Psychology Chapter 5 Test 1

Four basis parts of consciousness

(intentionality, unity, selectivity, and transience);

altered state of consciousness

: a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind. dreaming

Brain waves while Drowsy/ relaxed

Alpha waves

Sleep Deprivation

Causes lapses in attention, irritability, and hand tremors Driving sleep deprived is just as dangerous as driving drunk can lead to paranoia and hallucinations weight gain, depression, increased mortality

Brain waves during stage 3 and 4

Delta waves

WHy does the body not move during sleep?

During REM sleep, the motor cortex is activated, but spinal neurons running through the brain stem inhibit the expression of this motor activation

What measures changes in activity while asleep?

EEG

Freudian slips

Freud looked for evidence of the unconscious mind in speech errors and lapses of consciousness, or what are commonly

synaptic homeostasis hypothesis

Julie Tanoni from UW madison research We sleep because the brain is getting rid of unnecessary synaptic connections

Insomnia

Most common recurring problems in falling or staying asleep One major cause is to worry about having insomnia another is screen time or caffeine before bed

William Dement

Some must watch while some must sleep

Brain waves during REM

Theta and Beta

Brain waves during stage 1

Theta waves

Five major characteristics of dream consciousness that distinguish it from the waking state

We intensely feel emotion Dream thought is illogical Sensation is fully formed and meaningful Dreaming occurs with uncritical acceptance We have difficulty remembering the dream after it is over

Who coined the term consciousness as a stream

William James

Sleep needs _____ over the life span. a. decrease b. increase c. fluctuate d. remain the same

a

The cycle of sleep and waking is one of the major pat- terns of human life called a. the circadian rhythm. b. the sleep stages. c. the altered state of consciousness. d. subliminal perception.

a

Tolerance for drugs involves a. larger doses being required over time to achieve the same effect. b. openness to new experiences. c. the initial attraction of drug use. d. the decrease of the painful symptoms that accompany withdrawal.

a

Narcolepsy

a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities. genetically passed on

Gateway drug

a drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs Examples marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco

Consciousness

a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person's (the subject's) subjective experience of the world Even without hypnosis, some suggested behaviors might commonly happen just because a person is concentrating on them

REM sleep (paradoxical sleep)

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity EEG resembles waking pattern Signals from the motor cortex to the body are blocked Dreaming occurs

Night terrors

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal. occur in deep sleep more often in children

alcohol myopia

alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

cognitive unconscious

all the mental processes that give rise to a person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior, even though they are not experienced by the person.

dynamic unconscious

an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces.

Drugs that heighten arousal and activity levels by affecting the central nervous system are a. depressants. b. stimulants. c. narcotics. d. hallucinogens.

b

Psychoactive drugs influence consciousness by altering the effects of a. agonists. b. neurotransmitters. c. amphetamines. d. spinal neurons.

b

Which explanation of dreams proposes that they are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep? a. Freud's psychoanalytic theory b. the activation-synthesis model c. the cognitive unconscious model d. the manifest content framework

b

Which of the following is NOT a basic property of consciousness? a. intentionality b. disunity c. selectivity d. transience

b

Brain waves while awake

beta waves

During dreaming, the dreamer _____ changes in emotion, thought, and sensation. a. is skeptical of b. is completely unconscious of c. uncritically accepts d. views objectively

c

Hypnosis has been proven to have a(n) a. effect on physical strength. b. positive effect on memory retrieval. c. analgesic effect. d. age-regression effect.

c

fMRI studies of the dreaming brain do NOT reveal a. increased sensitivity to emotions. b. activations associated with visual activity. c. increased capacity for planning. d. prevention of movement.

c

selectivity,

capacity to include some objects but not others.

Psychoactive drugs

chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system.

thought suppression

conscious avoidance of a thought. Thought suppression simply didn't work and instead produced a flurry of returns of the unwanted thought.

Alcohol expectancy refers to a. alcohol's initial effects of euphoria and reduced anxiety. b. the widespread acceptance of alcohol as a socially approved substance. c. alcohol leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations. d. people's beliefs about how alcohol will influence them in particular situations.

d

Currently, unconscious processes are understood as a. a concentrated pattern of thought suppression. b. a hidden system of memories, instincts, and desires. c. a blank slate. d. unexperienced mental processes that give rise to thoughts and behavior.

d

The _____ unconscious is at work when subliminal and unconscious processes influence thought and behavior. a. minimal b. repressive c. dynamic d. cognitive

d

Which individual is LEAST likely to be a good candidate for hypnosis? a. Jake, who spends lots of time watching movies b. Ava, who is convinced she is easily hypnotizable c. Evan, who has an active, vivid imagination d. Isabel, who loves to play sports

d

Self-consciousness

distinct level of consciousness in which the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object during embarrassment or being introspective about their feelings Looking in a mirror

activation-synthesis model

dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep

Freduian theory

dreams represent wishes, and some of these wishes are so unacceptable, taboo, and anxiety producing that the mind can express them only in disguised form. Manifest and latent content Manifest- what is actually happening Latent content- the hidden meaning

Three dangers of drug addiction

drug tolerance physical dependence Psychological dependence

hallucinogens

drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations. include LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, and ketamine do not induce significant tolerance or dependence,

Automatic processing

effortlessly engage in activities

circadian rhythm theory

evolutionary theory help keep us safe wandering in the dark might be dangerous

Dream Cycles

for the first two cycles people progress down to stage 4, remain there a while and return to stage 2 and enter REM in later cycles stage 4 seldom occurs, amount of REM increases steadily

Narcotics

highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain. induce a feeling of well-being and relaxation that is enjoyable but can also induce stupor and lethargy. mimic the brain's own internal relaxation and well-being system.

phenomenology,

how things seem to the conscious person,

REM sleep deprivation

impairs memory formation REM rebound will occur causing you to go into REM sleep earlier in the night Alcohol disturbs REM sleep

ironic processes of mental control

ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them

Full consciousness

know and are able to report your mental state. Full consciousness involves not only thinking about things but also thinking about the fact that you are thinking about things Most daytime activity

NREM sleep deprivation

lethargy, depression, increased sensitivity to pain NREM sleep may play a restorative role

Minimal consciousness

low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior The type of consciousness during sleep

repression

mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious.

Physical dependence

pain, convulsions, hallucinations, or other unpleasant symptoms that accompany withdrawal from drug use.

cocktail party effect

people tune in one message, even while they filter out others nearby.

Sleep apnea

person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep. occurs most often in middle-aged, overweight men

hypnagogic state.

pre-sleep consciousness

Consolidation theory

sleep improves opportunity to store information we learned over the day REM sleep increases as learning increases

Brain waves during stage

sleep spindle K complex

somnambulism

sleepwalking occurs early in the night stage four more common in children person is not conscious

When does walking and talking occur?

stage four

Deepest stage of sleep

stage three and four

Psychological dependence

strong desire to return to the drug even when physical withdrawal symptoms are gone

Stimulants

substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels. Stimulants increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, increasing alertness and energy in the user, often producing a euphoric sense of confidence and a kind of agitated motivation to get things done. physical and psychological dependence, examples: caffeine, amphetamines, Ecstasy, cocaine, and nicotine and methamphetamine

Depressants

substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system. sedative or calming effect, produce both physical and psychological dependence. Most common is alcohol barbiturates prescribed as sleep aids

transience,

tendency to change consciousness flows from one thing to the next

René Descartes

that the human body is a machine made of physical matter but that the human mind or soul is a separate entity made of a "thinking substance."

unity,

the ability to integrate information from all of the body's senses into one coherent whole

Why do dreams have stressful emotional content?

the amygdala, which is involved in responses to threatening or stressful events, is quite active during REM

mental control

the attempt to change conscious states of mind.

People judge minds according to what two dimensions?

the capacity for experience (such as the abil- ity to feel pain, pleasure, hunger, consciousness, anger, or fear) capacity for agency (such as the ability for self-control, planning, memory, or thought).

Sleep paralysis

the experience of waking up unable to move Occurs when waking from REM sleep but have not regained motor control

posthypnotic amnesia

the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget.

problem of other minds,

the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others. no way that you can tell if another person's experience is at all like yours.

Expectancy theory

the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

mind-body problem

the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body.

Marijuana

the leaves and buds of the hemp plant, which contain a psychoactive drug called tetrahydrocannabinol heightened senses of sight and sound and the perception of a rush of ideas. affects judgment and short-term memory and impairs motor skills and coordination— Addiction is not strong both tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are weak a gateway drug

hypnotic analgesia,

the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis. can be more effective than anesthesia

Drug tolerance

the tendency for larger drug doses to be required over time to achieve the same effect.

rebound effect of thought suppression

the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression suggests that the act of trying to suppress a thought may itself cause that thought to return to consciousness

subliminal perception

thought or behavior is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving.

Dual process theories

two different systems in our brains for processing information: one dedicated to fast, automatic, and unconscious processing, and the other dedicated to slow, effortful, and conscious processing

Restoractive theory

we sleep because we need to recharge our batteries

Slow effortful thinking

when you rationally and intentionally work to complete a task,

intentionality,

which is the quality of being directed toward an object.

experience-sampling technique,

which people are asked to report their conscious experiences at particular times. these studies show that consciousness is dominated by the immediate environment—what we see, feel, hear, taste, and smell it is also dominated by a person's immediate concerns