Psychology Chapter 9

According to the semantic network model of memory, which of the following statements might an individual recall and verify the fastest?

"An orange is orange."

Which of the following pieces of information would be stored under the category of semantic memory?

7x5=35

Monelle cries every time she hears a certain song because it reminds her of the last time she went to the beach with her grandpa before he died. Where is Monelle's memory of this song likely stored?

Amygdala

Quincy had a terrifying experience in which he was attacked by a dog. This memory likely stored in the:

Amygdala

In _______, new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed at all.

Anterograde amnesia

The ____ acts as an interpreter for both the visual and auditory information on working memory.

Central executive

It has been five years since you've taken a psychology course and you find yourself back in school taking Introduction to Psychology all over again. Unfortunately, you're having a difficult time remembering anything that you learned previously. This situation is most likely due to ______.

Decay

Jade participated in an experiment in which a series of numbers was read aloud to her and she was asked to repeat them back in the same order. As Jade continued, the lists became longer and longer until she finally couldn't get the numbers right. The experiment made use of what memory test?

Digit-span test

What is the best way of transferring information from short-term memory into long term memory, that is, by making th sin formation meaningful in some way?

Elaborative rehearsal

When Sammy was introduced to Pebbles, she noted that he would be easy to remember because it was the same name of her very first puppy. Sammy was able to use ________ to remember Pebbles' name.

Elaborative rehearsal

On the first day of school, all of the students in Mrs. Castillo's class shared their names. Her students were engaging in the process of ________.

Encoding

Manny said something to his friend as they were walking out the door. Then Manny asked his friend about the conversation they had a few minutes earlier, while walking out the door. Since his friend has not been paying attention, he could not recall what Manny has said. Manny's friend experienced:

Encoding failure

_______ is the tendency for memory of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available for the memory was first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Encoding specifically

People's memories of the September 11, 2001 terror attacks on New York City and Washington DC are best described as:

Flashbulb memories

After she has used maintenance rehearsal many ti,es, Eve's Social Security number:

Found its way into long term memory

You always ask for a window seat whenever you fly because you love looking at the clouds and their shapes as the plane flies above them. The type of sensory memory used when viewing the clouds is _______ memory.

Iconic

When people experience the primacy effect, what causes them to have difficulty remembering items that occur later in a series?

Interference

Dr. Leung encourages her students to go beyond just memorizing definitions. If they fully understand the meanings of the concepts covered in class, she says, they will remember them much longer. Which model is Dr, Leung suggesting they use?

Levels-of-processing

When young children learn new spelling words, the teacher often asks them to write each word in a sentence as part of their homework. Which aspect of memory is at work in this activity?

Levels-of-processing model

______ memory is like a giant filing system in which the "files" are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion.

Long-term

______ can store an unlimited amount of information.

Long-term memory

In order to remember the short list of groceries her mother gave to her, Yasmin repeated the list to herself over and over again until she found all of the items. Yasmin's method of memorizing the grocery list involved the process of _______.

Maintenance rehearsal

Staying up all night to read all the material for a big exam in the morning is an example of:

Massed practice

The song that begins, "Doe, a deer, a female deer...fah, a long long way to run" helps people remember the order of notes on a musical scale. This song is a type of:

Mnemonic device

Once you learn how to tie your shoes, the action becomes part of:

Nondeclarative memory

The _______ enables faster reactions and decision making.

Parallel distributed processing model

Which of the following activities could NOT be handled using procedural memory?

Responding to a question on Jeopardy

The motto "use it or lose it" is a good strategy to avoid which of the following?

Retrieval failure in long-term memory

Ruth was in a car accident that resulted in a head injury. She cannot remember the events that occurred several hours prior to the accident. She is experiencing:

Retrograde amnesia

Your mother tells you, "You could be in a room filled with noise, but you always hear what you want to hear." This statement best reflects which concept related to short term memory?

Selective attention

Mr. Raime asked his students, "Who was the Father of Psychology and why?" Kayne responded, "Wilhelm Wundt, who in 1879 was credited as developing the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany." This recall reflects which type of long-term memory?

Semantic

You know the name of the first president of the United States without giving it a moment's thought. This is:

Semantic memory

Hiroshi, the school board's secretary, was asked to save all of the information he recorded from the town meeting so that the school board could refer back to it whenever necessary. Hiroshi's saved recording best related to which step of the process of memory?

Storage

Kevin was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. Later, he was asked if he noticed the man's curly hair. Kevin was them convinced that the man had curly hair. This is an example of:

The misinformation effect

After reviewing a list of all the US presidents, Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is:

The primacy effect

When given a list of grocery items to remember, Marissa can only recall the last several items on the list. Marissa's memory lapse is a good illustration of _____.

The recency model

What type of memory is controlled by a central executive?

Working memory

For which of the following pieces of information would a person be LEAST likely to use the method of chunking?

a five-digit zip code

An example of an episodic memory would be:

a special gift you received on your 13th birthday.

Which is an example of a recognition task?

a word-search puzzle

Echoic memory lasts ______ iconic memory.

about two to four seconds longer than

Short- term memory tends to be encoded primarily in:

auditory form

Eve is able to remember her Social Security number by breaking it into three parts: three numbers/two numbers/four numbers. Eve is using the process of:

chunking

Anterograde amnesia can be caused by:

concussion

George Miller concluded that the capacity of the short- term memory (STM) is:

from five to nine bits of information

Which of the following is a feature of the storage stage of memory?

holding information just long enough to work with it

Eduardo is watching people walk down the street, and all of a sudden, he asks himself, "Was that man wearing a bright purple suit?" As a result of this thought, he looks back at the man to see if it is true. Which type of memory is responsible for Eduardo's behavior?

iconic

Visual sensory memory is known as:

iconic memory

Emotional associations, habits, skills, reflexes, and conditioned responses are often difficult to bring into consciousness because they tend to be:

implicit

It is extremely difficult to bring ______ into consciousness.

implicit memories

Erik solved a crossword puzzle on Monday. By Thursday, he could not remember the words in the puzzle. On Thursday night when he was playing a word game with his best friend, however, he unconsciously used words that were in the puzzle. Erik's experience is an example of:

implicit memory

The _____ assumes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the stage of memory in which it is stored.

information processing model

Long-term memories may be inaccessible because:

interference

Ebbinghaus found that forgetting

is greatest just after learning

The constructive processing view says that every time a memory is retrieved:

it may be altered or revised in some way

As Nevide was listening to the radio, an old song that he hadn't heard in a very long time began to play. To his amazement, not only was he able to sing along, but he remembered every word. It appears that the song Nevide heard on the radio was stored in his ______ memory.

long term

Which of the following is NOT an example of a test using recall?

matching

Decay is the fading of:

memory trace

When Diana remodeled her kitchen, she moved the clock from one wall to another. Now every time she enters the kitchen, she looks at the blank wall to see the time. Diana is experiencing:

proactive interference

A multiple-choice test requires the use of what type of retrieval process?

recognition

Information that enters long-term memory by automatic encoding:

requires little or no effort to retrieve

Pedro was able to recall his new friend's phone number by reminding himself that the last four digits were the same as his own, just in a different order. Pedro was able to use _______ to help him remember his friend's phone number.

retrieval cue

Dana cannot remember anything about the car accident in which she was recently involved, nor can she remember anything that happened during the week prior to the accident. Dana appears to be suffering from _____.

retrograde amnesia

in spite of the loud music and conversation at the party, rachel was able to hear her friend say her name. rachel's ability to hear her name regardless of the background noise is an example of

selective attention

In the ______ model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are thought to be stored physically near each other in the brain.

semantic network

As Amanda was reading through her course text, she couldn't remember anything that she read. She realized that although she was seeing the words, she wasn't processing the information. The information-processing memory system being used by Amanda was _______ memory.

sensory

In the information-processing model of memory, the second stage is:

short term memory

Chris learns her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is then better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called

state-dependent learning

You walk into a room and know that there's something you need, but in order to remember it, you have to go back to the room you started in and use your surroundings. This illustrates:

the importance of retrieval cues

The information-processing model assumes that the length of time a memory will be remembered depends on:

the stage of memory in which it is stored