Psychology Chp 3 Sleep

1.21 some friends are having a sleep over. It is mid night but Julie is still very excited and chatty. Yasmin however, is very tired and is about to fall asleep. Sasha has been asleep already for 30 minutes. Of these three girls, it is most likely that at this moment .......... will have the high test frequency brain waves, and ......... will have the highest amplitude brain waves. A) Sasha; Julie B) Yasmin; Sasha C) Sasha; Yasmin D) Julie; Sasha

D) Julie; Sasha

1.73 B) With reference to interference theory, is the principle more likely to choose Italian or Chinese as a second language in her school, and why?

-The principle is more likely to choose Chinese. As Chinese is very dissimilar to French there should be very little interference between them, but more interference is likely between French an Italian as they are more similar languages.

As a person changes from being alert to drowsy, the brain waves will ........ in frequency and ........ in amplitude. A) increase; decrease B) increase; increase C) decrease; increase D) decrease; decrease

decrease; increase

1.51 all psychological research in Australia must A) avoid deception. B) cause long term psychological harm. C) avioud any minor short term psychological harm. D) be approved by ethics committee.

D) be approved by ethics committee.

1.4 Tom is concentrating on completing his psychology examination paper. His level of consciousness is best described as A) an altered state of consciousness B) normal waking consciousness C) controlled consciousness D) automatic processing

B) normal waking consciousness.

1.63 What is the difference between an automatic and controlled process? Provide an example to explain you answer.

Automatic processes involve low level of conscious awareness and mental effort. E.g Eating a bowl of cereal. Controlled processes require conscious awareness and mental effort. E.g Reading the paper while eating a bowl of cereal.

1.12 Which of the following statements is true of the sleep cycle in typical nights sleep for an adult. A) each cycle last approximately 35 minutes. B) about 60% of the nights is spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. C) Periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep get longer and closer together as the night progresses. D) periods of stage 4 sleep occur more often as the night progresses.

C) periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep get longer and closer together as the night progresses.

1.45 The independent variable in this experiment was A) the number of participants B) the number of errors participants made when tested on their reading. C) the quiet or noisy room conditions. D) the number if pages read in the quiet and noisy conditions.

C) the quiet or noises room conditions.

1.58 Dr Sharpiri, a school teacher, is showing a documentary program in his class. Near the end of the class he notices that some students are not watching the television screen. Collin is busy working on his cross word, Monica is staring dreamily out the window and Keong has recently fallen asleep at the table. If Dr Sharpiro could monitor his students brain wave patterns, he is likely to find that the prominent brain wave pattern for Collin is ........ waves ; Monica is ....... Waves and Keong is ........ waves. A)beta; alpha; theta B) alpha; beta; theta C) theta; alpha; delta D) beta; alpha; delta

D) beta; alpha; delta

1.23 David a professional footballer, is physically exhausted after playing in all four quarters of the grandfinal. According to the restorative theory of sleep, in which stages of sleep would David be most likely to spend more time in the two nights sleep following the Grand final? A) rapid eye movement (REM) B) non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 1. C) non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 1 and 3. D) non-rapid eye movement stages 3 and 4

D) non-rapid eye movement stages 3 and 4.

1.69 Roman is a long distance runner who trains every day. He has volunteered to be a participant in a research study patterns of athletes. For the study, he is required to spend a night in a. Sleep laboratory where his sleep wake cycle is recorded by the researcher. Name one device that the researcher might use to identify when Roman is in a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and describe what this device would indicate for this specific stage of sleep.

EOG- Increased electrical activity in the eye muscles that move the eyes.

1.77 B)Name the research design used by the researcher.

Independent groups design.

1.72 A sleep laboratory researcher wishes to determine when a person had entered stage 4 sleep. A) the brainwave patterns predominantly found in stage 4 sleep are ......... frequency and .......... in amplitude. B) state two other characteristics of stage 4 sleep.

Low; high B) Very hard to awaken (deepest sleep), sleep walking.

C) After work Andrew went home and slept. What long term physiological and psychological effects is Andrew most likely to experience as a result of this instance of sleep deprivation?

None.

1.64 What is the difference between selective attention and divided attention?

Selective attention is attending to one task ignoring others. Divided attention is attending to two or more tasks at the same time.

1.76 Define the term 'automatic processing'

Tasks performed with little conscious awareness.

1.66 You are conducting research in a sleep laboratory, investigating how much time the average person spends in REM sleep. In order to detect whether a person is in REM sleep you could use an electrooculagraph (EOG) and an electroencephalograph (EEG). Explain how each device may indicate that the person is in a REM sleep.

-(EOG) detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles that control movement of the eyes. -In REM, the sleepers eyes move rapidly back and forth under the eyelids, resulting in high bursts of electrical activity(waves). -(EEG) detects, amplifies and records electrical activity (brainwaves) over the surface of the brain. -in REM, brain waves are high frequency, low amplitude (beta like) waves.

1.67 B) Describe two physiological characteristics which may have identified that Peter was in an altered state of consciousness when he had the fever.

-Changes in body temperature. -Changes in heart rate.

1.74 Define what is meant by attention as it applies to normal waking consciousness.

-Focusing on one stimulus. -While ignoring other stimuli.

1.77 C) Identify two other possible effects of long-term chronic sleep deprivation.

-Lack of psychical energy. -Reduced attention span.

1.70 A psychology class is prepping for a test. Their teacher suggests that they study in the same room under the same conditions as they will do the test. Explain how this type of preparation might assist the students performance in the psychology test.

-New memories (e.g study for psychology test) are being stored in a context dependent manner. - When conditions are reinstated ( re-experienced) during the actual test, the act as retrieval cues for the previously learned memory.

B) state two psychological effects of sleep deprivation that might impact on Andrews work.

-Short attention span. -Irrational thinking.

1.71 name and describe the brainwave features that are characteristic of stage 2 of sleep.

-Sleep spindles brief burst of high frequency brainwave activity. -K complexes single sharp bursts of lie frequency, high amplitude waves.

1.68 A taxi driver overseas finds it difficult to sleep on a aeroplane. On recent trip from London to Melbourne, Andrew did not sleep for 28 hours and then went straight to work. A) State two physical effects of sleep deprivation that might impact on Andrews work.

-Sleepiness -Dropping eyelids

1.78 Galvanic skin response(GSR) can indicate an altered state of consciousness. Archie is in an altered state of consciousness with heightened arousal. Compared to his normal state, how would his GSR reading be different and why?

-The GSR reading would be higher compared to his normal state. -Hen aroused, resistance of the skins surface to an electric current would be lower (I.e conductivity higher) than normal, boosting GSR.

1:67 A) Describe two psychological characteristics Peter may have demonstrated to indicate he was in an altered state of consciousness when he had the fever.

-Time appears to speed up or slow down. - Altered awareness of sensory stimuli of pain.

1.45 and 1.46 refers to An experimenter tested the effects if different levels if interference in the recall if details following a reading task. All participants were first tested in a quiet room free from distractions and then in a very noisy room.

...

1.67 Peter experienced a severe bout of a fever when he became I'll with the flu. On the day that he had the fever, he lay on the sofa, but did not sleep, and his mother regularly brought him good and water. Later, when he had recovered, he asked his mother where he had been during the day when he had the fever. He had been unaware that that she had been there, giving him food and water. Although he had not been asleep, the fever had out Peter into an altered state of consciousness.

...

1.75 A number of different devices are used to monitor a persons stage of sleep laboratory. A) name two devices that can be used to monitor sleep stages. B) Describe how each device you have named above can be used as an indicator of a persons stage of sleep.

A) (EOG) Electrooculagram. (EEG) Electroencephalogram. B) EEG- Measures brainwaves and can be used to decide the stage of sleep. EOG- Records the electrical activity of the muscles controlling movements of eyes. During REM sleep, the eyes move back and forth, resulting in short burst of waves.

1.73 A school principle wanted to work out which two languages should be taught at her school. The school already taught French so she wanted to choose the second language from either Italian or Chinese. She wanted to introduce a language that would not interfere with students retention of French. The school principle knew that Italian is a more similar language to French than Chinese which is a very different language from French. She divided the year 7 students in her school into two groups and followed the procedure set out in the table below to find out what effect the study of Italian and Chinese may have on the students retention of French. Group A learn French;learn Italian; test French Group B Learn French;learn Chinese;test French A) identify and define the type of interference being tested by group A and B.

A) Group A retroactive interference, later information(Italian) inhibits retrieval of earlier learned information (French). Group B retroactive interference, later information (Chinese) inhibits retrieval of earlier learned information (French).

1.77 A researcher wanted to investigate whether chronic sleep deprivation causes obesity. In particular, she planned to test whether reduced sleep would result in significant increase in body weight at the end of 12 months. The researcher planned to select 100 healthy participants between the ages of 18 and 40 and record their body mass index. She decided she would allocate them equally to either the experimental group or to the control group. The experimenter group would have their sleep time reduced to five hours per night while the control group would maintain a sleep time of 7-10 hours per night. A) State a possible research hypothesis for this study.

A) Healthy 18-40 year old participants who experience chronic sleep deprivation will have a greater increase in body weight after twelve months compared to those who experience normal levels of sleep.

1.81 Doctor Finlay is carrying out research into causes of a sleep disorder. She selects a sample of participants and randomly divides them into two experimental groups. A) Name the research design Doctor Finlay is using. Doctor Finlay uses a single blind procedure. B) Explain the benefit of using a single blind procedure.

A) Independent groups B) To eliminate the placebo effect.

1.30 stage 1 sleep primarily consist of A) alpha and theta waves B) beta and theta waves C) beta and alpha waves D) alpha and delta waves

A) alpha and theta waves

1.24 is it likely that you will be difficult to wake if you are woken a couple of hours into your nights sleep because you A) are likely to be in non-rapid eye moment (NREM) stage 3 and 4. B) will not have completed more than one sleep cycle. C) are likely to be in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. D) are likely to be in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 1 sleep.

A) are likely to be in a non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stages 3 and 4.

1.1 Which of the following descriptions of human consciousness is most accurate? A) awareness of the world around us and ourselevs, including thoughts and feelings. B) knowledge of events taking place in the world. C) being able to understand and express our thoughts, feelings and knowledge of the world. D) awareness of different situations that may cause an altered state of consciousness.

A) awareness of the world around us and ourselves, including thoughts and feelings.

1.14 Selective attention occurs when a person A) concentrates on a task while ignoring others. B) divides their attention between two or more tasks. C) is carrying out one task and this is automatic. D) is not highly focused on any particular task.

A) concentrates on a task while ignoring others.

1.8 Petra's thoughts then began to drift onto othe things while completing the examination, such as what will she wear at the school formal,what everyone else will be wearing, whether the boy she likes will notice her. The term that most accurately explains Petra's experience at this time is A) daydreaming B) meditative state C) content limitations D) automatic processing

A) daydreaming.

1.52 when studying human patterns, a researcher has the responsibility to A) ensure participants confidentiality. B) debrief the participants at the start of the study. C) withhold information the participants about the nature of the study. D) avoid short term distrust ion of participant sleep patterns for the purpose of the study.

A) ensure participants confidentially.

1.37 Which one of the following statements is correct about progressive changes in sleep that occur throughout the sleep cycle? A) More time is spent in REM sleep and less time in NREM sleep. B) More time is spent in NREM sleep and less time in REM sleep. C) Dream time gets progressively less and less. D) More time is spent in deep sleep and less time in light slew.

A) more time spent in REM sleep and less time in NREM sleep.

1.82 A) Describe the main characteristic of a single blind experiment. B) Explain the main purpose of conducting a single blind experiment.

A) participants are unaware of which group they are in(experimental or controlled), or level of independent variable they will be exposed to. B) To avoid participants expectations or bias influencing the results ( or to abiotic the placebo effect).

1.80 A) Participants who receive a fake or dummy treatment in an experiment are said to be the ........... group. B) A fake treatment may influence the outcome of a study due to participants ............

A) placebo B) expectations(or biased)

1.46 the experimenter design used in this study was A) repeated measure design B) matched aortic piñata design C) independent groups design D) placebo control design.

A) repeated measure design.

1.60 Rence is extremely tired, due to lack of sleep the previous night. As a result, she is more likely to experience difficulty in performing ........... tasks while her ability to perform ........ will probably be unaffected. A) simple; complex B) complex; simple C) verbal; nonverbal D) nonverbal; verbal

A) simple; complex

1.85 Professor Latina, a sleep researcher, is interested in finding out if mediating for 15 minutes before bed time will help reduce proof sleep compared to no mediation. She recruits 50 people who suffer from difficulty staying asleep. professor Latina employs a repeated measure design.

A) the same participants are tested (or repeated) in both experimental condition(mediation) and the control condition (no meditation). B) Participant effects. Participant characteristics or effects will be the same in both conditions so should not be a cause of a systematic difference between conditions. C) Information on the purpose of the study; Participants rights, withdrawal at anytime, debriefing.

1.84 Plinto visited a sleep lavatory for the night. In the laboratory a number of physiological measures were taken. These measures included an electrooculagram (EOG) and an electroencephalograph (EEG). A) What does an electrooculagram (EOG) measure. What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure? B)Describe the typical recordings from the electrooculagram (EOG) during stage 4 of sleep.

A)- Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles controlling eye movements. -Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the brain. B) There would be little or no electrical activity of the eye muscles as there is less eye movement in NREM sleep.

1.79 A psychologist, Dr Pradesh, wanted to study the effects of sleep deprivation on year 9 male students. He observed students hand and eye coordination after the students coordination by their ability to catch a thrown tennis ball five metres. He used a matched participants experiment design. A) compared to an independent groups experimental design, explain one disadvantage of using a matched participants experimental design. B) Identify a participant characteristic which Dr Pradesh must match for his experiment. Explain why Dr Pradesh must match for this before he conducts the experiement.

A)More time consuming or expensive. B)Visual performance, reduces visual ability differences between participants to minimise this as an extraneous variable.

1.20 Which of the following requires the least amount of sleep? A) an infant B) an adolescent C) an elderly person D) all sleepers require the same amount of sleep regardless of ages.

C) an elderly person.

1.33 during the first few weeks of life it has been found the babies spend A) more time asleep than adults, but the same proportion if time in REM and non REM sleep as adults. B) about 16-18 hours asleep, an about 50 percent if this time in REM sleep. C) about 16-18 hours asleep, but only about 10 percent of this in REM sleep. D) about 16-18 hours in REM sleep. Non REM sleep does not develop until late in the first year.

B) about 16-18 hours of sleep, but about 50 percent of this in REM sleep.

1.10 A student is standing nervously outside the examination room, waiting to enter and start her examination. If the electrical activity of the students brain was measured, the brain wave pattern would most likely show A) alpha waves B) beta waves C) theta waves D) delta waves

B) beta waves

1.19 Which of the following method is unlikely to be used to determine different states of consciousness? A) self report B) computerised tomography CT scan C) heart rate D) body temperature

B) computerised tomography.

1.31 dreams usually occur A) if you go to sleep anxious it tense. B) during the occurrence of REM sleep. C) during light sleep. D) during NREM sleep.

B) during the occurrence of REM sleep.

1.55 During stage 1 sleep, a person A) is more likely to dream than during other stages. B) is often difficult to wake up. C) has a very low body temperature. D) May experience very brief muscular contractions.

B) is often difficult to wake up.

1.53 a researcher who is interested in studying the effects of soft music on sleep patterns of infants would find it an advantage to use a repeated measures experiemental design because A) she can use a double blind procedure. B) it would eliminate participant differences. C) it would increase the number if participants she could use. D) it would eliminate the experimenter effect.

B) it would eliminate participants differences.

1.47 university psychology students are often used as participants in experiments. As they will have learned quiet a lot of psychological knowledge, they mag try to figure out the hypothesis rah an experimenter is trying to test. If this influences this behaviours, the results if the study could be biased by A) treatment effects B) participant effects C) experimenter effects D) a placebo effect

B) participant effects.

1.18 A characteristic of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is that A) the person dreams only during this stage of sleep. B) the brain wave pattern resembles the pattern of an awake and alert individual. C) the person does not dream and the brainwave pattern resembles that of an awake and relaxed individual. D) the person may be dreaming and their muscle soften move.

B) the brain wave pattern resembles a pattern of an awake and alert individual.

1.59 stage 3 sleep primarily consists of A)beta and theta waves. B) theta and delta waves C) alpha and delta waves D) alpha and theta waves

B) theta and delta waves

1.29 the presence of sleep spindles and occasional K-complexes is typical of stage ........ sleep. A) one B) two C) three D) four

B) two

1.13 Loula has been knitting for 20 years and often knits while watching TV. While knitting the basic pattern she mostly uses ........... but knitting a complex pattern mostly involves ........ A) selective attention; focused attention. B) automatic processing; controlled processing. C) controlled processing; focused attention D) divided attention; automatic processing.

B)automatic processing; controlled processing.

1.79 C) Describe what Dr Pradesh must do in order to obtain informed consent for this study. D) Identify two psychological symptoms of ones days sleep deprivation that the participants are likely to experience.

C) -Possible risks and participants rights to with draw at any fine. -Consent from participants and their parents or guardians as they set under 18. D) -poor decision making -easily irritated.

1.44 In which if the following types of research study does the experimenter have the most control over the participant? A) in depth interview B) correlation all study C) experimental study D) naturalistic observation

C) Experimental study.

1.84 C) Name and describe the two unique characteristics shown on the electroencephalogram (EEG) that indicate Plino has entered stage 2 of sleep. D) Towards the morning, Plinio had a nightmare. In terms of stages, explain why he is more likely to experience nightmares towards the morning.

C) K complexes a single burst of low frequency high amplitude brainwave. D) -Nightmares occur in REM sleep. - REM periods get longer and intervals closer towards the morning.

1.15 Max is able to drive his car, listen to a conversation on the radio, and work out his travelling direction. He can do this efficiently and all at the one time. This is an example of which aspect of consciousness. A) selective attention B) focused attention C) divided attention D) concentrated attention

C) divided attention.

1.36 The electrooculogram (EOG) detects, amplifies and records A) movement of the eyes B) electrical activity in the muscles that are part of this Iris. C) electrical activity in the muscles responsible for controlling eye movements. D) muscle tension in the muscles that are part of the iris.

C) electrical activity in the muscles responsible for controlling the eye movements.

1.3 A delta brainwave pattern is characterised by waves of ....... amplitude and ........ frequency. A) High; low B) low;low C)low;high D)high;high

C) high; low

1.35 Lachlan works in a fruit processing factory. His job simply is to look for fruit with marks skins and put them in a separate crate. If he has gone without sleep for several days, he is most likely to A) continue working efficiently as the task is not difficult. B) sort fruit efficiently as usual but not listen as carefully to instructions. C) make more mistakes than usual in checking the fruit for marked skins. D) work aster than usual he is concentrating more because he knows he is tired.

C) making more mistakes than usual in checking the fruit for marked skins.

1.6 An alcohol induced state could be called an altered state of consciousness because the individual A) would be fully aware of their surroundings. B) can control the amount of alcohol they drink. C) may be unable to control their emotions D) will probably be able to judge time.

C) may be unable to control their emotions.

1.22 the galvanic skin response response (GSR) A) measures sweat B) measures body temperature C) measures electrical conductivity of the skin. D) causes electrical conductivity on the skin

C) measures electrical conductivity of the skin.

1.7 At the beginning of the examination, various thoughts were active in her mind such as how to fill in the multiple choice answers, whether she should attempt the short answer first, and that the room was a little cold. Petra's state of consciousness is best described as A) dualism B) selective attention C) normal waking consciousness D) an altered state of consciousness

C) normal waking consciousness.

1.26 researchers have found it difficult to generalise the results of studies on humans which investigate prolonged total sleep deprivation because A) these studies often rely only on self report. B) the effects of total sleep deprivation are not reliable. C) studying sleep deprivation often depends on convenience sampling. D) an electroencephalograph (EEG) cannot tell if someone has a microsleep.

C) studying sleep deprivation often depends on convenience sampling.

1.83 Jim is unwell and suffering from a very high fever. He is displaying a number of signs that indicate that he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness, including cognitive and perceptual changes from normal waking consciousness. Give one specific example of a cognitive change and one specific example of a perceptual change that Jim may be experiencing. -Cognitive change -Perceptual change

Cognitive change: memory distortions. Perceptual change: time distortion.

1.62 The awareness people have of themselves, others and the world around them is commonly known as ...........

Consciousness

1.5 Physiological measure are useful for measuring an individuals state of consciousness. However should not assume a person is in an altered state of consciousness on these alone. A) these measures are not as accurate as a self report. B) an increase or decrease in heart rate is possible as a result of medication. C) physiological measures are subjective measures of a persons state of consciousness. D) changes in physiological responses may be due to a range of reasons other than a persons state of consciousness.

D) changes in physiological responses may be due to a range of reasons other than a persons state of consciousness.

1.28 Jason was taking part in a study of the sleep patterns of adolescents. From the ages of 11 to 24, he was required to keep a sleep diary for one month each year. In the sleep diary he described how tired he felt during the day. In the same month he also wore electronic device that recorded the amount of time he spent asleep. The researcher was collecting A) correctional data B) only qualitative data C) only quantitive data D) qualitative and quantitive

D) qualities and quantitive.

1.34 after going with out sleep for 4 days, a person is most likely to A) find it very difficult to get to sleep. B) suffer long term physiological effects. C) sleep for 24 hours or more. D) suffer no long term psychological effects.

D) suffer no long term psychological efects.

1.27 a sleep researcher was interested in monitoring a range of physiological activities of a group of participants during various stages of sleep. Which one of the following outcomes is the researcher likely to find? A) the participants metabolic rates (energy consumption) increased as the slept and fell as they awoke. B) the participants hormonal levels in the blood increases as they slept and fell as the awoke. C) the participants fell asleep when their body temperature increased and awoke as it dropped. D) the participant fell asleep when their body temperature dropped and awoke as it increased.

D) the participant fell asleep when their body temperature dropped and awoke as it increased.

1.11 Jack was on a long bus trip to the country. Although he wanted to enjoy the scenery, he found that he was drifting off to sleep for one or two minutes at a time and then waking again with a jerk. Jack is most likely to be in A) rapid eye movement (REM) sleep B) stage 2 sleep C) stage 3 sleep D) a hypnotic state

D)A hypnotic state.

1.65 Divided attention can often be successfully used when performing tasks. Give an example of how divided attention could be used to perform tasks, and clearly explain why it is possible for us to do two things at one time.

Example: Driving while taking to the passenger Explanation: The two tasks can be done simultaneously as they are learnt (automatic) and do not require a lot of cognitive ego oft to perform.

1.54 bray is experiencing an altered state of consciousness that has led to heightened arousal. Therefore, Bray is experiencing a(n) ........ in perspiration that causes a(n) ........ in the level of electrical conductivity in the surface of his skin. A) increase; increase B) decrease; increase C) decrease; decrease D) increase; decrease

Increase; increase