Psychology Chapter 6: Learning

For every three boxes of cookies Tammy sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. On what schedule of reinforcement is Tammy being conditioned?

Fixed ratio

What is the relationship between Skinner and Indiana University's Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences?

He went to IU for college where he created some of his Skinner Boxes and left some at the university.

Who found biological prepardness

John Garcia

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response (UCR)

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

fishing is an example of an activity with a:

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Bandura found that consequences:

do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model

Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning?

operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

operant conditioning

_______ is more resistant to extinction than _________

partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first:

pay attention

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian ________ who spent his life studying classical conditioning

physiologist

After passing his chemistry exam, Tito was told by his parents that he could have access to the family car for a week. Tito's parents' are using:

positive reinforcement

the reinforcement (strengthening) a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

positive reinforcement

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

primary reinforcer

The behavior of infants, young children, and animals can be most easily reinforced using;

primary reinforcers

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

shaping

A conditioned response that has been extinguished can reappear briefly in the presence of the original conditioned stimulus through a process called:

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

spontaneous recovery

___________ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways

stimulus discrimination

a distinction is made between the conditioned stimulus and a similar stimulus and an unconditioned response is not elicited

stimulus discrimination

Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. When a chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder, Joshua reacts with some anxiety. This is an example of:

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

stimulus generalization

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal are known as:

successive approximations

Lan received a noisemaker for his birthday and has played with it every day. Desperate for some peace and quiet, Lan's father gives him a lollipop, which takes Lan's attention away from the toy and gives his dad some temporary silence. What kind of reinforcement process is taking place? A) Lan is being positively reinforced for playing with the noisemaker B) Lan's father is being positively reinforced for giving Lan the lollipop C) Lan is being negatively reinforced for playing with the noisemaker D) No reinforcement is occurring, but Lan's father is receiving punishment

A

What are Skinner's terms

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

An example of a conditioned taste aversion is: A) When dogs salivate in order to help digest their food B) When coyotes eat sheep laced with lithium chloride, get extremely sick, and then stop eating sheep meat C) When dogs jump out of a pen to escape electrical shock D) When rats go through the maze more quickly when reinforced with food

B

Which of the following examples of change demonstrates "learning" as defined in the text? A) Kara asks her mom for a new pair of shoes after noticing an increase in size of her feet B) Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road C) Isaiah sits up for the first time D) As Lamont grows older he begins to look more and more like his father

B

When did classical conditioning came into being?

Early 1900s

______ was one of the first researchers to look at the laws involved in learning voluntary responses

Edward Thorndike

At the end of each day during the first week of kindergarten, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after the loud bell rang. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In the examplle, what is the conditioned response?

Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang

The entire story of John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's "Little Albert Study"

John B. Watson was a behaviorist who conducted an experiment with Rosalie Rayner, a graduate student, that involved a baby named "Little Albert." He introduced Little Albert to a white lab rat, there was no reaction from Little Albert but happiness towards the rat. Watson then, put the rat in front Little Albert and made a loud noise that scared Little Albert. Watson kept doing that until Little Albert would cry just from the sight of the rat. Classical conditioning occurred. Next Watson put on a fake white Santa beard which scared Little Albert because he now associated something white and soft with the white rat that supposedly caused a loud scary noise. Stimulus generalization occurred.

Story of John Garcia's Conditioned Taste Aversion Studies

John Garcia injected laboratory rats with a drug that would make the rats nauseated. The rats were given a sweetened liquid and then several hours later were injected with a drug that caused nausea. The rats didn't touch the liquid again because they associated their sickness with the sweetened liquid. John Garcia discovered conditioned taste aversion.

The second group of rats in Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rats:

Learned to find the exit almost immediately

Which individual discovered that hopelessness and powerlessness could be important parts of learned behavior?

Martin Seligman

Why did classical conditioning came into being?

Mental associated is formed between NS UCS

How did classical conditioning came into being?

Pavlov paired the ticking sound of a metronome with the presentation of food to see if the dogs would eventually salivate at the sound of the metronome. Because the metronome's ticking didn't normally produce salivation, it was a neutral stimulus before any conditioning took place. The repeated pairing of a NS and the UCS, the food, until the dogs would salivate when the metronome began to tick.

What made classical conditioning came into being?

Performed a study in the digestive system in his dogs, he had built a device that would accurately measure the amount of saliva produced by the dogs when they were fed a measured amount of food.

Types of Reinforcements

Primary and secondary, positive and negative

Issuing a time-out to a disobedient child is an example of:

Punishment of removal

Explain Skinner's terms

Raising hand and answering question correctly, receiving a complement from teacher Raising hand = antecedent (before) Answering question correctly = behavior Smile = consequence

Where did classical conditioning came into being?

Russia

Who made Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov

What is a "Skinner Box."

Skinner put a rat in his version of the puzzle box where the rat had to push down a bar to get food

Theo gets excited whenever he finds a quarter lying on the ground outside. While walking home from school one day, Theo noticed a shiny round object lying on the sidewalk and became very excited. He soon realized that the object was a bottle cap and his excitement quickly dissipated. Which concept is demonstrated in this example?

Stimulus generalization

What purpose should reinforcement always be used for, strengthening or weakening a behavior?

Strengthening behavior

How is the mental association generated during the acquisition phase of conditioning?

The acquisition phase of conditioning is repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS so mental association can be generated because the brain has made a connection between the NS and UCS

What is an operant?

The operant is what's reinforced, the antecedent or before behavior

Thorndike's Law of Effect and his "Puzzle Box"

Thorndike made cages called puzzle boxes that had hungry cats in them. There was food outside of the puzzle box that the cat could see. The cat had to push a lever to escape the box. He discovered through this experiment that behaviors met with a positive outcome were repeated and behaviors met with a negative outcome weren't repeated. He called this Law of Effect

How did Watson became a marketing executive.

Watson connected the classical conditioning of pairing a loud noise and the baby fearing it with a slogan and a company (nike).

Kohler's chimpanzee experiment involved;

a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become:

a conditioned stimulus

repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS

acquisition

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring out desired changes in behavior

behavior modification

birds not eating monarch butterflies or anything, such as a moth, that looks like one because it makes them sick. Birds are protected by sight, and other animals are protected by taste

biological prepardenss

Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like one that made them sick. This is a result of:

biological preparedness

Marco's mom gives him a treat every night after dinner when he picks up his plate and places it in the dishwasher. Marco's mom uses:

continuous reinforcement

Bandura conducted some of his research to study:

children's exposure to aggressive behavior towards others

learning to elicit an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response

classical conditioning

Khalila decided to try a new dish consisting of rice and tomatoes just as she was coming down with the flu. Now, every time she sees rice or tomatoes, she gets sick to her stomach. In this example, Khalila's experience of nausea at the sight of rice or tomatoes exhibits a(n) ___________

conditioned response

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

conditioned response (CR)

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Shortly after eating a piece of his great-aunt's famous coconut cake, which he's had many times, Amad became very nauseous. Now, whenever his great-aunt offers him a piece of cake, Amad quickly declines. What concept best explains Amad's change in behavior?

conditioned taste aversion

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of ________ on behavior

consequences

When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called:

extinction

__________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response, following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

extinction

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

extinction

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

What does secondary reinforcement mean as it relates to operant conditioning

for adults

What does primary reinforcement mean as it relates to operant conditioning

for children

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

insight

In John Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," he demonstrated that:

irrational fear response could be conditioned

In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone:

jumped over the fence when the shock started

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

latent learning

if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

law of effect

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

learned helplessness

In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that did not receive reinforcement for solving the maze had:

learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience and or practice

learning

Every time Paul's neighbor upstairs plays loud music, Paul bangs on his ceiling with a broom and the music stops. Paul's behavior of banging on the ceiling to get the music to stop is an example of _________

negative reinforcement

Layla's new puppy keep chewing the bottoms of her favorite curtains. Now, whenever Layla sees the puppy begin chewing, she turns on a device that makes a continuous, loud, annoying sound. She will not turn it off until the puppy stops chewing. Layla is using which technique to change the puppy's behavior?

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement (strengthening) of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

negative reinforcement

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n):

neutral stimulus

learning new behavior by watching someone else, called a "model," perform that behavior

observation learning

In most employment situations, people are paid:

on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was _________ behavior

operant

A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teacher sends the student to the principal's office. This final action is a form of:

punishment

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, causes that response to be less likely to happen again

punishment

Anna's mother scolds her for lying. Anna's mother is using:

punishment by application

the punishment of a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus

punishment by application

the punishment of a response by removal of a pleasurable stimulus

punishment by removal

In his later research, Bandura added the condition of _______ into his studies of children and the Bobo doll

reward

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

secondary reinforcer

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Tamar just can't seem to get away from the slot machines. She has no idea how many times she has to pull the levers to win money, but she's aware that at some point, she's likely to win. What schedule of reinforcement is being used in this example?

variable ratio

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example of:

vicarious conditioning

the learning of various attitudes, feelings, beliefs and emotions, not through direct exposure to a stimulus, but through observing how others react to it

vicarious conditioning

What does punishment do to a response?

weakens it

In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same (for example, salivation). However, what makes that response (salivation) conditioned or unconditioned depends on:

whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS