of the past is called

constructionist theory

Karen agrees to replace the toilet paper when it runs out if her roommate, Susan, will wash their dirty dishes every evening after dinner. this is an example of

contingency contracting

___ is a process by which two people in a relationship list the behaviors of the other that they would like to be changed, and then they agree to to reinforce each other for making the changes

contingency contracting

Cliff has vivid memories of burning his hand on a birthday candle at his seventh birthday party. But his mother corrects him, saying, "You never burned your hand. But I would tell you every birthday to be careful of the candles." Which theoretical model best accounts for Cliff's misremembering?

counstructionist

In investigative questioning, how do leading questions and open-ended questions compare?

Open-ended questions lead to more accuracy but fewer details than leading questions

The "Try This Out" Feature in your text, "What's in the Photograph?" applies which concept from the unit on memory?

People are better able to recall information that is consistent with their existing schemas

Which of the following people is on a variable-ration schedule of reinforcement

Phillip, who is playing a slot machine at a casino

Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Positive reinforcement leads to strengthening of response, whereas negative reinforcement leads to weakening of response

Int he past three psychology labs. Liliya has been attempting to classically condition a lab rat. Her strategy has been to present the US and the CS simultaneously. Which of the following should she do to strengthen the conditioned response of the rat?

Present the CS first and have it remain present during presentation of US

Regarding procedural memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Procedural memory is used when we need to consciously recall a set of procedures to be followed in completing a task

regarding Rescorla's views on classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Rescorla believes that classical conditioning is the result of repeated pairings of NS and US

While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her current address prevented her from accurately remembering her previous address. This is an example

Retroactive interference

Which of the following can best be described as an example of latent learning?

Samantha, who has wandered through the downtown area a number of times without having a particular goal in mind. When she is asked to take a friend to a particular restaurant in that neighborhood, she almost immediately picks the shortest route.

Which of the following suggests that long-term memory is organized in terms of an elaborate arrangement of associated concepts?

Semantic network model

In an application of classical conditioning principles reported in the text, how were sheep ranchers able to protect their sheep from coyotes?

Sheep carcasses were injected with a poison that would sicken but not kill coyotes

Which of the following pairing is correct?

Skinner--operant conditioning

The idea that memory gradually disintegrates over times is the basics of

decay theory

Regarding research on forgetting and decay theory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

decay theory does not account for memory loss that occurs due to the passage of time

Regarding declarative memory, which of the following statements is FALSE

declarative memories are recalled without conscious effort

Keiko knows that Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah and that George Washington was the first president of the United States. These are examples of

declarative memory

Which statement best describes the current state of opinion on recovered memories of childhood abuse?

Some recovered memories are genuine, whereas others are false, and psychologists lack the tools to differentiate between them

Ivan Pavlov's initial research work was in the study of

digestive processes in dogs

An "Open" sign in the window of a store that tells Ivan he can go in to purchase a beverage he finds particularly reinforcing. In this example, the sign serves as a

discriminative stimulus

During the war in Iraq, Max saw his best friend killed during an enemy attack and he has a great deal of guilt. Subsequently, Max has perfect recall of his war experience, except for this friend's death. Max's psychologically caused amnesia is referred to as

dissociative amnesia

In sensory memory, auditory stimuli are to ___ memory as visual stimuli are to ___ memory.

echoic; iconic

To which area of human behavior was Thorndike particularly excited about applying principles of animal learning?

education

Mark's friends say he has "photographic memory." In scientific terms, Mark's memory ability is described as

eidetic imagery

When Jacques wants to learn a new concept, he attempts to connect it with previously existing knowledge. This is an example of

elaborative rehearsal

Flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with

emotionally charges experiences

Many people cannot say whether the doorknob is on the left or right side of their front door. This is most likely due to

encoding failure

What is the order of processing memory?

encoding, storage, retrieval

Semantic memory is most analogous to a(n)

encyclopedia

A physical trace of memory in the brain is termed a(n)

engram

By manipulating a particular gene in mice, scientists have been able to

enhance learning and memory ability

Advances in genetic engineering show that it is possible to

enhance learning and memory ability in nonhuman organisms

Regarding episodic memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

episodic memories are better remembered when regularly retrieved and rehearsed

Chris has been experiencing a number of problems on the job. In order to get away from his problems for a while, Chris regularly drinks heavily in the evening, after work. We can explain this behavior as a form of

escape learning

Paul has turned to alcohol in order to flee from the problems in his marriage. We can explain his behavior as a form of

escape learning

Donatello is using the guidelines with her son Giovanni. Donatello tells her son, "Giovanni, when you clean up all of your toys, you'll get a gold star on your chart." Which guideline is Donatello working with?

explaining the contingency

Declarative memory is also known as

explicit memory

In classical conditioning, a conditioned response can weaken and eventually disappear. This is referred to as

extinction

Following ___, a conditioned response may reappear. This process is known as ___

extinction; spontaneous recovery

Regarding classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

extinguished responses are forgotten if they are not reinforced

Watson investigated the classical conditioning of which type of responses?

fear

Vlad receives $100 for every ten telemarketing calls he makes. This is an example of a ___ schedule of reinforcement

fixed ratio

A "scalloped" response pattern is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed-interval

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response performed after a specific amount of time has passed is reinforced is called a

fixed-interval schedule

Even though she was only a toddler at the time, 45-year-old Jean has a vivid picture in her mind of her mother weeping when the television announced that President Kennedy had been assassinated. Jean's experience is an example of which of the following?

flashbulb memory

In contrast to maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal involves

focusing on the meaning of the material

the conversion of short-term memory into long-term declarative memory most likely involves the

hippocampus

In most cases, long-repressed memories of childhood abuse come to light during

hypnosis or psychotherapy

researches have been able to successfully condition immune system suppression by linking neutral stimuli with a(n)

immune suppressant drug

When questioning eyewitnesses, open-ended questions tend to ___ but tend to elicit___

increase accuracy, fewer details

Kandel found that the amount of neurotransmitters released into synapses involved in the gill withdrawal reflex ___ as the animal learned the conditioned response

increased

Caroline as an "aha!" experience when solving a problem. Caroline most likely experienced which type of learning?

insight learning

mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of the solution occurs is referred to as

insight learning

while changing her tire, Marguerite bumped the hubcap and all of the lug nuts fell into a storm sewer. After fretting for several minutes, she suddenly realized she could remove one lug nut from each of the other three ties to temporarily mount the spare until she could get to a service station. This is an example of

insight learning

Operant conditioning is also known as

instrumental learning

Your significant other gives you a compliment, and you smile at him. The probability that he will give you another compliment increases. This is an example of which type of learning?

instrumental learning

Primary reinforces are

intrinsically rewarding

Where memory is concerned, the hippocampus ___.

is involved with processing semantic and episodic memories, but not procedural memories

All of the following are concerns about the use of punishment EXCEPT

it is difficult to administer

Procedural long-term memory might best be described as

knowing how

Procedural memory is to ___ as declarative memory is to ____

knowing how; knowing that

Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not revealed in performance when it occurs is referred to as

latent learning

Omar's parents have been trying to teach him their telephone number. He appears unable to recite it correctly. One day, he overhears his father mention that he would buy Omar a new toy if he could remember the number. Omar immediately blurts out the correct number. This demonstrates

latent learning

Phillip's doctor has recommended that Phillip take his medication early in the mornings. Phillip is having trouble remembering to take his blood pressure medication in the mornings when we wakes up. Sometimes he doesn't remember to take his medication all day, and thus misses a does. One approach Phillip might take to improving his memory for this take is to

link his task to an external time-based cue, such as having breakfast

Cells that "fire together, wire together." This saying best captures the concept of

long-term potentiation

Many researchers believe that memory conversion of short-term memory into long-term memory requires

long-term potentiation

Strengthening synaptic connections between neurons by repeated stimulation is known as

long-term potentiation

Sean stopped outside his professor's office to check on the answers to a quiz. When he began to write he answers down, his pen ran out of ink. He repeated the answers to himself while he rushed to his dorm room to write them down. This is best explained by the concept of

maintenance rehearsal

Jeffrey crams for all of his exams. In scientific terms, Jeffrey's approach to memorization is called

massed practice

Regarding ideas about where memories are stores, the current belief is that

memories are stored in neuronal networks rather than individual cells

___ is the system by which we retain information and bring it to mind

memory

In his research on memory, Kandel demonstrated that

memory formation involved biochemical changes occurring at the synaptic level

Cognitive learning involves

mental processes that cannot be directly observed

According to constructionist theory, memories of life experiences may be described by all but which of the following?

mental snapshots of experiences

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do," underscores the importance of ___ in learning

modeling

All but which of the following are primary reinforcers?

money

Compared to short-term memory, long-term memory relies

more on semantic coding and less on acoustic coding

Flashbulb memories are ___ other long-term memories

more vivid and about the same level of accuracy as

Because of an accident he suffered last month, Jason suffers from anterograde amnesia. As a result, he may have trouble remembering ___.

names of people he just met

Velma takes headache medicine to relieve pain. The medicine serves to remove the pain. This is an example of

negative reinforcement

regarding punishment, which of the following statements is FALSE

negative reinforcement is the technical term for punishment

___ are memory circuits in the brain that consist of complicated networks of nerve cells

neuronal networks

Advertising makes use of classical conditioning. For example, a product is presented along with some naturally appealing stimulus (e.g., a physically attractive person). In this case, the product begins as the

neutral stimulus

In a typical classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, a buzzer or tone serves as a(n)

neutral stimulus that become a conditioned stimulus

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you recede the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the buzzer begins as the ___ and eventually becomes the ___.

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

What is the current status of research on memory-enhancing drugs?

no compelling scientific evidence that the drugs enhance memory in normal individuals

One of Ebbinghaus's innovations was using___ as study material for testing memory

nonsense syllables

Psychologist Albert Bandura believes that children learn aggression through

observing and imitating models

The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that Forgetting

occurs quickly at first, and then slows down

In retrograde amnesia,

old long-term memories are lost

Proactive inference occurs when

older memories interfere with newer memories

each of the following describes a form of cognitive learning EXCEPT

operant conditioning

Neville is memorizing parts of the brain for his psychology exam. Neville rehearses the information over and over, past the point of practice needed to recognize and list all of the parts of the brain. Which memory technique is Neville utilizing?

overlearning

Jessica is participating in an experiment on memory. She has been asked to memorize a long list of word pairs. Once she has mastered the list, she will be asked a series of questions about which word were paired with each other. This is an example of a ___ test of memory

paired-associates recall

Lionel takes an exam in his French class. He is presented a word in English and asked to list the French equivalent. What type of memory task is Lionel completing?

paired-associates recall

Dr. Ohno conducts research on retrospective memory. Which type of memory will Ohno's research participants be recalling?

past experiences or events and previously acquired information

Everytime her husband pays her a compliment, Sarah looks him in the eye and smiles at him. This is an example of

positive reinforcement

Zorba gives his dog a treat for rolling over. Zorba explains this procedure as a form of

positive reinforcement

presentation of rewarding stimulus serves as ___, while removal of aversive stimulus serves as ___.

positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

In applying a cognitive perspective to explaining classical conditioning, a psychologist would emphasize the extent to which the CS ___ the US.

predicts

Rescorla applies a cognitive perspective in explaining classical conditioning. He focuses on the extent to which the CS___ the US

predicts

Stimuli that are naturally reinforcing are referred to as ___, while stimuli that develop reinforcing properties through association are called ___.

primary reinforces; secondary reinforces

All of the following are categories of declarative memory EXCEPT

procedural

Grace knows how to tie a square knot and how to drive an automobile with a standard transmission. These are examples of

procedural memory

The major role of genes in memory may be their ability to control

production of proteins

Rico attends technical college where he is using technology to study for the GED. His computer guides Rico through an inventory of increasingly more challenging questions. If he answers correctly, the questions increase in challenge; if he answers incorrectly, the questions decrease in difficulty. Rico is using which application of operant conditioning?

programmed instruction

When Sara misbehaves, her parents respond by not allowing her to watch TV for a certain amount of time. Her parents are using which method of discipline?

punishment

Thorndike used the ___ in studying animal learning

puzzle books

Which view holds that behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences?

radical behaviorism

The overall outcome of Lashley's search for the engram was the

realization that memories are not stored in any specific brain structure

When Louise told her friend about a book she had just read, she was able to provide a lot of details about the last several pages. This demonstrates the

recency effect

In general, which type of memory task produces better retrieval?

recognition

Most people consider recognition tasks to be easier than recall tasks, possible because ___.

recognition tasks provide more retrieval cues than do recognition tasks

Following extinction, a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was learned originally. This process is called

reconditioning

An organized knowledge structure-reflecting one's past experience and future expectations is called a

reconstructed memory

modern psychologists refer to the first par of the Law of Effect as ___ and the second part as ___

reinforcement; punishment

based on research presented in the text, which of the following is the best recommendation for disciplining children?

rely mostly on reinforcement

The serial position effect occurs when people

remember the first and last thing in a list the best

Amita was just grounded by her parents. She is not allowed to use her computer or cell phone, or watch television. Which method of punishment are Amita's parents using?

removal of a reinforcer

Maintenance rehearsal involves practice based on ___, whereas elaborative rehearsal involves practice based on___.

repetition; rehearsing meaningful associations

Motivated forgetting is another name for

repression

compared to ratio schedules, interval schedules

result in slower response rates

Which theory of forgetting suggests that forgetting is the result of a failure to access store memories?

retrieval theory

Pedro has suffered a head injury that causes him to have no memory of the events preceding the injury. He is suffering from

retrograde amnesia

Which of the following is the best definition of spontaneous recovery?

return of a conditioned response following extinction

Herman counts the number of times it takes to rehearse a list of nonsense syllables in order to memorize it. Then he counts the number of times it takes to relearn the list after a month has passed. Herman then calculates the difference between the number of times and determines the percentage gain he made between the two efforts at memorization . Herman uses this figure as a measure of memory retention. Which technique is Herman using?

savings method

According to constructionist theory, Gwendolyn's negative stereotype of how Asians behave is an example of a(n)

schema

Which of the following statements best describes the benefits of research on the genetic bases of memory?

scientists can prevent Alzheimer's disease in some cases through genetic manipulation of particular genes

Eric Kandel studied the formation of memories in the

sea snail

Karl wishes to reinforce positive behavior in his fourth-grade students. After identifying the desired behaviors, what would be Karl's next step?

select reinforces

The best memory usually results from which type of encoding?

semantic

Your general world information (e.g., state capitals, U.S. presidents) is stored in

semantic memory

The World Wide Web's structure, which is organized in terms of a network of associated concepts, is based on which of the following?

semantic network model

A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for a very brief time ( a few seconds or less) is called

sensory memory

The storage device of sensory memory is called the

sensory register

When children are first learning the alphabet, they tend to be accurate on the ABCD portion and the WXYZ portion while making lots of mistakes in between. This represents the

serial position effect

researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of

shaping

What is Rosalie Rayner's role in the history of psychology

she was a student assistant who helped Watson with his experiments on classical conditioning

Regarding short-term memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

short-term memory relies more on visual coding than visual coding

which of the following best describes charted data for a variable interval schedule for reinforcement?

slow, steady rate of response

Compared to continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement results in ___ learning that is ___ to extinguish

slower; harder

Experts suggest that college students distribute their study sessions throughout the semester rather than preparing for exams by cramming. This means that college students should use which approach to memorization?

spaced practice

Loraine is planning to spend most of her time studying for a physiology class this semester. As a result, she knows that she will have little time to study for her psychology class. She is planing to make up for her limited study time by cramming all night for her psychology exams. Loraine should be told that ___.

spaced practice is more effective at boosting retention than massed practice

When it comes to retention, in general,

spaced practice is superior to massed practice

Following his experience in the military, Hans developed a classically conditioned fear response to radio static. After he left the military, the response extinguished. However, after not hearing radio static for several months, Hans again shows the conditioned fear response. Hans's experience is best described by

spontaneous recovery

The semantic network model proposes a process called ___ in which thinking of a concept leads to a rippling effect that triggers other related concepts

spreading activation

Through classical conditioning, Eduardo has developed a fear of dogs. However, he only fear large, long haired dogs but not small, lonh haired dogs or large, short haired dogs. Eduardo is demonstrating

stimulus discrimination

Although Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a rat, he also began to fear dogs, rabbits, and a Santa Claus mask. This is an example of

stimulus generalization

LaGina walks into a room and feels as if she has been there before, even though she knows that she has not. LaGina's experience of deja vu may be explained by which concept from classical conditioning?

stimulus generalization

Through classical conditioning, Alyce has developed a fear of mice. She also shows a fear response to gerbils and hamsters. Alyce is demonstrating

stimulus generalization

In an example reported in your text, a man was trapped behind a refrigerator and nearly suffocated. Subsequently, he has a phobia of tight, enclosed spaces and is afraid to ride on small, crowded elevators. However, he has no fear of large, uncrowded elevator rides. The man's fear of small elevators is an example of ___, and his lack of fear toward large elevators is an example of ___.

stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination

increasing the numger of pairings of the US and CS will

strength the CR

In operant conditioning, positive reinforcement ___ the likelihood of repeating a response, negative reinforcement____ the likelihood of repeating a response, and punishment ___ the likelihood of repeating a response

strengthens; strengthens; weakens

To avoid interference effects on memory, your text recommends all but which of the following?

study material that is similar in content in back-to-back fashion

IN memory processes, the primacy effect refers to

superior memory for items at the beginning of a list

The levels-of-processing theory explains the

superiority of elaborative rehearsal over maintenance rehearsal

Skinner found that coincidental association of a behavior and reinforcement may result in

superstitious behavior

In Garcia's research on taste aversions what was the neutral stimulus?

taste of the water

In a study reported in the text, African-American children were told stores in which light-and dork-complexioned African-American characters were associated with either positive or negative attributes. When the children were asked to recall the stories, what happened?

the children remembered more stories in which the light-complexioned characters had positive attributes and the dark-complexion characters had negative attributes

stimulus generalization occurs when

the conditioned response is displayed following exposure to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulut

under which condition would Watson's experiments on classical conditioning be replicated today?

the experiments would not be replicated even with parent's permission

___ occurs when eyewitnesses are given incorrect data during the retention interval of memory

the misinformation effect

Which of the following represents an application of a cognitive perspective on classical conditioning?

the organism uses the CS to make predictions about the occurrence of events in the environment

Which of the following best describes memory storage?

the process of retaining information in memory storage?

the rats in Dr. Rexington's learning laboratory are on an "FR-7" schedule of reinforcement. What does this mean?

the rats will receive a food pellet after every seventh bar press

In memory, as time passes between learning and recall,

the recency but not the primacy effect weakens

All but which of the following factors influence the reliability of eyewitness testimony?

the serial position effect

While taking her psychology exam, Edith is certain that she knows who developed the forgetting curve. She remembers studying it, and she can get a vague picture of where the material is in her textbook. Edith's certainty that she knows something, but inability to recall it is called

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

In a free recall task, an individual is asked___

to recall as much information as possible about a particular topic in any order

Mr. Bonior gives students stars on their homework when it is done well. A student can exchange 10 stars for a treat. This is a form of

token economy

A reflexive reaction triggered by a stimulus is a(n)

unconditioned response

A child receives a dime for, on average, every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard. This is an example of a ___ schedule of reinforcement

variable ratio

In this type of schedule of reinforcement, a person receives reinforcement for different time periods, and the time periods are not always the same

variable-interval

Observational learning is also referred to as

vicarious learning or modeling

In memory encoding, mental picture is to ___ as meaning is to ___.

visual; semantic

regarding classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

while classical conditioning is effective in creating phobias, its principles are not particularly useful in therapy to address phobias

Behaviors that result in satisfying effects are strengthened and behaviors that result in discomfort are weakened. This statement is explained by

The Law of Effect

Regarding the role of the hippocampus in memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The hippocampus is the final destination for new memories

Regarding eyewitness testimony, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the accuracy of the person's testimony is likely to be

The Law of Effect was proposed by

Thorndike

All but which of the following are difficulties with the concept of repression, as presented by Freud?

Today, most experts believe that repression does not occur

Which researcher conducted investigations of latent learning with rats in mazes?

Tolman

Which question is most likely to be associated with episodic memory?

Where did I go on my first date?

From a biological perspective, memories are most like which of the following?

a circuit

An acquired fear response is called

a conditioned emotional reaction

A clear connection between a behavior and a reinforcement is referred to as

a contingency

Long-term potentiation involves___

a long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic connections

to achieve classical conditioning, you should pair

a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

when Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her has she was walking along a white picket fence. since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Saline is demonstrating

a phobia

a discriminative stimulus signals that

a reinforcement is available for a particular response

Most psychologists define learning as

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

regarding characteristics that influence conditioned responses, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a single pairing of the CS and US cannot result in classical conditioning

A retrieval cue is

a stimulus associated with original learning that helps job one's memory

which of the following is the best definition of reinforcer?

a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response if follows will be repeated

In Watson's research with Little Albert, what was the CS?

a white rat