Psychology chapter 6
naturalist intelligence
Ability to discern patterns in nature
On a roulette wheel, there are an equal number of red (R) and black (B) slots into which a ball may fall at random. Suppose a roulette wheel is spun five times. Which sequence of outcomes is more likely?
All the answers are equally likely.
Heritability
An index of the degree that variation of a trait within a given population is due to heredity.
The development of mental orthopedics by _____ was consistent with his view that intelligence was influenced primarily by _____.
Binet; nurture
Which of Howard Gardner's "Eight Intelligences" would be called upon by a ballet dancer who is trying to learn a physically demanding series of movements?
Bodily-kinesthetic
alternate form reliability
Different forms of the test are given to the same sample at different times and the correlation coefficient is computed for performance on the two forms.
Which of the following is NOT true of intelligence test score correlations between siblings? Identical twins reared together have higher correlations than identical twins reared apart .Fraternal twins reared together have higher correlations than identical twins reared apart. Identical twins reared together have higher correlations than fraternal twins reared together. Fraternal twins reared together have higher correlations than ordinary siblings reared together.
Fraternal twins reared together have higher correlations than identical twins reared apart
The intelligence theorist responsible for the eugenics movement was _____.
Galton
With respect to perspectives on intelligence, _____ is to nature as _____ is to nurture.
Galton; Binet
Alexandra firmly believes that intelligence consists of multiple independent abilities, including such intelligences as spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, and intrapersonal. Alexandra's belief is MOST consistent with the theory of intelligence developed by _____
Gardner
Alexandra firmly believes that intelligence consists of multiple independent abilities, including such intelligences as spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, and intrapersonal. Alexandra's belief is MOST consistent with the theory of intelligence developed by _____.
Gardner
multiple intelligences
Gardner theory that are wight or nine distinct intelligence's each controlled by a different part of the brain
reaction range
Genetically determined limits on IQ or other traits.
Concerning the reliability and validity of intelligence tests, which statement is FALSE?
The predictive validity of intelligence tests varies for different groups.
Standardization
The process that allows test scores to be interpreted by providing test norms. Requires that test must be given to a large representative sample of the relevant population; scores of this sample serve as norms for interpretation examples terman and wechsler
Thinking
The processing of information to solve problems and make judgments and decisions.
The formula "two parts oil to one part vinegar" is guaranteed to yield decent oil-and-vinegar salad dressing. In problem-solving terms, this recipe is a(n):
alogrithm
The _____ heuristic is MOST influenced by prior knowledge that sets expectations. can lead to the conjunction fallacy. always leads to incorrect decisions. is a method for estimating likelihood. is based on a judgment of simililarites
always leads to incorrect decisons
An algorithm _____ produces the correct answer to a problem. Compared to a heuristic, an algorithm _____ to produce an answer
always, takes longer
An algorithm _____ produces the correct answer to a problem. Compared to a heuristic, an algorithm _____ to produce an answer.
always; takes longer
Which theorist proposed that an individual can be irrational and still score high on an intelligence test?
Keith Stanovich
Stuart knew the key to his girlfriend's apartment was on her key ring, so he systematically tried each successive key until finding the one that unlocked her front door. This strategy illustrates problem solving by means of using _____.
an algorithm
To locate a missing receipt that Dennis knows he put in a file, Dennis systematically goes through each of the folders he uses, starting with A and working his way toward Z. This search procedure MOST closely resembles which problem-solving strategy?
an algorithm
When solving the anagram LOSOGCYHYP, a computer generates all possible permutations in order to find the answer. This represents using _____ to solve the problem.
an algorithm
Because Janet is particularly likely to notice when the phone rings while she is in the shower, she believes that there is a relationship between taking a shower and receiving a phone call. This perceived relationship BEST illustrates _____.
an illusory correlation
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
an individual intelligence test developed by david wechsler provides separate scores for verbal intelligence and nonverbal (performance) intelligence
What are the three types of intelligences in Sternberg's triarchic theory?
analytical, creative, practical
Fixation
The inability to create a new interpretation of a problem.
functional fixedness
The inability to see that an object can have a function other than its typical one in solving a problem.
Which statement concerning Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence is FALSE?
The linguistic and spatial intelligences seem to fit best with other definitions of intelligence in terms of mental abilities.
Functional fixedness occurs during the _____ stage of problem solving.
definition
Heritability is an index of the _____.
degree of variation in a trait within a population that is due to heredity
estimates of heritability can be
derived
Which is NOT an ill-defined problem?
determining the number of square feet in your bedroom before purchasing carpet
Dr. Sumerall investigates identity formation processes during adolescence. Dr. Sumerall is MOST likely a _____ psychologist
developmental
Binet and Simon developed an intelligence test for the French school system to _____.
diagnose children who were subnormal and likely to experience problems in school
There is a tendency for the modest correlation between the intelligence test scores of adopted children and their adoptive parents to _____ over time. This suggests that _____ plays a larger role than _____ in determining intelligence test scores.
disappear; heredity; environment
Brenda received high scores on her SAT; however, when choosing her courses for the semester, she doesn't look at the requirements for her major but selects courses based on their closeness to her dorm room. According to Keith Stanovich, Brenda is demonstrating _____.
dysrationalia
David Wechsler believed in the importance of _____ on intelligence. As a result of his interest in broader assessments of intelligence that included nonverbal performance tests, he developed the _____ as alternatives to the Stanford-Binet test.
environment; WAIS and WISC
The fact that the average correlation between intelligence scores is greater for fraternal twins than for genetically related siblings can be explained by _____.
environmental influences only
A statistical technique that identifies clusters of test items that measure the same ability (factor).
factor analysis
Dr. Sullivan developed a test of intelligence that she believes measures quantitative intelligence, reading intelligence, and social intelligence. If Dr. Sullivan wants to determine which questions relate to each of these components, the BEST statistical technique to use would be:
factor analysis
With respect to cognitive processing, System 1 is to System 2 as _____ is to _____.
fast; slow
In judging the relative frequency of words with the letter "r" in either the first or third position, people typically choose the _____ position because _____.
first, words with "r" in the third position are less "available" in memory than words with "r" in the first position
Despite many unsuccessful attempts, Steve repeatedly tries to change the settings on his cell phone by using the same menu selections. By not trying a different set of options from the menu, Steve is displaying a form of _____. fixation
fixation
Cattell and Horn (1967) claimed that intelligence was comprised of
fluid and crystallized intelligence
According to Cattell and Horn, _____ intelligence includes abstract reasoning and is hypothesized to _____ with age.
fluid; decrease
Performance (nonverbal) intelligence
form of intelligence invloving comprehension and reasoning about pictures and geometric shapes
verbal ability
form of intelligence involving comprehension and memory of words and sentences
Alex needs to remove a screw from the back of his computer. His desk has a pencil, a paperclip, and a stapler in the drawer, but he does not have a screwdriver and cannot think of another way to remove the screw. Jenny sees his problem, grabs a paperclip from his desk, and removes the screw. The block to problem solving that MOST reflects Alex's difficulty is:
functional fixedness
The tendency to think of only the most typical uses of objects in a problem setting is called ______.
functional fixedness
Trevor did not think to use the plastic bag he was carrying as a raincoat when he was caught in a downpour, BEST illustrating _____.
functional fixedness
Unable to find a needle and thread, Kim doesn't consider using a stapler to temporarily fix the hem of her skirt. Her failure to consider the stapler BEST illustrates _____.
functional fixedness
When Melinda dropped her watch behind a bookcase that was too heavy for her to move, she failed to realize that she could use a coat hanger to reach behind the bookcase and get the watch. Melinda's failure to consider using a coat hanger BEST illustrates _____.
functional fixedness
A couple has three sons, but they desperately want a daughter. They decide to have another child because they believe that they are very likely to have a daughter given that they have had three boys already. Their thinking is BEST explained as a result of:
gamblers fallacy
A researcher presents participants with the following situation: A fair coin has been flipped five times, and on each of the flips, it landed on heads. Is the next flip more likely to be heads, to be tails, or are they equally likely? Many participants incorrectly choose tails. Which BEST explains this error?
gamblers fallacy
Incorrectly believing that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur.
gamblers fallacy
Twelve-year-old Jimmy is sure his favorite basketball player is "due" to make his next free throw because he missed his last three attempts. Jimmy has fallen prey to the
gamblers fallacy
Internal consistency on a test would be measured by _____.
giving two halves (odd versus even items) of a test to the same sample and measuring the correlation between the scores
If a child's mental age is greater than the child's chronological age, then the child's IQ _____.
greater than 100
Odafin's reaction range is determined by his _____. His reaction range defines the limits of his _____.
heredity; intelligence
An index of the degree that variation of a trait within a given population is due to heredity.
heritability
When solving the anagram LOSOGCYHYP, humans place letters next to each other based on their knowledge of the English language. This represents using _____ to solve the problem.
heurisitc
Jordan runs a restaurant and has to buy supplies daily. He never knows exactly how busy the restaurant will be on a given day. The best way for him to decide how much to buy would be to use:
heuristic
Although it is typically a successful strategy for making probability judgments, the use of ___ can lead to errors, especially if it causes one to ignore relevant information.
heuristics
Although it is typically a successful strategy for making probability judgments, the use of _____ can lead to errors, especially if it causes one to ignore relevant information.
heuristics
n an effort to quickly solve puzzles we might use _____, but to guarantee solutions we should use _____.
heuristics; algorithms
Which concept does NOT apply to Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky's example of the bank teller? The conjunction rule The representativeness heuristic Estimating likelihood Hypothesis testing
hypothesis testing
The intelligence test scores for ______ are most strongly correlated.
identical twins reared apart
The intelligence test scores for ______ are most strongly correlated. identical twins reared apart fraternal twins reared together siblings reared together unrelated people reared apart
identical twins reared apart
the intelligent test scores for ________ are most strongly correlated .a. identical twins reared apart b. fraternal twins reared together c. siblings reared together d. unrelated people reared apart
identical twins reared apart
Kevin's reaction range for intelligence (IQ) is between 90 and 130. Which of the following factors would predict that Kevin might reach the upper limits of his reaction range?
if Kevin lives in a high-quality environment
A problem lacking clear specification of either the start state, goal state, or the processes for reaching the goal state.
ill defined problem
For many people, the problem of how to choose a career is a(n) _____ problem with insufficient specification of the _____.
ill-defined; processes for reaching the goal state
Mistakenly believing that two events are related is called ______.
illusory correlation
Stacy's favorite baseball team needed to win a game, and so Stacy wore her lucky tee-shirt. Each of the two previous times that Stacy wore the shirt, the team won, and so she is convinced that wearing the shirt helps the team win. Which BEST explains Stacy's thinking?
illusory correlation
What is the tendency to erroneously believe that two variables are related when they actually are not?
illusory correlation
_____ refers to the belief that two variables are related when they actually are not.
illusory correlation
The "Flynn effect" reflects the _____ in intelligence test scores in Western industrialized nations over the past 100 years. It may be due to society's _____.
increase; increasing emphasis on abstract, scientific reasoning
The Flynn effect refers to the observation that average intelligence test scores in the United States and other Western industrialized nations have ______ over the past century.
increased
The Flynn effect refers to the observation that average intelligence test scores in the United States and other western industrialized nations have ________ over the past century.
increased
Casey is trying to find a creative solution to a problem she is having with her roommate. Because research suggests that frontal cortex activity may _____ insight, when she "thinks outside the box," Casey would likely be _____ successful at solving the problem than would a patient with frontal lobe damage.
inhibit; less
A new way to interpret a problem that immediately yields the solution.
insight
Cory had been working on a calculus problem for several hours when the best strategy for solving the problem suddenly came to him. It was as if the correct solution path made sense all at once. This BEST illustrates what psychologists call _____.
insight
The "Aha!" or "Eureka!" experience is called:
insight
In Charles Spearman's view of intelligence, _____ an example of a measure of general intelligence, and _____ an example of a measure of specific intelligence.
intelligence tests are; subtests of intelligence tests are
g factor (general intelligence)
intelligence that underlies all mental abillites emphasized by spearmans theory
If Rivkah is to be a successful therapist one day, what type of Gardner's intelligence should she score highly on?
interpersonal
Which is NOT one of the three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg?
interpersonal
The two stages of problem solving are _____ and _____ the problem
interpreting; solving
If a child's mental age is lower than the child's chronological age, then the child's IQ _____.
is less than 100
An intelligence test is standardized if:
it is first given to a representative sample of the relevant population.
if a test is valid
it will also be reliable
The conjunction fallacy refers to the tendency to:
judge the likelihood of two uncertain events occurring together to be more probable than either event occurring alone.
The representativeness heuristic leads us to ______.
judge the probability of category membership by resemblance to the category
The average correlation between fraternal twins raised together is _____ than that for identical twins reared apart, indicating the influence of _____ factors.
less; hereditary
Screening tests for breast cancer in young women or prostate cancer in young men are advised against because they can lead to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. These problems are MOST likely to arise when there is a:
low base rate combined with a test that has a high false alarm rate.
Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence is controversial because some critics claim that:
many of Gardner's intelligences were more like skills or abilities.
Galton's major contribution to intelligence testing was the development of the _____.
mathematics underlying the correlation statistic
A problem-solving heuristic in which the distance to the goal state is decreased systematically by breaking the problem down into subgoals and achieving these subgoals.
means end analysis heuristic
Travel plans from Florida to California is ____.
means end analysis heuristic
In making travel plans to get from Florida to California for summer break, Jo first determines how she will get from her apartment to the Florida airport (by taxi), then from Florida to California (by air), and finally from the California airport to her parents' home (they will pick her up). She has demonstrated a(n):
means-end analysis heuristic.
The Tower of Hanoi problem (reconfiguring disks on pegs) is best solved using the _____ heuristic, whereas the water lily problem (determining when the pond is half covered) is best solved using the _____ heuristic.
means-end; working backward
The formula used when calculating an intelligence quotient is _____.
mental age/chronological age × 100
intelligence
mental capacity to learn from experience and adapt effectively to a particulat environment
Jeff's car frequently stops running while he is driving, and the cause has always been a broken belt. On a recent occasion, Jeff's car stopped running, but there was no broken belt. Jeff could not figure out the problem and called a friend for help. The friend arrived, tried to start the car, and noticed that it was out of gas. Jeff's block to solving this problem is BEST described as:
mental set
The tendency to use previously successful problem-solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem.
mental set
Although Terry knew he was supposed to stop at the grocery store on the way home from the gym, he drove right past the store and did not realize he'd forgotten until pulling into his garage. This BEST illustrates what is known as _____.
mindless behavior
Rigid habitual behavior in which we fail to carefully attend to the details of the present situation is to _____ as a new way to understand a problem that immediately gives you the solution is to _____.
mindless behavior; insight
According to Stanovich, dysrationalia occurs when individuals have not developed the appropriate _____.
mindware
The heritability estimates for intelligence of about 50% to 70% mean that
more than half of the variation in intelligence scores in a population is a result of genetics
The heritability estimates for intelligence of about 50% to 70% mean that:
more than half of the variation in intelligence scores in a population is a result of genetics.
Which of the following is NOT one of Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities?
musical ability
A person who questions a well-established research finding because he knows someone who violates the finding is engaged in
person-who reasoning
Questioning a well-established finding because you know an individual who violates the finding is to _____ as clinging to your viewpoints despite evidence to the contrary is to _____.
person-who reasoning; belief perseverance
spatial intelligence
potential to recognize and use patterns, Reasoning about visual spatial relationships
A high school dropout runs a successful small business by collecting payments from his customers as soon as they are due. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, this person may have greater _____ intelligence than a highly educated, unsuccessful small business owner who never collects payments on time
practical
A high school dropout runs a successful small business by collecting payments from his customers as soon as they are due. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, this person may have greater _____ intelligence than a highly educated, unsuccessful small business owner who never collects payments on time.
practical
Larraine always takes the 8:10 p.m. train when she has to work late because she finds there are typically a sufficient number of waiting passengers to keep her feeling safe. According to Sternberg's triarchic theory, Larraine is demonstrating _____ intelligence.
practical
_____ is NOT among the three types of intelligence in Gardner's theory. Practical Spatial Intrapersonal Bodily-kinesthetic
practical
_____ is NOT among the three types of intelligence in Gardner's theory
practical.
The Tendency to use ____ problem-solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem is called _____.
previously successful; mental set
The tendency to use _____ problem-solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem is called _____.
previously successful; mental set
A researcher is testing participants' ability to solve the riddle: "What occurs once in June, once in July, and twice in August?" Most of the participants could not find the solution because they get stuck in thinking that the question concerns an aspect of summer months, when the solution is an aspect of the words (the letter "u"). The block to problem solving that reflects the participants' difficulty in finding the solution is:
problem misinterperation
person-who reasoning
questioning a well-established research finding because one knows a person who violates the finding
The genetically determined limits for an individual's intelligence.
reaction range
_____ is the extent to which test scores are consistent; _____ is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict.
reliability; validity
In the Linda problem, if you judge that it is more likely that Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement than that Linda is a bank teller, you are likely using the ______ heuristic and committing the ______ fallacy.
representativeness conjunction
In the Linda problem, if you judge that it is more likely that Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement rather than that Linda is a bank teller, you are likely using the ________ heuristic and committing the _______ fallacy.
representativeness; conjunction
One block to problem solving can be mindless behavior, which is _____.
rigid, habitual behavior that ignores problem details
_____ enable a test taker's score to be compared to a comparable group's scores.
test norms
In the four-card selection task, the BEST strategy is to:
test options that would provide contradictory evidence.
A researcher develops a test of physical abilities, and gives the same test to the same participants across three different testing sessions. The researcher finds that the test produces drastically different results for each testing. The problem with this test is that it does NOT have:
test retest realability
Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek evidence that:
that supports our hypotheses
Suppose you are given the following problem: "There are four cards showing E, J, 2, & 5. On one side of each card is a letter, and on the other side is a number. Consider this rule: "If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an odd number on the other side." Select the card or cards that you definitely must turn over to determine whether the rule is true or false for the four cards indicated.
the E and 2 cards
Lewis Terman is responsible for developing the _____.
the Stanford-Binet test of intelligence
analytical intelligence
the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving
creative intelligence
the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
practical intelligence
the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful
When asked to quickly estimate the product of 87654321, people give a much larger answer than when asked to quickly estimate the product of 12345678. This BEST illustrates the dynamics involved in using _____.
the anchoring and adjustment heuristic
The errors made when trying to determine the rule for Wason's "2-4-6 task" BEST illustrate _____.
the confirmation bias
If identical twins are raised together,
the correlation between their intelligence test scores is +0.86.
What happens to the modest correlation between the intelligence test scores of adopted children and their adoptive parents as the children get older?
the correlation decreases
If the identical twins are raised apart,
the correlation falls to +0.72.
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest Test covers the content that it is supposed to cover
dysrationalia
the failure of reasonably intelligent individuals to think and reason in a rational way
The finding that average intelligence scores have increased over the past century in the United States and other industrialized countries illustrates which of the following?
the flynn effect
Regarding theories of intelligence, Charles Spearman believed that _____ was (were) MOST important and Thurstone believed that _____ was (were) MOST important.
the g factor; specific mental abilities
A heuristic is MORE appropriate than an algorithm when:
the problem is ill defined
Thinking can BEST be defined as:
the processing of information to solve problems and make judgments and decisions.
The genetically determined limits for an individual's intelligence is called _____.
the reaction range
A researcher tested two groups of participants. Group 1 was asked whether they think the world record for running a mile is faster than 6 minutes or slower than 6 minutes; after answering that question, the participants were asked to estimate the world record time. Group 2 was asked to estimate the world record time without receiving the first question concerning whether the record was faster or slower than 6 minutes. Group 1's estimate was 5:10, and Group 2's estimate was 4:15. The heuristic that BEST explains this result is the _____ heuristic.
anchoring and adjustment
Terrell estimates the population of the United States at 300,000,000 because he remembers that the population was 250,000,000 some years ago, and then revises this figure upward to reflect population growth since that time. Terrell is using the _____ heuristic.
anchoring and adjustment
The ____ heuristic occurs when one uses one's initial estimate as an anchor and then adjusts this estimate up or down.
anchoring and adjustment
The _____ heuristic is MOST influenced by prior knowledge that sets expectations.
anchoring and adjustment
researcher gives participants one of two buying scenarios. In the first scenario, a product with a list price of $50 is sold for a reduced price of $25. In the second scenario, the same product is sold for a list price of $25. The researcher asks participants to rate how satisfied they are with the cost of the product, and the participants in the reduced price condition tend to give higher ratings of satisfaction. This result is BEST explained by the _____ heuristic.
anchoring and adjustment
A heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his or her initial estimate as an anchor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or down (often insufficiently).
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Prior to estimating the number of people attending a concert, Edward was asked whether there were more or fewer than 1,000 people and Ellen was asked if there were more or fewer than 4,000 people. Edward's estimate of the number of people was much less than Ellen's estimate, suggesting their estimates were influenced by use of the _____.
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
The folding problem in which you were asked to estimate the thickness of a 0.1 millimeter sheet of paper folded in on itself 100 times illustrates how the ______ can lead to dramatic underestimates of the correct answer to an estimation problem.
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
the folding problem in which you were asked to estimate the thickness of a 0.1 millimeter sheet of paper folded in on itself 100 times illustrates how the _______ can lead to dramatic underestimates of the correct answer to an estimation problem.
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Well-defined problems differ from ill-defined problems in that, compared to well-defined problems, ill-defined problems have
any combination of a poorly defined start state, goal state, or processes to reach the goal state
Well-defined problems differ from ill-defined problems in that, compared to well-defined problems, ill-defined problems have:
any combination of a poorly defined start state, goal state, or processes to reach the goal state.
thinking outside the box
approach to problem solving that requires breaking free of self-imposed conceptual constraints and thinking about a problem differently in order to solve it
The validity of Cattell and Horn's concepts of "fluid" versus "crystallized" intelligence is supported, in part, by findings that
as we age, crystallized intelligence increases, while fluid intelligence declines.
A difficulty with using Stern's intelligence quotient (IQ) formula to measure intelligence across the life span is that:
at some point, when mental age stabilizes, IQ will begin to fall.
To reduce their uncertainty about the world, people:
attempt to determine how various events are related to one another.
A researcher asks participants, "Which is the more likely cause of death: asthma or tornados?" Most participants incorrectly answer that tornados are a more common cause of death. Which BEST explains this error?
availability heuristic
Overestimating the probability of dying in an airplane crash is likely the result of using the ______.
availability heuristic
People use a rule of thumb called the _____ when they base probability judgments on how easily events come to mind.
availability heuristic
The bank is foreclosing on Rachel's house. When her friend David heard this news, he incorrectly decided that home foreclosures must be increasing in his area. Which BEST explains David's error?
availability heuristic
Most people incorrectly think that "r" appears more often as the first letter of a word than as the third letter. This belief stems from the use of the _____ heuristic, based on the way we _____.
availability; organize words in memory
Illusory correlations are demonstrated by the argument that says:
changes in arthritic pain relate to changes in the weather.
David judges the joint occurrence of two uncertain events as being more likely than the occurrence of either of the events alone. David is doing which of the following?
committing the conjunction fallacy
Greg believes that female drivers make more careless mistakes on the road than do male drivers, so he watches female drivers more closely than male drivers. Greg's behavior BEST illustrates _____.
confirmation bias
In the 2-4-6 task, participants demonstrate ______ in testing their hypotheses.
confirmation bias
Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports and ignores editorials critical of the candidate. Nigel appears to reflect the:
confirmation bias.
Incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probable than either of the two events.
conjunction fallacy
A psychology professor gives an exam and, although the students claim that they have studied the material and that they know the material well, they failed the exam. It is MOST likely that the exam does not have:
content validity
If your psychology test included material that was not assigned or covered in class, you could MOST reasonably argue that the test lacked which of the following?
content validity
According to Cattell and Horn, _____ intelligence includes accumulated knowledge and is hypothesized to _____ with age.
crystallized; increase
When Olivia and Amanda met for the first time, Olivia's first impression was that Amanda was rather unfriendly. Although subsequent meetings indicted that Amanda may really be friendly, Olivia failed to substantially change her initial impression. This tendency to cling to an initial impression is similar to processes that occur when people _____.
use the anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Carol judges the probability of category membership by how well an object resembles a category. Carol is doing which of the following?
using the representativeness heuristic
For a test to be _____, it must be _____. The reverse _____ true.
valid; reliable; is not
A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of _____.
validity
The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict.
validity
The "nine-circle" problem is difficult to solve because:
we misinterpret the problem by creating rules for the problem that do not exist
Tim is trying to solve a maze that has 10 paths from the starting point, only one of which leads to the goal. For this type of problem, which would be the BEST approach?
working backward
Unable to solve an algebra problem, Nancy peeks at the answer in the back of the textbook reasoning that "if she knew what the solution looks like, she might determine how to get there." Nancy is using the _____ heuristic.
working backward
A problem-solving heuristic in which one attempts to solve a problem by working from the goal state back to the start state.
working backward heuristic
Gretchen cannot remember how much money she took out of the bank. She now has $30, and she can estimate the cost of everything she bought since she took out the money. Which heuristic is MOST suitable for solving this problem?
working backward heuristic
Solving the "water lily" problem is an easy one if a(n) _____ is employed.
working backward heuristic
Adopted children would be expected to have test scores LEAST similar to their adoptive parents in _____.
young adulthood
the representativeness heuristic leads us to _____.
) judge the probability of category membership by resemblance to the category
*Which phenomenon is MOST responsible for the heightened belief that the airplane we are about to board is likely to crash after being reminded of a recent airplane crash? *
* Availability heuristic*
* In Gardner's Eight Intelligence, _____ is defined as understanding oneself and _____ is defined as understanding others.*
*Intrapersonal; Interpersonal*
*Charles Spearman argued that, while both ____ factors were important in determining the outcome of intelligence test performance, ___ played a greater role. *
*general & specific intelligence; g (general knowledge) factor*
John is using fast, intuitive processing to judge the likelihood that he will do well on a test. John's thinking is characteristic of _____ processing, which is _____.
. System 1; less reliable than System 2
two unrelated people have
0% SIMILARITY
In terms of probabilities, "uncertainty" is associated with a probability of:
0.5
In judging the likelihood that it will rain tomorrow, the weather forecaster announces that the probability is maximally uncertain. Which probability estimate BEST reflects this likelihood?
0.50
An acceptable reliability coefficient for an intelligence test should have a value of at least _____.
0.90
For which of the following correlation coefficients would you be MOST likely to conclude that the test-retest method revealed a very reliable test?
0.90
For which of the following correlation coefficients would you be MOST likely to conclude that the test-retest method revealed a very reliable test? Answers: A. 0.90 B. All the answers are correct. C. 0.80 D. 0.70
0.90
Susan's deviation IQ score is 115; therefore, her deviation IQ score is _____ standard deviation(s) above the mean for her age group.
1.0
A deviation IQ score is _____.
100 plus or minus (15 × the number of standard deviations the person is from the raw score mean for the standardization group)
deviation IQ scores
100 plus or minus (15 × the number of standard deviations the person is from the raw score mean for their standardization group). To calculate a person's deviation IQ, Wechsler compared how far the person's raw score was from the mean raw score in terms of standard deviation units from the mean. To make the deviation scores resemble the IQ formula, he set the mean to 100 and the standard deviation to 15. Using the information above, how would you complete this equation?
identical twins have
100% genetic similarity
In the standardization distribution of deviation IQ scores developed by Wechsler, the mean is set at _____, and the standard deviation is set at _____.
100; 15
Michael is 8 years old, but his performance on a series of cognitive tasks is equivalent to that of the average 10-year-old child. Michael's intelligence quotient is:5r
125
Karen's deviation IQ score falls 2 standard deviations above the mean for her age group; therefore, her deviation IQ score is _____.
130
Using William Stern's formula, Terman would conclude that an 8-year-old child with a mental age of 12 had an IQ of _____.
150
When dealing with judgments that involve uncertainty, the advice "don't rush to judgment" encourages people to use System _____ processing that _____ the use of heuristics.
2; decreases
fraternal twins and siblings have
50% similarity
Heritability estimates for intelligence range from _____ percent to _____ percent.
50; 70
Dr. Huang knows that the base rate for a disease is 5 percent. Out of 1,000 people, this base rate indicates that _____ would have the disease. To test a patient, Dr. Huang will use a test that will correctly show that the disease is present in 80 percent of the people who actually have the disease. Thus, the _____ rate for the test is 80 percent.
50; sensitivity
An individual with a deviation IQ score of -2 on the WAIS would have an IQ score of _____.
70
Imagine a base rate of 1 percent for a disease, a false positive rate of 10 percent, and a sensitivity rate of 90 percent for the screening test for the disease. Using natural frequencies, which of the following is the closest estimate of the conditional probability that a person actually has the disease given a positive test result?
8 percent
To best test the rule in Wason's card selection task participants should have turned over the "_____" cards because _____.
A and 7; if the A card has an odd number on the other side and the 7 card has a vowel on the other side, the rule would have been violated
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
A heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his or her initial estimate as an anchor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or down (often insufficiently).
availability heuristic
A heuristic for judging the probability of an event by how available examples of the event are in memory (the more available, the more probable).
representativeness heuristic
A heuristic for judging the probability of membership in a category by how well an object resembles (is representative of) that category (the more representative, the more probable).
split-half reliability
A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared. Reliability is determined by correlating performance of two halves of one given test
insight
A new way to interpret a problem that immediately yields the solution.
ill-defined problem
A problem lacking clear specification of either the start state, goal state, or the processes for reaching the goal state
well-defined problem
A problem with clear specifications of the start state, goal state, and the processes for reaching the goal state.
working backward heuristic
A problem-solving heuristic in which one attempts to solve a problem by working from the goal state back to the start state
means-end analysis heuristic
A problem-solving heuristic in which the distance to the goal state is decreased systematically by breaking the problem down into subgoals and achieving these subgoals.
heuristic
A problem-solving strategy that seems reasonable given one's past experience with solving problems, especially similar problems, but does not guarantee a correct answer to a problem.
Which of the following statements about test reliability and validity is false? A test can be reliable and valid. A test can be reliable but not valid. A test can be valid but not reliable. A test can be neither reliable nor valid.
A test can be valid but not reliable.
intrapersonal intelligence
understanding oneself
interpersonal intelligence
understanding other people
Which would be an example of an algorithm?
calculating miles per gallon on a long-distance trip you just completed
L.L. Thurstone
Argued for the importance of several mental abilities: Verbal comprehension, number facility, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, associative memory, and reasoning Identified these abilities via factor analysis
Charles Spearman
Argued that intelligence test performance is a function of two types of factors: A g factor (general intelligence) Some s factor (specific intellectual abilities such as reasoning) Believed that the g factor was more important People who did well on one subtest usually did well on most of the subtests. People who did poorly on one subtest usually did poorly on most of the subtests.
A cross-cultural study of the intelligence test scores of Asian and American children suggests which of the following?
As they proceed in school, Asian children have increasingly higher scores than American children.
Twins and sibling data
Average correlation between fraternal twins raised together (+0.60) is less than that for identical twins reared apart (+0.72), indicating the influence of heredity Average correlation is greater than that for ordinary siblings reared together (+0.47), indicating environmental influences because the environment influences of fraternal twins is more similar than for ordinary siblings at different ages
concept
categories of objects or ideas grouped according to properties that they share
In the game of roulette, a wheel spins and a ball lands at random in one of an equal number of black and red slots. Because the ball landed in a red slot four times in a row, Cal believes it will land in a black slot on the next spin. Which MOST accurately describes the validity of Cal's belief?
Cal is incorrect in believing that random outcomes alternate more than they really do.
_____ was the first intelligence theorist to argue that intelligence test performance is a function of general intelligence and specific intellectual abilities.
Charles Spearman
Heritability indices indicate which of the following?
For a given population, 50 percent to 70 percent of the variation in intelligence is due to heredity.
A researcher is using a test of intelligence based on finding the faintest sound that participants can reliably detect 50% of the time. The researcher's tests are MOST similar to the type of tests conducted by:
Francis Galton
Which intelligence theorist assumed that more intelligent people would have more acute senses and faster reaction times?
Francis Galton
A researcher is using a test of intelligence based on comparing the amount of weight a person can lift to that person's body weight. The researcher's tests are MOST similar to the type of tests conducted by:
Francis galton
_____ was a psychologist who supported the view that human intelligence was primarily influenced by genetics, and _____ was a psychologist who supported the view that human intelligence was primarily influenced by environment.
Francis galton; Alfred bernet
Nature vs. Nurture
Heredity vs. Environment
Which is NOT true about hypothesis testing? Hypothesis tests reduce uncertainty about the world. Hypothesis tests help shape beliefs. Hypothesis tests are always conducted in well-controlled environments. Hypothesis tests allow people to examine relationships between events.
Hypothesis tests are always conducted in well-controlled environments.
Gambler's Fallacy
Incorrectly believing that a chance process is
conjunction fallacy
Incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probable than either of the two events.
Kieth Stanovich
Intelligence by itself is not sufficient to explain such thinking. The ability to think and act rationally, which is not assessed by standard intelligence tests, is another meaningful component. "Dysrationalia" is used to describe the failure to think and behave rationally, despite having adequate intelligence.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
Intelligence quotient (IQ)- (mental age/chronological age) × 100.
The two stages of problem solving are ____ & ____ the problem.*
Interpreting; Solving*
Robert Sternberg
Introduced triarchic theory of intelligence that proposes three types of intelligence: Analytical intelligence Practical intelligence Creative intelligence
Dr. Francois develops a test that she believes will predict the academic success of college freshmen. Dr. Francois finds a correlation coefficient of .75 between high school seniors' scores on the test and their freshman GPAs one year later. What can one conclude regarding Dr. Francois' test?
It is reasonably valid.
linguistic intelligence
Language ability as in reading, writing, and speaking
A 3-year-old child uses a cooking pot and wooden spoon as a drum and drumstick. Her 22-year-old sister is using a round glass as a rolling pin for baking. Both have:
Managed to avoid functional fixedness
logical-mathematical intelligence
Mathematical problem solving and scientific analysis
Which is an example of an erroneous belief that may arise from subjective, informal hypothesis testing?
Mental telepathy is an extension of our sensory abilities
musical intelligence
Musical skills such as the ability to compose and understand music
Francis Galton (nature emphasis)
Nature emphasis Motivated by eugenics and believed in genetic determination of intelligence Proposed that intelligence could be determined by measuring various aspects of the human brain and nervous system Developed tests of sensory abilities and reaction time and tested thousands of people and invented the basic mathematics behind correlational statistics Found that his measures were not good predictors of intelligence
Binet and Simon (nurture emphasis)
Nurture emphasis In France in the early part of the twentieth century, worked on the problem of mental retardation when France switched to mass public education Developed first accepted test of intelligence (1905) to diagnose children who were subnormal Used concept of mental age Age typically associated with a child's level of performance Remedial age required when mental age was < chronological age
When someone commits to the conjunction fallacy they conclude that the:
Overlap between two uncertain events is more likely than either event on its own
Galton's tests of _____ were _____ predictors of intelligent thinking.
Physical traits; poor
Howard Gardner
Proposed theory of eight independent intelligences: Linguistic Logical-mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-kinesthetic Intrapersonal Interpersonal Naturalistic
Cattell and Horn
Proposed two types of intelligence, which have been of interest to researchers in aging: fluid and crystallized intelligence
_____ is concerned with consistency whereas _____ is concerned with predictability.
Reliability; validity
_____ is the extent to which test scores are consistent; _____ is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict
Reliability; validity
The fear of dying in a terrorist attack after events that occurred in the US on September 11, 2001:
Resulted in an additional 1,500 people dying in auto accidents because many people avoided air travel
Lewis Terman
Revised Binet and Simon's test for American school children (Stanford-Binet, 1916) Used the classic intelligence quotient formula by Stern IQ = (mental age/chronological age) × 100 When a child's mental age as assessed by the test was greater than the child's chronological age, the child's IQ was greater than 100. When a child's mental age as assessed by the test was less than the child's chronological age, the child's IQ was less than 100. Note that the IQ formula itself is no longer used
When Ronda met Kyle for the first time, she thought he was unpleasant and rude. Only after repeated encounters over many months did she realize he was not like that at all. What accounts for the difficulty she had in moving past her first impression?
She anchored her impression of him to that first encounter and only slowly adjusted it.
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
Skill in body movement and handling objects
The revision of Binet's original intelligence test that was developed in 1916 for specific use with American schoolchildren became known as the _____.
Stanford-Binet
conjunction rule
States that the likelihood of the overlap of two uncertain events cannot be greater than the likelihood of either of the two events because the overlap is only part of each event
Which offers the BEST support for the view that intelligence is primarily influenced by genetics and heredity?
That the correlation coefficient for identical twins is 0.86, and that for unrelated people it is 0
Four card selection task (Wason selection task)
The four cards below have information on both sides. On one side of a card is a letter, and on the other side is a number. Consider this rule: If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number on the other side. Select the card or cards that you definitely must turn over to determine whether the rule is true or false for these four cards.
How is the average correlation between intelligence scores related to genetic similarity?
The average correlation increases as genetic similarity increases.
illusory correlation
The erroneous belief that two variables are statistically related when they actually are not.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict.
Reliability
The extent to which the scores for a test are consistent.
Which is NOT an example of functional fixedness? The failure to realize that a ruler can be used to measure the length of an object. The failure to realize that a bowl can be used to draw a perfect circle. The failure to realize that a newspaper basket can be used to carry a bundle of wood. The failure to realize that a coin can be used as a screwdriver.
The failure to realize that a ruler can be used to measure the length of an object.
Flynn effect
The finding that the average intelligence test score in the United States and other industrialized nations has improved steadily over the last century.
predictive validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. Test predicts behavior that is related to what is being measured by the test
belief perseverance
The tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence
confirmation bias
The tendency to seek evidence that confirms one's beliefs.
mental set
The tendency to use previously successful problem-solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem.
adoption data
There is a modest correlation between intelligence test scores of adopted children with their parents, and this correlation disappears as the children age. Correlation between the scores for adopted children and their biological parents, however, increases as the children age. This stronger relationship between a person's intelligence and that of their biological parents means that nature plays a larger role in determining a person's intelligence than environmental experiences.
Which example demonstrates the MOST inappropriate use of mental set? Following the same cooking recipe, each and every time you fix a particular dish Using the same football play over and over because it worked on the first play of the game Solving a series of "zero-multiplication" problems (e.g., 0 × 2, 0 × 3, 0 × 5) all as "0 "Guessing people's ages by asking the ages of their children
Using the same football play over and over because it worked on the first play of the game
David Wechsler
Was Chief Psychologist at Bellevue Hospital in New York City in the 1930s Was in charge of adult patients of diverse backgrounds Developed his own tests, the Wechsler Bellevue Scale, in 1939 (later called the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - WAIS) Provides test scores for a battery of both verbal and performance tests
The first researcher to use deviation scores to measure intelligence was _____.
Wechsler
How did Wechsler's scoring of his Adult Intelligence Scale (the WAIS) and his Intelligence Scale for Children (the WISC) differ from Stern's traditional IQ scoring?
Wechsler compared an individual's score to the group distribution in terms of standard deviation units.
Which statement is TRUE?
When using test-retest reliability, the same test is administered twice to the same sample, and the correlation coefficient for the two sets of scores is computed.
Which is NOT an aspect of ill-defined and well-defined problems? submit answer button. Where a problem begins A desired end to a problem A clear solution to the problem How to reach the end of the problem
a clear solution to the problem
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person who has very low overall intlligence but possesses one extraordinary skill
fallacy
a false or mistaken idea
test-retest reliability
a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions The test is given twice to the same sample, and the correlation coefficient for the two sets of scores is computed.
A situation in which there is a specific goal, but it is not clear how to reach that goal is called _____.
a problem
factor analysis
a statistical procedure for identifying clusters of related items within a set of data
Which of the following statements about test reliability and validity is false?a. a test can be reliable and validb. a test can be reliable but not validc. a test can be valid but not reliabled. a test can be neither reliable nor valid
a test can be valid but not reliable
Which is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? Answers: A. musical B. logical-mathematical C. abstract reasoning D. spatial
abstract reasoning
If you compute the area of a room by using the formula length × width = area, you are using a(n)/the ______.
algorithm
The Stanford-Binet test was not suitable for measuring adult intelligence because _____. at some point mental age levels off but chronological age keeps increasing it only provided a single measure of abilities related to academic performance at some point mental age levels off but chronological age keeps increasing with increasing age, a person's IQ would decrease regardless of intellectual ability
all answers are correct
If a test has been standardized, it has _____.
been given to a representative sample of the relevant population
A police detective continues to pursue the individual he feels is guilty of a robbery in the face of increasing evidence to the contrary. It is likely that the detective is experiencing _____.
belief perseverance
A researcher asked participants whether some people have extrasensory perception (ESP), and roughly 20% of the participants said some people do have ESP, and another 25% were unsure. The researcher then had the participants read research indicating that ESP does not exist. After reading the research, all the participants who were unsure now said they do not think some people have ESP. However, most of the 20% who thought ESP was possible still believed it was possible even after reading the research. Which BEST explains the thinking of those who thought some people have ESP?
belief perseverance
Donald argues vehemently that women drive more recklessly than men do despite his awareness of statistics from multiple sources that indicate his argument is not correct. Donald is MOST specifically demonstrating _____.
belief perseverance
The tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence.
belief perseverance
What is the tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence?
belief perseverance
Despite his awareness of scientific evidence indicating fortunetellers are unable to forecast the future, Justin believes they can. He bases his belief on the fact that his friend Ronnie won $100 after a fortune teller told Ronnie that something good would happen to him. Justin is experiencing _____ resulting from _____.
belief perseverance; person-who reasoning
People with damage to the frontal cortex tend to perform _____ than healthy participants on insight problems. This suggests that intact frontal lobes _____ the likelihood of mental set.
better; increase
a test can be reliable
but not valid
Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon, who developed the first accepted intelligence test for evaluating French schoolchildren, believed that intelligence was largely a result of _____. In contrast, Sir Francis Galton and Lewis Terman were advocates of _____ intelligence.
nurture; inherited
Dr. Barba, like most doctors, tends to _____ the probability that a person has a disease when a test result is positive. To accurately calculate this probability, one of the factors that Dr. Barba needs to know is the percentage of people in the population who actually have the disease, which is known as the _____ rate.
overestimate;base
As per the text, why is the OTTFFSS series problem difficult?
people do not use the correct strategy
A person who questions a well-established research finding because he knows someone who violates the finding is engaged in:
person who reasoning
A person who questions the validity of the research findings that indicate smoking leads to health problems as a result of his knowing someone who has smoked most of their life and has no health problems is using ______.
person who reasoning
Questioning a well-established research finding because you know a person who violates the finding.
person who reasoning
Sonya was confronted with research findings demonstrating that long-term smoking is associated with health problems. She denied this fact and responded, "My grandfather smoked three packs a day for 40 years and never had any problems." This demonstrates
person who reasoning
Sonya was confronted with research findings demonstrating that long-term smoking is associated with health problems. She denied this fact and responded, "My grandfather smoked three packs a day for 40 years and never had any problems." This demonstrates:
person who reasoning
Stan loves junk food and eats it every day in vast quantities. Stan's wife keeps telling him that research results show that he is killing himself with his diet, but Stan simply points to his grandfather who lived to be 92 and ate junk food most of his life. Stan is using _____ to justify his junk food eating behavior.
person who reasoning
a person who questions the validity of the research findings that indicate smoking leads to health problems as a result of his knowing someone who has smoked most of their life and has no health problems is using _______.
person who reasoning
Sir Francis Galton, an early developer of intelligence testing methods, incorrectly believed that factors such as _____ and _____ could be used to predict intelligent thinking
sensory abilities, reaction time
Elliott's credit card bill includes a minimum payment amount. Compared to a situation in which a minimum payment amount is not provided, it is likely that Elliott will make a _____ partial payment, reflecting his use of the _____ heuristic.
smaller; anchoring and adjustment
According to James Flynn, which of the following has likely contributed to the increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over the past century?
societal changes, which led people to get smarter in abstract, scientific thinking
A heritability estimate of 100% for intelligence in a given population means that the variation in intelligence for this population is determined ______.
solely by genetics
a heritability estimate of 100% for intelligence in a given population means that the variation in intelligence for this population is determined __________.
solely by genetics
Mental set is to _____ as fixation is to _____.
solving the problem; interpreting the problem
Which of the following intelligence theorists emphasized the g factor? Sternberg Gardner Spearman Thurstone
spearman
which of the following intelligence theorists emphasized the g factor? a. Sternberg b. Gardner c. Spearman d. Thurstone
spearman
A researcher develops a test of intelligence. The test is composed of sections on reasoning ability, quantitative ability, and verbal ability. Each of these three components individually corresponds BEST to
spearmans s factors
S factor/specific intelligence
specific forms of intelligence that support distinct mental abilites emphasized by thre rheoriss of thustone and gardner
A researcher develops a test to measure the quality of a person's memory. The test consists of 100 test items. The researcher randomly selects 50 of the items and compares the accuracy on those items to the accuracy on the other 50 items. The researcher finds that the participants do not score comparably on the first set of items compared to the second set of items. The problem with this test is that it does NOT have:
split half reliability
To determine if a test is internally consistent, which measure(s) of reliability would be appropriate to use?
split-half
The process that allows test scores to be interpreted by providing test norms.
standardization
Algorithm
step-by-step problem-solving procedure that guarantees a correct answer to a problem.
Which of the following intelligence theorists proposed three types of intelligence---analytical, practical, and creative? a. Sternberg b. Gardner c. Thurstone d. Spearman
sternberg
Which of the following intelligence theorists proposed three types of intelligence—analytical, practical, and creative? Sternberg Gardner Thurstone Spearman
sternburg
To utilize a means-end analysis, each problem is broken into a series of _____ that are solved in succession.
subgoals
For which of the following reasons would a researcher use factor analysis?
to determine which clusters of intelligence test items measure the same ability
Assessing alternate-form reliability involves giving _____ of a test to the same sample at _____.
two forms; different times
