Psychology---Chapter 6

14)________ conditioning has occurred when the consequences of an action influence the likelihood that the behavior will be displayed again.

Operant

2) Ivan______ was the researcher who originally described classical conditioning.

Pavlov

1) _____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. a) Learning b) Shaping c) Conditioning d) Habituation

a) Learning

21) Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again is a) a reinforcer. b) punishment. c) discrimination. d) a variable-ratio.

a) a reinforcer.

33) The frequency and timing of reinforcement that follows desired behavior is referred to as a) a schedule of reinforcement. b) a plan of punishment. c) the law of effect. d)a hierarchy of rewards.

a) a schedule of reinforcement.

20) Rewards are positive and reinforcers are a) either positive or negative. b) negative. c) the same thing as a reward. d) ever-changing.

a) either positive or negative.

50) The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a ______ schedule. a) fixed-interval b) fixed-ratio c) variable-ratio d) variable-interval

a) fixed-interval

17) What do rats do while in a Skinner box? a) perform a behavior b) run through a maze c) play with other rats

a) perform a behavior

29) Whenever Johnny's dog sat upon command, Johnny gave him a dog treat. The dog treat is a ____ reinforcer. a) primary b) secondary

a) primary

28) Punishment will tend to a) reduce the frequency of a behavior. b) increase the frequency of a behavior. c) have little effect on behavior. d) extinguish an undesirable behavior.

a) reduce the frequency of a behavior.

24) Johnny received a quarter when he made his bed all week without being told to do so. The quarter is a ____ reinforcer. a) secondary b) primary

a) secondary

5) Operant conditioning has occurred when a) the consequences of an action influence the likelihood that that behavior will be displayed again. b) a pair of stimuli produce the same response, even though the first stimulus in the pair was initially neutral.

a) the consequences of an action influence the likelihood that that behavior will be displayed again.

51) The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed is called a a) variable-interval schedule. b) variable-ratio schedule. c) fixed-ratio schedule. d) fixed-interval schedule.

a) variable-interval schedule.

49) An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning is known as a) a cognitive map. b) cognitive learning theory. c) observational learning. d) latent learning.

b) cognitive learning theory.

Select all that apply 23)Which of the following are primary reinforcers? a) praise b) food c) money d) warmth from the cold

b) food d) warmth from the cold

16) Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer? a) praise, a smile, or a thumbs-up b) food, sex, or water c) money, love, or rock and roll d) electricity, heating oil, or natural gas

b) food, sex, or water

15) The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as which of the following? a) classical conditioning b) law of effect c) extinction d) habituation

b) law of effect

9) A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study a) behaviors of laboratory rats in running mazes. b) operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals. c) classical conditioning processes with laboratory animals.

b) operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.

36) The reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time is known as a ______ reinforcement schedule. a) positive b) partial (or intermittent) c) continuous d) negative

b) partial (or intermittent)

19) When a behavior is repeated more frequently because of the consequences that followed it, this is known as a) discrimination. b) reinforcement. c) generalization. d) punishment.

b) reinforcement.

12) In operant conditioning, what does it mean to say a response has been strengthened or weakened? a) that responses will produce a more or less severe reaction in the nervous system b) that responses are more or less likely to occur predictably c) that responses will be more or less emotional

b) that responses are more or less likely to occur predictably

43) The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes is called a a) fixed-interval schedule. b) variable-ratio schedule. c) variable-interval schedule. d)fixed-ratio schedule.

b) variable-ratio schedule.

8) We owe the understanding of classical conditioning to the person who discovered a dog would salivate upon hearing sounds that were often paired with receiving food. That person was ______. a) Curie b) Freud c) Pavlov d) Thorndike

c) Pavlov

25) Why does considering reinforcers as nothing but rewards oversimplify things? a) Rewards imply money, but reinforcers do not require money. b) Reinforcers are positive, whereas rewards are negative. c) Reinforcers can be positive or negative; rewards are only positive. d) Reinforcers are negative, whereas rewards are positive.

c) Reinforcers can be positive or negative; rewards are only positive.

3) Define classical conditioning a) The process of learning what to expect by watching what happens to others when they engage in specific behaviors. b) The process of modifying behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior. c) The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic, inborn response.

c) The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic, inborn response.

6) What is the definition of learning? a) strengthening voluntary responses depending on consequences b) the process by which a neutral stimulus elicits a response after being paired with a nonneutral stimulus c) a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience

c) a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience

35) Positive punishment is the a) addition of a stimulus to increase behavior. b) removal of a stimulus to increase a behavior. c) addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior. d) removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior.

c) addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior.

40) Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs is called _________ reinforcement. a) ongoing b) intermittent c) continuous d) immediate

c) continuous

22) Positive reinforcement occurs when something that an individual wants _____ in an effort to increase a behavior. a) is taken away from that individual b) is always available, regardless of what the individual does, c) is presented to that individual d) is not available, no matter what,

c) is presented to that individual

7) The consequences of an action influence the frequency with which that action is displayed in the future. What does this describe? a) habituation b) discrimination c) law of effect d) classical conditioning

c) law of effect

4) Strengthening a response in operant conditioning means it will occur a) with great intensity. b) less often. c) more often. d) the same as without operant conditioning.

c) more often.

37) The removal of something pleasant to decrease a behavior is called a) a positive reinforcer. b) positive punishment. c) negative punishment. d) a negative reinforcer.

c) negative punishment.

38) The removal of something pleasant to decrease behavior is called a) a positive reinforcer. b) positive punishment. c) negative punishment. d) a negative reinforcer.

c) negative punishment.

30) The addition of a stimulus to decrease behavior is known as a) a positive reinforcer. b) negative punishment. c) positive punishment. d) a negative reinforcer.

c) positive punishment.

31) When a behavior is repeated less frequently because of the consequences that followed it, this is known as a) generalization. b) discrimination. c) punishment. d) reinforcement.

c) punishment.

32) Negative punishment is a) the addition of a neutral stimulus to decrease a behavior. b) the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. c) the removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.

c) the removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.

10) The form of associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called ___________ conditioning

classical

34) Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs rather than intermittently is called __________ reinforcement.

continuous

41) The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses is called a a) variable-ratio schedule b) fixed-variable schedule c) variable-interval schedule d) fixed-ratio schedule

d) fixed-ratio schedule

18) Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are a) generalizable. b) discriminable. c) innate. d) learned.

d) learned.

44) A pattern of reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses is known as a__________ -__________ - schedule.

fixed ratio

42) In _____ reinforcement, behavior is reinforced some but not all of the time.

intermittent

46)A fixed ______ schedule provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has relapsed.

interval

27) ___ conditioning is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by consequences.

operant

26) ______ reinforcement is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.

positive

11) When a stimulus increases the chances that a preceding behavior will be repeated, this is known as

reinforcement

13) A________ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

reinforcement

39) The pattern of the frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior is known as the of ________ reinforcement.

schedule

48) A_______ -interval schedule is one where reinforcement occurs based on the time since the last reinforcement, but without a consistent pattern. Listen to the complete question

variable

45) A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes is called a -________ -_________ schedule.

variable ratio