Psychology Chapter 6

At University A, students from all introductory psychology sections take their final examination all at once in a gymnasium. At University B, students from each introductory psychology section take the final exam in the same classroom they attended for lectures during the semester. All else being equal, students at University _____ should perform better, based on the _____

B; encoding specificity principle

The study of sensory memory is associated with:

George Sperling

Psychologists use the term _____ memory to refer to photographic visual impressions that last less than a second.

Iconic

Jerry is at a party. He is introduced to three different people in the span of a minute. Later, he is approached by the first person he met and cannot remember her name. Which explanation is MOST likely the source of Jerry's difficulty?

Jerry failed to encode the woman's name

Research conducted by _____has demonstrated the reconstructive nature of memory.

Loftus

Dr. Handy is a psychologist who studies how the brain collects, stores, and retrieves information for later use. Which is the BEST term for Dr. Handy's area of interest?

Memory

Nana is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is, the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Nana is experiencing _____ interference.

Proactive

How does the brain's memory system differ from that of a computer?

The brain's neurons communicate in a more complex manner than what occurs within electrical circuits.

Julaine and Trystan are taking a political science midterm. The test covers five chapters. Yesterday, Julaine studied all five chapters in an 8-hour marathon session. Trystan studied the material over a 5-day period, for just over 90 minutes each day. All else being equal, which student is likely to perform best on the test, and why?

Trystan should outperform Julaine, because distributed practice is superior to massed practice.

The central executive is a component of _____ memory.

Working

Which component of working memory is correctly matched with its description?

central executive — directs attention

Preserving information is to accessing information as _____ is to _____.

storage; retrieval

The levels of processing framework:

suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than simply repeating the material to oneself.

The hippocampus is located in the _____ lobe.

temporal

Some psychologists ascribe infantile amnesia to the immaturity of the _____ among very young children.

hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex

Memories of which a person is not consciously aware are called ______ memories.

implicit

With respect to the repressed memory debate, the American Psychological Association released a 1998 statement affirming that:

memories are subject to change

Based on the textbook's discussion, memory competitors appear to differ from other people mainly in their:

memory strategies.

_____ devices are methods for improving memory.

mnemonic

Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a(n) ________ memory.

procedural

In the retrieval phase of Godden and Baddeley's (1975) "scuba diver" study of the encoding specificity principle, participants were asked to supply all the words they could remember from the encoding condition. This was a _____ measure of memory.

recall

Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test however as he rereads the response options he remembers the correct answer. Chad has made use of:

retrieval cues

In _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident.

retrograde; anterograde

The inability to retrieve past memories is called _____ amnesia. The inability to develop new memories is called _____ amnesia.

retrograde; anterograde

Which of the following expressions BEST reflects the capacity of short-term memory?

seven, plus or minus two items

The concept of working memory represents a contemporary conceptualization of _____ memory

short-term

Which sequence correctly arranges the information-processing stages of memory in order of increasing capacity?

short-term memory > sensory memory > long-term memory

Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus, but also her____ because of the emotional nature of the event.

amygdala

The organization of long-term memory is MOST nearly analogous to the organization of:

an airline's routes

Which explanation of forgetting is correctly described?

decay — information is lost over time as a result of nonuse

Explicit memory is also called _____ memory

declarative

According to the textbook, organizing information hierarchically improves memory by aiding the process of:

encoding

Mood-congruent memory is BEST seen as a specific instance of the:

encoding specificity principle.

Amelia remarks that she needs to learn the text's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he couldn't remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. Amelia is making reference to the memory process called _____. Brian is referring to the memory process called _____.

encoding; retrieval

In a study described in your text some participants were asked to learn hierarchically organized words. Other participants were asked to learn the same words arranged randomly. All participants were later required to recall the words. In this study, the group learning the organized words was the _____ group

experimental

Janna is puzzling over a short answer question on a sociology test. Answering the question correctly requires Janna to use her _____ memory.

explicit

In one study described in the textbook, Dewar and colleagues (2012) examined participants' retention of newly-learned material. Some participants experienced a 15-minute period of waking rest after learning the material. Other participants played a game after learning. The authors concluded that the waking-rest participants outperformed the games participants because:

the rest aided encoding.

As Rodolfo works on a complex multiplication problem in his head, the numbers he is manipulating are in his _____ memory.

working

On his computer desktop, Rodney can see several different files, each immediately accessible. Because he is actively working on them and can open them whenever he wants, these files are in fact very similar to the kind of information held in _____ memory.

working

Godden and Baddeley (1975) conducted the classic "scuba diver" study of the encoding specificity principle. Baddeley is also known for his groundbreaking work on:

working memory