Psychology Chapter 7

In Elizabeth Loftus's "lost in the mall" study, approximately what percentage of people distinctly remembered being lost in a shopping mall after being told that this had happened to them, even though it did not really happen?

25 percent

ZAK, BOL, GID, YAF, and other nonsense syllables were used in some of the earliest studies of memory, conducted by __________.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Which of the following statements is true?

It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible.

What is the general progression of memory loss for patients with Alzheimer's disease?

Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go.

As they develop, children's memories become increasingly sophisticated. Which of the following is not a reason why this occurs?

Memory improves when more siblings are born into the family.

That frustrating feeling of knowing you know something but cannot pull it out of your brain at the moment you want it is known as the TOT phenomenon, because __________.

TOT stands for "tip of the tongue"

What is one likely reason we cannot remember information and events from our own infancy?

The hippocampus takes time to develop, and is only partially developed during infancy.

Which of the following is a compelling argument against the existence of repressed traumatic memories?

There is growing evidence that painful and disturbing memories are actually remembered well, and in fact, too well by the people plagued with them.

Enrique saw his friend suffer an attack by a big, black dog. He was so frightened by the event, and he remembers the fear and the event very well. Which part of the brain is playing a critical role in his remembering this event so emotionally?

amygdala

Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of information, even though your short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bits of information?

chunking

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and thought they had created it themselves.

cryptomnesia

The two primary reasons why short-term memories fade are __________ and __________.

decay ; interference

__________ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 or 10 seconds.

echoic memory

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using __________.

elaborative rehearsal

More than 300 convicted prisoners to date have been released because DNA evidence showed they were innocent, despite confident testimony from __________.

eyewitnesses

The fact that people usually correctly remember where they were when they learned of the September 11th, 2001, attacks but are less exact about what they were doing or who told them, leads researchers to believe that __________, although not completely reliable, contain "substantial kernels of accuracy."

flashbulb memories

Although it is presented as the most common kind of memory loss in the popular media, with depictions of someone losing all memory of his or her past, __________ is not actually the most common kind of amnesia.

generalized amnesia

Long-term potentiation enhances the release of which neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, resulting in enhanced learning?

glutamate

The connections among neurons gradually strengthen over time, and do so by means of repetitive stimulation. This process is known as __________.

long-term potentiation

Isaac needs to call his teacher. His classmate shouts the number to him as he pulls his cell phone from his pocket. He repeats the number over and over until he is finally able to punch the numbers into his phone. Isaac is using __________ to make sure he gets the number correct.

maintenance rehearsal

A memory that is actually false but "feels real" and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) __________.

memory illusion

Jakob is a young child who is developing some understanding of what he can remember and what kinds of things are difficult to remember. He is beginning to understand

meta-memory

Dee Dee has to remember 4 items that he needs at the corner market, so he visualizes the path he will take to get there. He imagines a bar of soap hanging from a large tree, envisions a roll of paper towels next to a stoplight, "sees" a packet of gum on the newspaper rack, and imagines the fire hydrant spurting out soda. Which memory strategy is Dee Dee relying on?

method of loci

The brains of people with Alzheimer's disease contain senile plaques and __________, abnormalities that contribute to both synapse loss and the death of hippocampal and cerebral cortex cells.

neurofibrillary tangles

Gene uses "One is bun, two is shoe, three is flea, and four is pour." He does this to remember his shopping list of buns, shoes, flea and tick killer, and milk. This is referred to as the

pegword method

During an experiment, Hans is exposed to the word "yellow" a number of times. In later trials, Hans can respond faster to the stimulus of a "banana" because of this prior training. This is called

priming

Vivica is learning to pack her own lunch. Her mother showed her how to make a peanut butter sandwich. She recalls taking the bread from the loaf, setting the slices down, getting the peanut butter, and gently spreading just the right amount of peanut butter on the sandwich. She even remembers exactly how to cut it in four equal triangles. Vivica is using ___________ to make her sandwich.

procedural memory

Under most circumstances, which is a comparatively easier memory retrieval task to perform?

recognition

What capacity of memory is being measured by a multiple-choice exam?

recognition

Wilt is using one of the processes of memory as he takes his exam. He reads the question and then must come up with the correct response. He is using __________ to find the information he needs to succeed.

retrieval

When you are asked to think about a car, you think about a sedan with four wheels that can get you from place to place. In your mind, the sedan is your __________ of a car.

schema

Although using __________ can sometimes lead to mistakes, they provide us with a frame of reference for interpreting new situations.

schemas

Zhenya remembers that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota. Alina remembers that she lived in St. Paul when she was 12 years old. Zhenya is demonstrating __________ memory, whereas Alina is demonstrating __________ memory.

semantic; episodic

George Sperling's partial report method studies from the 1960's demonstrated that when a display of 12 letters was viewed, participants retained all of the letters in __________ but not all of them could be transferred to short-term memory.

sensory memory

Which of the following lists places the types of memory in order from the memory that is shortest to the memory that is longest?

sensory memory; short-term memory; long-term memory

What type of graph would be used to illustrate the primacy and recency effects?

serial position curve

David has recalled a memory, though he is not sure where that memory came from. He is not sure if he dreamed it or if it happened. He begins using cues like how vivid the memory is and how detailed the memory is to try to determine where the memory came from. He is using __________ to determine if this memory is real.

source monitoring

When someone witnesses a crime in which a gun was involved, her or his description of the perpetrator's appearance can be flawed. This is often due to __________, a psychological process demonstrated in many experiments.

weapon focus