nutrition ch 4,5,6,7

Regina's soccer coach takes the team out for a celebratory meal following a victory. A teammate orders French fries, noting that they must be healthy because the restaurant menu says the fries are fried in "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil. Which statement about "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil is correct?

all vegetable oil is cholesterol free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods

Lipoproteins (Classification)

Traditionally categorized based on differences in their hydrated densities, as determined by ultracentrifugation. Categories include: -Chylomicrons -Very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL) -Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) -Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) -High-density lipoproteins (HDL) -Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]

As the % lean of a meat product increases, so does the price. What can frugal consumers do to save money without compromising heart health?

Use regular ground beef for burgers and meatloaf, but blot the excess fat with paper towels. Use regular ground beef when making tacos, but rinse the browned ground beef under warm water to remove the excess fat before adding the other ingredients. Use regular ground beef in casserole recipes, but drain the fat after browning the meat

A person who consumes inadequate dietary protein may be expected to experience

decreased immune function fluid balance loss of lean body mass

Trans fatty acids, also called hydrogenated fats, are found in fried foods like ___________________.

doughnuts and french fries

There are certain unsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet; these are called ___________________ and they are found in foods like _____________________________.

essential fatty acids fatty fish, canola, and soybean oil

Epinephrine

You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases _________, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.

cognitive restructuring

a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

self-monitoring

keeping track of diet

Disaccharide

lactose, maltose, sucrose

Triglyceride

metabolized to yield ~9 kcal/gram primarily storage form of fat in the adipose tissue

protein is the only macronutrient that contains __________

nitrogen

monounsatured fat

olive oil, peanuts

canola oil, soybean oils, seaweed flax seeds and walnuts

omega-3 fatty acids

Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and increases regularity

promotes colon health

dried peas and beans ; soy-based products, nuts and legumes

protein

lorcaserin

reduces appetite by altering serotonin receptors in the brian

phenteramine

reduces appetite by prolonging the activity of epinephrine and norepiphephrine in the brain

orlistat

reduces fat by digestion by inhibiting lipase in the smalll intestine

Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion

reduces risk of cardivascular disease

Dietary consumption of which of the following has the greatest impact on blood lipids?

saturated fat

A fatty acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds is called a (n) _______________ and tends to be ____ at room temperature

saturated fat solid

saturated fatty acids

theese fats increase blood lvls of cholesterol and are solid at room temp

unsaturated fatty acids

these fats decrease blood lvls of cholesterol and are liquid at room temp

trans fatty acids

these fats increase increase blood cholesterol, LDL, inflammation, and are created when unsaturated fatty acids are partially hydrogenated

omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

these fats reduce inflammatory responses, blood clotting, and triglyceride lvls

omgega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids

these fats regulate blood pressure and increase blood clotting

fish high in mercury

tilefish, golden snapper, golden bass, swordfish, king mackerel, shark

The primary role of HDL in the body is to transport lipids

to the liver for metabolism

When manufacturers process liquid oil to form solid fats like margarine or shortening, the end product contains ____________.

trans fatty acids

north americans would benefit from eating more plant sources of protein

true

plant foods can be combined in the diet in the same meal or two subsequent meals to provide complementing amino acid profiles

true

A fatty acid that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds is called a(n) _________________ and tends to be _____ at room temperature.

unsaturated fatty acid liquid

polyunsaturated fat

vegetable oil, corn oil

must obtain from supplement source as plant-based foods have negligible amounts of this nutrient

vitamin B12

fortified foods and sun exposure

vitamin D

high quality (complete) protein

chicken, eggs, whey (milk protein)

saturated fat

coconut oil, butter

Gynoid obesity

-menstruating women w normal lvls of estrogen and progestorone are most likely to experience this type of body fat distribution -aka pear shaped

Android obesity

-this type of fat distribution is associated with heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes -high blood testerone lvls can cause this type of body fat distribution in males -aka apple shaped

cholesterol

1. forms part of the active vit D hormone 2. your body cells make about 875 mg of this lipid per day

phospholipid

1. important component of all cell membranes due to its due to its hydrohpillic head and hydrophobic tail 2. acts as an emulsifier in fat digestion and absorption

Recommended Dietary Allowances differ for various stages of life and gender. While adult needs for most nutrients are generally greater than those of children, this is not the case for carbohydrate. Because their bodies are developing so quickly, children aged 1-3 have very high carbohydrate needs that are equal to the number of grams of carbohydrate an adult should have each day. What is the RDA for carbohydrate for both children aged 1-3 and adults?

130 grams

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake is

20%-35% of total kcal

appropriate serving size of a hamburger

3 ounces

contingency management

A form of behavior therapy in which certain behaviors are reliably followed by well-defined consequences.

glucagon

After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release _________ to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.

insulin

After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases ______ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.

Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. She recognizes the importance of consuming adequate dietary calcium, but does not want to further aggravate her gastrointestinal system. Select all of the dietary practices that can help Lisa meet her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms.

Eat hard cheeses and yogurt. Drink low-lactose or lactase-treated milk such as Lactaid®. Drink calcium-fortified soy milk Take lactase pills before eating or drinking dairy foods.

Soluble fiber slows down absorption of glucose from the small intestine

Improves diabetes management

Lipids are a unique nutrient group, differing significantly from carbohydrates and proteins. All of the following are correct statements about lipids EXCEPT

Lipids do not dissolve readily in water. Lipids yield more than twice as many kilocalories per gram as carbohydrates or proteins. Humans need very little fat in their diets to maintain health. Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods. EXCEPT this one

green leafy vegetables, fortified grains, and breakfast cereals, and legumes

Riboflavin and iron

Curing agents used in meats like ham and salami and substances formed during red meat cookery at high temperatures may _________________________.

cause cancer

fresh meats

are lower in sodium, fat and cholesterol

LDL

arises from vldl and carries mostly cholesterol to cells

HDL

arises mostly from the liver and intestine and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver for excretion

Regina is a 22-year-old college student who plays on the soccer team. Her coach brought in a registered dietitian to talk about sports nutrition. The RD recommended minimizing trans fatty acids from processed and packaged foods, but she explained that some trans fats do occur naturally. What foods have naturally-occurring trans fatty acids?

beef, milk, butter

chain-braking

bill used to go to the snack bar for a large bag of peanuts at his sons t-ball game, just bc he always eats peanuts w. baseball; now he bypasses the snack bar

Select all of the meals that contain a significant amount of carbohydrates.

bowl of chili w/ kidney beans bowl of ice cream w. fresh blueberries on top bowl of whole wheat pasta w. marinara sauce

stimulus-control

brenda has asked her receptionist to put the baked goods that are usually open on the break room counter into a package to be stored in the cabinet

fortified soy milk, fortified orange juice, tofu set w calcium salts and fortified ready to eat cereals

calcium

chylomicron

carries absorped lipids from the small intestine to the body cells

VLDL

carries mostly triglycerides taken up from the bloodstream by the liver as well as any fat made by the liver, to the body cells

Monosaccharides

fructose and glucose

lower-quality (incomplete) proteins

gelatin, garbanzo beans, rice

fiber increase satiety

helps promote weight loss

Renal function may also be affected by high-protein diets and some researchers have expressed concern that a high-protein intake may ______________________________.

hurt the kidneys by forcing extra urea excretion

EPA and DHA are:

important for cancer preventation, brain health, cardivasculor disease preventation and immune function ex: fatty fish

Many high-protein foods are animal-based sources of protein, which are often high in saturated fat and cholesterol. For this reason, a high animal-protein diet may ____________________

increase risk of cardivascular disease

Excessive protein intake is not desirable for bone and blood health because excretion of high levels of nitrogen waste can _______________

increase urinary calcium losses

a diet high in trans fat

increases LDL and decreaseses HDL