Psychology chapter 5 and 6
After receiving a cute boy's cell phone number, Tammie mentally repeats the number over and over in her head. This process convert auditory signals into strings of recognizable sounds, and it is called ___
acoustic
In her yoga teacher training, Reissa uses "Roy G. Biv" to memorizes the colors associated with the seven chakras. Which memory technique is Reissa utilizing?
acronym
Of the following mnemonics, which involves forming a word composed of the first letters of a series of words?
acronyms
Which of the following is not one of the processes involved in cognitive learning?
affective monitoring
The ___ plays an important role in encoding emotional experiences, such as fear responses.
amygdala
Which brain structure plays an important role in encoding fear and anger?
amygdala
In anterograde amnesia, there is
an inability to form new long-term memories
Shawn does extremely well on his spelling test in school. His father praises Shawn for this test score and tells him how smart he is, but he should be able to learn the next list of words even faster. Where giving praise is concerned, Shawn's Dad needs to know about the principle of
"Reward the effort, not the outcome."
graduate student Charisse Goldberg conducted operant conditioning trials with a laboratory rat. Goldberg trained the animal to press a lever to earn a food pellet. The rat successfully learned to press the lever. In the language of operant conditioning, what is the animal's learned response called?
an operant response
In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus was the one that caused
an unlearned response or reflex
Ella has suffered a head injury. She is no longer able to form new long-term memories. She is suffering from
anterograde amnesia
Classical conditioning is best describes as learning by
association
Helena has learned that she gets motion sickness easily. If Helena takes medicine before a boat ride so she doesn't get sea sick, she is demonstrating
avoidance learning
Rosa has learned to bring an umbrella with her on overcast days, explaining "I don't want to get wet if it rains." We can explain her behavior as a form of
avoidance learning
Many psychologists think of human memory as a type of information processing system that has ___ basic processes that are called ___.
3; encoding, storage, and retrieval
In his studies of memory, Ebbinghaus found that __ of the information was lost by the end of the first day after studying, and that ___ of the information was lost after a month had passed
66%; 80%
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A mother picks up her infant when he cries, which then stops his crying, thereby reducing the mother's level of annoyance
To learn the EGBDF musical scale Rybeccah uses the saying "Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge." Which mnemonic technique is Rybeccah using?
Acrostic
A group of students make a presentation on theories of forgetting. Which student was assigned retrieval theory?
Apollo says, "Forgetting from a failure to access stored memories either from encoding failure or from a lack of access cues."
Which of the following best describes Bandura's research and subsequent general conclusions about the effects of violent television on behavior?
Bandura believed that children become more aggressive after observing aggressive models on television, and his research has been supported
Of the following parents giving praise which is using the most effective strategy?
Barney tells his son, "I'm so proud of how well you prepared for your biology test."
Who invented the World Wide Web?
Berners- Lee
Pavlov found that the strength of a conditional response increased with the number of pairings of the
CS and US
Which pattern best describes what happens once classical conditioning occurs?
CS elicits the CR
Regarding the timing of the CS and the US in classical y conditioning, the STRONGEST conditioned response occurs when the
CS is present first and remains on during the presentation of the US
Although Hannah knows that praise strengthens desirable behavior in children, she is not sure what specific strategies she should use. Which of the following guidelines should Hannah follow?
Combine physical contact with verbal praise
Sleep is important for which memory process?
Consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories
Which of the following can best be described as an example of insight learning?
Dr. Caruthers, who has been working on a particularly thorny problem in microbiology for a number of months. She then suddenly realize the solution to her problem, seemingly without effort.
Which of the following psychologists is most likely to apply a cognitive perspective to research on classical conditioning?
Dr. Rivers, who believes that conditioned stimuli are signals or cues organisms use to make predictions about the environment
To make your studying more productive, your text suggests all but which of the following?
Eat a large meal before sitting down to study in order to avoid distractions from hunger
Regarding eidetic imagery, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Eidetic imagery is more common in children than adults
Regarding implicit and explicit memory, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while implicit memory does not
Regarding research on the classical conditioning of taste aversions, which of the following statements is FALSE
Garcia and Koelling's work on taste aversions was no surprise to their colleagues; the research turned out as expected
which of the following is demonstrating extinction of an operant response?
Hermione, who eventually stops raising her hand when Professor Snape fails to call on her
who is most closely associated with classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Which of the following can best be described as an example of observational learning?
Jason, who has a flat tire while driving on a country road. He remembers having seen his dad change a flat tire before, so he doesn't hesitate to attempt the task himself. He is successful in the attempt and is soon on his way again
Who is most closely associated with the study of conditioned emotional reactions?
John Watson
Thorndike is to ___ as Skinner is to ___
Law of Effect; operant conditioning
Which of the following best describes the nature of learning?
Learning is adaptive in most cases. It involves enduring, but not necessarily permanent, changes in behavior
Which of the following psychologists is a leading expert on eyewitness testimony?
Loftus
Regarding long-term memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Long-term memory relies primarily on acoustic and visual encoding
Which student is taking a test that is a recognition task?
Melissa, who takes a multiple-choice exam in her sociology class in which she must identify key events and founders in the history of sociology from a list of choices
The capacity of short-term memory was investigated by
Miller
Why do students generally perform better on multiple-choice tests than on essay tests?
Multiple-choice tests provide more retieval cues
In Watson's research with Little Albert, the rat began as the ___ and became the ___.
NS; CS
The systematic application of learning principles to help people overcome phobias is called ___ therapy
behavior
___ is the systematic application of operant conditioning to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior
behavior modification
The "Magic 7" refers to the
capacity of short-term memory
When asked to report his social security number Ian says, "999-99-111." Ian has taken the larger 9-digit number and broken it down into smaller pieces, which makes it easier to recall. This is best explained by the concept of
chunking
Learning in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a reflexive response is called
classical conditioning
Marcel sat at a cafe eating the best croissant he had ever tasted. He begins frequenting the cafe to order the croissants. He hardly notices the jingling of the cash register just before the clerk hands him the croissant. Now every time he heard the same kind of jingling from another cash register, his mouth waters. Marcel's learning is an example of
classical conditioning
When two-year-old Clarice was playing in the basement, a large burst of thunder scared her at the same time she saw a spider. Now Clarice has a spider phobia. Clarice's experience is an example of which time of learning?
classical conditioning
"Mental learning" is closest in meaning to which form of learning?
cognitive learning
____ is learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being reinforced for it
cognitive learning
In the classic latent learning experiments described in you test, it appears that the rats developed a mental representation of the maze. Researches call this mental representation a
cognitive map
Classical conditioning can explain the development of all of the following EXCEPT
complex, voluntary behaviors
All but which of the following are examples of the application of principles of operant conditioning?
conditioned immune system responses
A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the puff of air is called the
conditioned stimulus
Dr. Emmanuel demonstrates a typical Pavlovian conditioning experiment for his psychology class. Emmanuel pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus and then asks the class, "What is the neutral stimulus called now?" the correct answer is
conditioned stimulus
Which of the following does NOT belong?
conditioned stimulus
A researcher finds that rats avoid drinking from bottles in a room in which they had received exposure to radiation that subsequently made them ill. This demonstrates
conditioned taste aversion
Pauline became ill after eating eggs contaminated with salmonella. She subsequently becomes nauseous whenever she sees eggs. This is an example of
conditioned taste aversion
the most suprising element in Garcia's research on taste aversion was that
conditioned taste aversion could be developed even when the CS occurred several hours before the US
Maintenance rehearsal is
consciously repeating information over and over again
The process of converting unstable, short-term memory into lasting, stable memories is called
consolidation
the view that memory is based on recreating representations of the past rather than recalled verbatim images of the past is called
constructionist theory
Karen agrees to replace the toilet paper when it runs out if her roommate, Susan, will wash their dirty dishes every evening after dinner. this is an example of
contingency contracting
___ is a process by which two people in a relationship list the behaviors of the other that they would like to be changed, and then they agree to to reinforce each other for making the changes
contingency contracting
Cliff has vivid memories of burning his hand on a birthday candle at his seventh birthday party. But his mother corrects him, saying, "You never burned your hand. But I would tell you every birthday to be careful of the candles." Which theoretical model best accounts for Cliff's misremembering?
counstructionist
In investigative questioning, how do leading questions and open-ended questions compare?
Open-ended questions lead to more accuracy but fewer details than leading questions
The "Try This Out" Feature in your text, "What's in the Photograph?" applies which concept from the unit on memory?
People are better able to recall information that is consistent with their existing schemas
Which of the following people is on a variable-ration schedule of reinforcement
Phillip, who is playing a slot machine at a casino
Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Positive reinforcement leads to strengthening of response, whereas negative reinforcement leads to weakening of response
Int he past three psychology labs. Liliya has been attempting to classically condition a lab rat. Her strategy has been to present the US and the CS simultaneously. Which of the following should she do to strengthen the conditioned response of the rat?
Present the CS first and have it remain present during presentation of US
Regarding procedural memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Procedural memory is used when we need to consciously recall a set of procedures to be followed in completing a task
regarding Rescorla's views on classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Rescorla believes that classical conditioning is the result of repeated pairings of NS and US
While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her current address prevented her from accurately remembering her previous address. This is an example
Retroactive interference
Which of the following can best be described as an example of latent learning?
Samantha, who has wandered through the downtown area a number of times without having a particular goal in mind. When she is asked to take a friend to a particular restaurant in that neighborhood, she almost immediately picks the shortest route.
Which of the following suggests that long-term memory is organized in terms of an elaborate arrangement of associated concepts?
Semantic network model
In an application of classical conditioning principles reported in the text, how were sheep ranchers able to protect their sheep from coyotes?
Sheep carcasses were injected with a poison that would sicken but not kill coyotes
Which of the following pairing is correct?
Skinner--operant conditioning
The idea that memory gradually disintegrates over times is the basics of
decay theory
Regarding research on forgetting and decay theory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
decay theory does not account for memory loss that occurs due to the passage of time
Regarding declarative memory, which of the following statements is FALSE
declarative memories are recalled without conscious effort
Keiko knows that Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah and that George Washington was the first president of the United States. These are examples of
declarative memory
Which statement best describes the current state of opinion on recovered memories of childhood abuse?
Some recovered memories are genuine, whereas others are false, and psychologists lack the tools to differentiate between them
Ivan Pavlov's initial research work was in the study of
digestive processes in dogs
An "Open" sign in the window of a store that tells Ivan he can go in to purchase a beverage he finds particularly reinforcing. In this example, the sign serves as a
discriminative stimulus
During the war in Iraq, Max saw his best friend killed during an enemy attack and he has a great deal of guilt. Subsequently, Max has perfect recall of his war experience, except for this friend's death. Max's psychologically caused amnesia is referred to as
dissociative amnesia
In sensory memory, auditory stimuli are to ___ memory as visual stimuli are to ___ memory.
echoic; iconic
To which area of human behavior was Thorndike particularly excited about applying principles of animal learning?
education
Mark's friends say he has "photographic memory." In scientific terms, Mark's memory ability is described as
eidetic imagery
When Jacques wants to learn a new concept, he attempts to connect it with previously existing knowledge. This is an example of
elaborative rehearsal
Flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with
emotionally charges experiences
Many people cannot say whether the doorknob is on the left or right side of their front door. This is most likely due to
encoding failure
What is the order of processing memory?
encoding, storage, retrieval
Semantic memory is most analogous to a(n)
encyclopedia
A physical trace of memory in the brain is termed a(n)
engram
By manipulating a particular gene in mice, scientists have been able to
enhance learning and memory ability
Advances in genetic engineering show that it is possible to
enhance learning and memory ability in nonhuman organisms
Regarding episodic memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
episodic memories are better remembered when regularly retrieved and rehearsed
Chris has been experiencing a number of problems on the job. In order to get away from his problems for a while, Chris regularly drinks heavily in the evening, after work. We can explain this behavior as a form of
escape learning
Paul has turned to alcohol in order to flee from the problems in his marriage. We can explain his behavior as a form of
escape learning
Donatello is using the guidelines with her son Giovanni. Donatello tells her son, "Giovanni, when you clean up all of your toys, you'll get a gold star on your chart." Which guideline is Donatello working with?
explaining the contingency
Declarative memory is also known as
explicit memory
In classical conditioning, a conditioned response can weaken and eventually disappear. This is referred to as
extinction
Following ___, a conditioned response may reappear. This process is known as ___
extinction; spontaneous recovery
Regarding classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
extinguished responses are forgotten if they are not reinforced
Watson investigated the classical conditioning of which type of responses?
fear
Vlad receives $100 for every ten telemarketing calls he makes. This is an example of a ___ schedule of reinforcement
fixed ratio
A "scalloped" response pattern is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?
fixed-interval
A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response performed after a specific amount of time has passed is reinforced is called a
fixed-interval schedule
Even though she was only a toddler at the time, 45-year-old Jean has a vivid picture in her mind of her mother weeping when the television announced that President Kennedy had been assassinated. Jean's experience is an example of which of the following?
flashbulb memory
In contrast to maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal involves
focusing on the meaning of the material
the conversion of short-term memory into long-term declarative memory most likely involves the
hippocampus
In most cases, long-repressed memories of childhood abuse come to light during
hypnosis or psychotherapy
researches have been able to successfully condition immune system suppression by linking neutral stimuli with a(n)
immune suppressant drug
When questioning eyewitnesses, open-ended questions tend to ___ but tend to elicit___
increase accuracy, fewer details
Kandel found that the amount of neurotransmitters released into synapses involved in the gill withdrawal reflex ___ as the animal learned the conditioned response
increased
Caroline as an "aha!" experience when solving a problem. Caroline most likely experienced which type of learning?
insight learning
mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of the solution occurs is referred to as
insight learning
while changing her tire, Marguerite bumped the hubcap and all of the lug nuts fell into a storm sewer. After fretting for several minutes, she suddenly realized she could remove one lug nut from each of the other three ties to temporarily mount the spare until she could get to a service station. This is an example of
insight learning
Operant conditioning is also known as
instrumental learning
Your significant other gives you a compliment, and you smile at him. The probability that he will give you another compliment increases. This is an example of which type of learning?
instrumental learning
Primary reinforces are
intrinsically rewarding
Where memory is concerned, the hippocampus ___.
is involved with processing semantic and episodic memories, but not procedural memories
All of the following are concerns about the use of punishment EXCEPT
it is difficult to administer
Procedural long-term memory might best be described as
knowing how
Procedural memory is to ___ as declarative memory is to ____
knowing how; knowing that
Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not revealed in performance when it occurs is referred to as
latent learning
Omar's parents have been trying to teach him their telephone number. He appears unable to recite it correctly. One day, he overhears his father mention that he would buy Omar a new toy if he could remember the number. Omar immediately blurts out the correct number. This demonstrates
latent learning
Phillip's doctor has recommended that Phillip take his medication early in the mornings. Phillip is having trouble remembering to take his blood pressure medication in the mornings when we wakes up. Sometimes he doesn't remember to take his medication all day, and thus misses a does. One approach Phillip might take to improving his memory for this take is to
link his task to an external time-based cue, such as having breakfast
Cells that "fire together, wire together." This saying best captures the concept of
long-term potentiation
Many researchers believe that memory conversion of short-term memory into long-term memory requires
long-term potentiation
Strengthening synaptic connections between neurons by repeated stimulation is known as
long-term potentiation
Sean stopped outside his professor's office to check on the answers to a quiz. When he began to write he answers down, his pen ran out of ink. He repeated the answers to himself while he rushed to his dorm room to write them down. This is best explained by the concept of
maintenance rehearsal
Jeffrey crams for all of his exams. In scientific terms, Jeffrey's approach to memorization is called
massed practice
Regarding ideas about where memories are stores, the current belief is that
memories are stored in neuronal networks rather than individual cells
___ is the system by which we retain information and bring it to mind
memory
In his research on memory, Kandel demonstrated that
memory formation involved biochemical changes occurring at the synaptic level
Cognitive learning involves
mental processes that cannot be directly observed
According to constructionist theory, memories of life experiences may be described by all but which of the following?
mental snapshots of experiences
"When in Rome, do as the Romans do," underscores the importance of ___ in learning
modeling
All but which of the following are primary reinforcers?
money
Compared to short-term memory, long-term memory relies
more on semantic coding and less on acoustic coding
Flashbulb memories are ___ other long-term memories
more vivid and about the same level of accuracy as
Because of an accident he suffered last month, Jason suffers from anterograde amnesia. As a result, he may have trouble remembering ___.
names of people he just met
Velma takes headache medicine to relieve pain. The medicine serves to remove the pain. This is an example of
negative reinforcement
regarding punishment, which of the following statements is FALSE
negative reinforcement is the technical term for punishment
___ are memory circuits in the brain that consist of complicated networks of nerve cells
neuronal networks
Advertising makes use of classical conditioning. For example, a product is presented along with some naturally appealing stimulus (e.g., a physically attractive person). In this case, the product begins as the
neutral stimulus
In a typical classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, a buzzer or tone serves as a(n)
neutral stimulus that become a conditioned stimulus
A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink. If you recede the puff of air with a buzzer, eventually the buzzer will cause a blink. In this example, the buzzer begins as the ___ and eventually becomes the ___.
neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
What is the current status of research on memory-enhancing drugs?
no compelling scientific evidence that the drugs enhance memory in normal individuals
One of Ebbinghaus's innovations was using___ as study material for testing memory
nonsense syllables
Psychologist Albert Bandura believes that children learn aggression through
observing and imitating models
The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that Forgetting
occurs quickly at first, and then slows down
In retrograde amnesia,
old long-term memories are lost
Proactive inference occurs when
older memories interfere with newer memories
each of the following describes a form of cognitive learning EXCEPT
operant conditioning
Neville is memorizing parts of the brain for his psychology exam. Neville rehearses the information over and over, past the point of practice needed to recognize and list all of the parts of the brain. Which memory technique is Neville utilizing?
overlearning
Jessica is participating in an experiment on memory. She has been asked to memorize a long list of word pairs. Once she has mastered the list, she will be asked a series of questions about which word were paired with each other. This is an example of a ___ test of memory
paired-associates recall
Lionel takes an exam in his French class. He is presented a word in English and asked to list the French equivalent. What type of memory task is Lionel completing?
paired-associates recall
Dr. Ohno conducts research on retrospective memory. Which type of memory will Ohno's research participants be recalling?
past experiences or events and previously acquired information
Everytime her husband pays her a compliment, Sarah looks him in the eye and smiles at him. This is an example of
positive reinforcement
Zorba gives his dog a treat for rolling over. Zorba explains this procedure as a form of
positive reinforcement
presentation of rewarding stimulus serves as ___, while removal of aversive stimulus serves as ___.
positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
In applying a cognitive perspective to explaining classical conditioning, a psychologist would emphasize the extent to which the CS ___ the US.
predicts
Rescorla applies a cognitive perspective in explaining classical conditioning. He focuses on the extent to which the CS___ the US
predicts
Stimuli that are naturally reinforcing are referred to as ___, while stimuli that develop reinforcing properties through association are called ___.
primary reinforces; secondary reinforces
All of the following are categories of declarative memory EXCEPT
procedural
Grace knows how to tie a square knot and how to drive an automobile with a standard transmission. These are examples of
procedural memory
The major role of genes in memory may be their ability to control
production of proteins
Rico attends technical college where he is using technology to study for the GED. His computer guides Rico through an inventory of increasingly more challenging questions. If he answers correctly, the questions increase in challenge; if he answers incorrectly, the questions decrease in difficulty. Rico is using which application of operant conditioning?
programmed instruction
When Sara misbehaves, her parents respond by not allowing her to watch TV for a certain amount of time. Her parents are using which method of discipline?
punishment
Thorndike used the ___ in studying animal learning
puzzle books
Which view holds that behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences?
radical behaviorism
The overall outcome of Lashley's search for the engram was the
realization that memories are not stored in any specific brain structure
When Louise told her friend about a book she had just read, she was able to provide a lot of details about the last several pages. This demonstrates the
recency effect
In general, which type of memory task produces better retrieval?
recognition
Most people consider recognition tasks to be easier than recall tasks, possible because ___.
recognition tasks provide more retrieval cues than do recognition tasks
Following extinction, a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was learned originally. This process is called
reconditioning
An organized knowledge structure-reflecting one's past experience and future expectations is called a
reconstructed memory
modern psychologists refer to the first par of the Law of Effect as ___ and the second part as ___
reinforcement; punishment
based on research presented in the text, which of the following is the best recommendation for disciplining children?
rely mostly on reinforcement
The serial position effect occurs when people
remember the first and last thing in a list the best
Amita was just grounded by her parents. She is not allowed to use her computer or cell phone, or watch television. Which method of punishment are Amita's parents using?
removal of a reinforcer
Maintenance rehearsal involves practice based on ___, whereas elaborative rehearsal involves practice based on___.
repetition; rehearsing meaningful associations
Motivated forgetting is another name for
repression
compared to ratio schedules, interval schedules
result in slower response rates
Which theory of forgetting suggests that forgetting is the result of a failure to access store memories?
retrieval theory
Pedro has suffered a head injury that causes him to have no memory of the events preceding the injury. He is suffering from
retrograde amnesia
Which of the following is the best definition of spontaneous recovery?
return of a conditioned response following extinction
Herman counts the number of times it takes to rehearse a list of nonsense syllables in order to memorize it. Then he counts the number of times it takes to relearn the list after a month has passed. Herman then calculates the difference between the number of times and determines the percentage gain he made between the two efforts at memorization . Herman uses this figure as a measure of memory retention. Which technique is Herman using?
savings method
According to constructionist theory, Gwendolyn's negative stereotype of how Asians behave is an example of a(n)
schema
Which of the following statements best describes the benefits of research on the genetic bases of memory?
scientists can prevent Alzheimer's disease in some cases through genetic manipulation of particular genes
Eric Kandel studied the formation of memories in the
sea snail
Karl wishes to reinforce positive behavior in his fourth-grade students. After identifying the desired behaviors, what would be Karl's next step?
select reinforces
The best memory usually results from which type of encoding?
semantic
Your general world information (e.g., state capitals, U.S. presidents) is stored in
semantic memory
The World Wide Web's structure, which is organized in terms of a network of associated concepts, is based on which of the following?
semantic network model
A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for a very brief time ( a few seconds or less) is called
sensory memory
The storage device of sensory memory is called the
sensory register
When children are first learning the alphabet, they tend to be accurate on the ABCD portion and the WXYZ portion while making lots of mistakes in between. This represents the
serial position effect
researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of
shaping
What is Rosalie Rayner's role in the history of psychology
she was a student assistant who helped Watson with his experiments on classical conditioning
Regarding short-term memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
short-term memory relies more on visual coding than visual coding
which of the following best describes charted data for a variable interval schedule for reinforcement?
slow, steady rate of response
Compared to continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement results in ___ learning that is ___ to extinguish
slower; harder
Experts suggest that college students distribute their study sessions throughout the semester rather than preparing for exams by cramming. This means that college students should use which approach to memorization?
spaced practice
Loraine is planning to spend most of her time studying for a physiology class this semester. As a result, she knows that she will have little time to study for her psychology class. She is planing to make up for her limited study time by cramming all night for her psychology exams. Loraine should be told that ___.
spaced practice is more effective at boosting retention than massed practice
When it comes to retention, in general,
spaced practice is superior to massed practice
Following his experience in the military, Hans developed a classically conditioned fear response to radio static. After he left the military, the response extinguished. However, after not hearing radio static for several months, Hans again shows the conditioned fear response. Hans's experience is best described by
spontaneous recovery
The semantic network model proposes a process called ___ in which thinking of a concept leads to a rippling effect that triggers other related concepts
spreading activation
Through classical conditioning, Eduardo has developed a fear of dogs. However, he only fear large, long haired dogs but not small, lonh haired dogs or large, short haired dogs. Eduardo is demonstrating
stimulus discrimination
Although Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a rat, he also began to fear dogs, rabbits, and a Santa Claus mask. This is an example of
stimulus generalization
LaGina walks into a room and feels as if she has been there before, even though she knows that she has not. LaGina's experience of deja vu may be explained by which concept from classical conditioning?
stimulus generalization
Through classical conditioning, Alyce has developed a fear of mice. She also shows a fear response to gerbils and hamsters. Alyce is demonstrating
stimulus generalization
In an example reported in your text, a man was trapped behind a refrigerator and nearly suffocated. Subsequently, he has a phobia of tight, enclosed spaces and is afraid to ride on small, crowded elevators. However, he has no fear of large, uncrowded elevator rides. The man's fear of small elevators is an example of ___, and his lack of fear toward large elevators is an example of ___.
stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination
increasing the numger of pairings of the US and CS will
strength the CR
In operant conditioning, positive reinforcement ___ the likelihood of repeating a response, negative reinforcement____ the likelihood of repeating a response, and punishment ___ the likelihood of repeating a response
strengthens; strengthens; weakens
To avoid interference effects on memory, your text recommends all but which of the following?
study material that is similar in content in back-to-back fashion
IN memory processes, the primacy effect refers to
superior memory for items at the beginning of a list
The levels-of-processing theory explains the
superiority of elaborative rehearsal over maintenance rehearsal
Skinner found that coincidental association of a behavior and reinforcement may result in
superstitious behavior
In Garcia's research on taste aversions what was the neutral stimulus?
taste of the water
In a study reported in the text, African-American children were told stores in which light-and dork-complexioned African-American characters were associated with either positive or negative attributes. When the children were asked to recall the stories, what happened?
the children remembered more stories in which the light-complexioned characters had positive attributes and the dark-complexion characters had negative attributes
stimulus generalization occurs when
the conditioned response is displayed following exposure to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulut
under which condition would Watson's experiments on classical conditioning be replicated today?
the experiments would not be replicated even with parent's permission
___ occurs when eyewitnesses are given incorrect data during the retention interval of memory
the misinformation effect
Which of the following represents an application of a cognitive perspective on classical conditioning?
the organism uses the CS to make predictions about the occurrence of events in the environment
Which of the following best describes memory storage?
the process of retaining information in memory storage?
the rats in Dr. Rexington's learning laboratory are on an "FR-7" schedule of reinforcement. What does this mean?
the rats will receive a food pellet after every seventh bar press
In memory, as time passes between learning and recall,
the recency but not the primacy effect weakens
All but which of the following factors influence the reliability of eyewitness testimony?
the serial position effect
While taking her psychology exam, Edith is certain that she knows who developed the forgetting curve. She remembers studying it, and she can get a vague picture of where the material is in her textbook. Edith's certainty that she knows something, but inability to recall it is called
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
In a free recall task, an individual is asked___
to recall as much information as possible about a particular topic in any order
Mr. Bonior gives students stars on their homework when it is done well. A student can exchange 10 stars for a treat. This is a form of
token economy
A reflexive reaction triggered by a stimulus is a(n)
unconditioned response
A child receives a dime for, on average, every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard. This is an example of a ___ schedule of reinforcement
variable ratio
In this type of schedule of reinforcement, a person receives reinforcement for different time periods, and the time periods are not always the same
variable-interval
Observational learning is also referred to as
vicarious learning or modeling
In memory encoding, mental picture is to ___ as meaning is to ___.
visual; semantic
regarding classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
while classical conditioning is effective in creating phobias, its principles are not particularly useful in therapy to address phobias
Behaviors that result in satisfying effects are strengthened and behaviors that result in discomfort are weakened. This statement is explained by
The Law of Effect
Regarding the role of the hippocampus in memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The hippocampus is the final destination for new memories
Regarding eyewitness testimony, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the accuracy of the person's testimony is likely to be
The Law of Effect was proposed by
Thorndike
All but which of the following are difficulties with the concept of repression, as presented by Freud?
Today, most experts believe that repression does not occur
Which researcher conducted investigations of latent learning with rats in mazes?
Tolman
Which question is most likely to be associated with episodic memory?
Where did I go on my first date?
From a biological perspective, memories are most like which of the following?
a circuit
An acquired fear response is called
a conditioned emotional reaction
A clear connection between a behavior and a reinforcement is referred to as
a contingency
Long-term potentiation involves___
a long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic connections
to achieve classical conditioning, you should pair
a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
when Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her has she was walking along a white picket fence. since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Saline is demonstrating
a phobia
a discriminative stimulus signals that
a reinforcement is available for a particular response
Most psychologists define learning as
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
regarding characteristics that influence conditioned responses, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a single pairing of the CS and US cannot result in classical conditioning
A retrieval cue is
a stimulus associated with original learning that helps job one's memory
which of the following is the best definition of reinforcer?
a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response if follows will be repeated
In Watson's research with Little Albert, what was the CS?
a white rat