nutrition ch 4,5,6,7
Regina's soccer coach takes the team out for a celebratory meal following a victory. A teammate orders French fries, noting that they must be healthy because the restaurant menu says the fries are fried in "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil. Which statement about "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil is correct?
all vegetable oil is cholesterol free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods
Lipoproteins (Classification)
Traditionally categorized based on differences in their hydrated densities, as determined by ultracentrifugation. Categories include: -Chylomicrons -Very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL) -Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) -Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) -High-density lipoproteins (HDL) -Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]
As the % lean of a meat product increases, so does the price. What can frugal consumers do to save money without compromising heart health?
Use regular ground beef for burgers and meatloaf, but blot the excess fat with paper towels. Use regular ground beef when making tacos, but rinse the browned ground beef under warm water to remove the excess fat before adding the other ingredients. Use regular ground beef in casserole recipes, but drain the fat after browning the meat
A person who consumes inadequate dietary protein may be expected to experience
decreased immune function fluid balance loss of lean body mass
Trans fatty acids, also called hydrogenated fats, are found in fried foods like ___________________.
doughnuts and french fries
There are certain unsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet; these are called ___________________ and they are found in foods like _____________________________.
essential fatty acids fatty fish, canola, and soybean oil
Epinephrine
You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases _________, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.
cognitive restructuring
a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs
self-monitoring
keeping track of diet
Disaccharide
lactose, maltose, sucrose
Triglyceride
metabolized to yield ~9 kcal/gram primarily storage form of fat in the adipose tissue
protein is the only macronutrient that contains __________
nitrogen
monounsatured fat
olive oil, peanuts
canola oil, soybean oils, seaweed flax seeds and walnuts
omega-3 fatty acids
Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and increases regularity
promotes colon health
dried peas and beans ; soy-based products, nuts and legumes
protein
lorcaserin
reduces appetite by altering serotonin receptors in the brian
phenteramine
reduces appetite by prolonging the activity of epinephrine and norepiphephrine in the brain
orlistat
reduces fat by digestion by inhibiting lipase in the smalll intestine
Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion
reduces risk of cardivascular disease
Dietary consumption of which of the following has the greatest impact on blood lipids?
saturated fat
A fatty acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds is called a (n) _______________ and tends to be ____ at room temperature
saturated fat solid
saturated fatty acids
theese fats increase blood lvls of cholesterol and are solid at room temp
unsaturated fatty acids
these fats decrease blood lvls of cholesterol and are liquid at room temp
trans fatty acids
these fats increase increase blood cholesterol, LDL, inflammation, and are created when unsaturated fatty acids are partially hydrogenated
omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
these fats reduce inflammatory responses, blood clotting, and triglyceride lvls
omgega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids
these fats regulate blood pressure and increase blood clotting
fish high in mercury
tilefish, golden snapper, golden bass, swordfish, king mackerel, shark
The primary role of HDL in the body is to transport lipids
to the liver for metabolism
When manufacturers process liquid oil to form solid fats like margarine or shortening, the end product contains ____________.
trans fatty acids
north americans would benefit from eating more plant sources of protein
true
plant foods can be combined in the diet in the same meal or two subsequent meals to provide complementing amino acid profiles
true
A fatty acid that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds is called a(n) _________________ and tends to be _____ at room temperature.
unsaturated fatty acid liquid
polyunsaturated fat
vegetable oil, corn oil
must obtain from supplement source as plant-based foods have negligible amounts of this nutrient
vitamin B12
fortified foods and sun exposure
vitamin D
high quality (complete) protein
chicken, eggs, whey (milk protein)
saturated fat
coconut oil, butter
Gynoid obesity
-menstruating women w normal lvls of estrogen and progestorone are most likely to experience this type of body fat distribution -aka pear shaped
Android obesity
-this type of fat distribution is associated with heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes -high blood testerone lvls can cause this type of body fat distribution in males -aka apple shaped
cholesterol
1. forms part of the active vit D hormone 2. your body cells make about 875 mg of this lipid per day
phospholipid
1. important component of all cell membranes due to its due to its hydrohpillic head and hydrophobic tail 2. acts as an emulsifier in fat digestion and absorption
Recommended Dietary Allowances differ for various stages of life and gender. While adult needs for most nutrients are generally greater than those of children, this is not the case for carbohydrate. Because their bodies are developing so quickly, children aged 1-3 have very high carbohydrate needs that are equal to the number of grams of carbohydrate an adult should have each day. What is the RDA for carbohydrate for both children aged 1-3 and adults?
130 grams
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake is
20%-35% of total kcal
appropriate serving size of a hamburger
3 ounces
contingency management
A form of behavior therapy in which certain behaviors are reliably followed by well-defined consequences.
glucagon
After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release _________ to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.
insulin
After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases ______ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.
Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. She recognizes the importance of consuming adequate dietary calcium, but does not want to further aggravate her gastrointestinal system. Select all of the dietary practices that can help Lisa meet her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms.
Eat hard cheeses and yogurt. Drink low-lactose or lactase-treated milk such as Lactaid®. Drink calcium-fortified soy milk Take lactase pills before eating or drinking dairy foods.
Soluble fiber slows down absorption of glucose from the small intestine
Improves diabetes management
Lipids are a unique nutrient group, differing significantly from carbohydrates and proteins. All of the following are correct statements about lipids EXCEPT
Lipids do not dissolve readily in water. Lipids yield more than twice as many kilocalories per gram as carbohydrates or proteins. Humans need very little fat in their diets to maintain health. Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods. EXCEPT this one
green leafy vegetables, fortified grains, and breakfast cereals, and legumes
Riboflavin and iron
Curing agents used in meats like ham and salami and substances formed during red meat cookery at high temperatures may _________________________.
cause cancer
fresh meats
are lower in sodium, fat and cholesterol
LDL
arises from vldl and carries mostly cholesterol to cells
HDL
arises mostly from the liver and intestine and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver for excretion
Regina is a 22-year-old college student who plays on the soccer team. Her coach brought in a registered dietitian to talk about sports nutrition. The RD recommended minimizing trans fatty acids from processed and packaged foods, but she explained that some trans fats do occur naturally. What foods have naturally-occurring trans fatty acids?
beef, milk, butter
chain-braking
bill used to go to the snack bar for a large bag of peanuts at his sons t-ball game, just bc he always eats peanuts w. baseball; now he bypasses the snack bar
Select all of the meals that contain a significant amount of carbohydrates.
bowl of chili w/ kidney beans bowl of ice cream w. fresh blueberries on top bowl of whole wheat pasta w. marinara sauce
stimulus-control
brenda has asked her receptionist to put the baked goods that are usually open on the break room counter into a package to be stored in the cabinet
fortified soy milk, fortified orange juice, tofu set w calcium salts and fortified ready to eat cereals
calcium
chylomicron
carries absorped lipids from the small intestine to the body cells
VLDL
carries mostly triglycerides taken up from the bloodstream by the liver as well as any fat made by the liver, to the body cells
Monosaccharides
fructose and glucose
lower-quality (incomplete) proteins
gelatin, garbanzo beans, rice
fiber increase satiety
helps promote weight loss
Renal function may also be affected by high-protein diets and some researchers have expressed concern that a high-protein intake may ______________________________.
hurt the kidneys by forcing extra urea excretion
EPA and DHA are:
important for cancer preventation, brain health, cardivasculor disease preventation and immune function ex: fatty fish
Many high-protein foods are animal-based sources of protein, which are often high in saturated fat and cholesterol. For this reason, a high animal-protein diet may ____________________
increase risk of cardivascular disease
Excessive protein intake is not desirable for bone and blood health because excretion of high levels of nitrogen waste can _______________
increase urinary calcium losses
a diet high in trans fat
increases LDL and decreaseses HDL