Psychology Exam 2

availability heuristic

Because Jackie has seen so many documentaries about shark attacks, she is afraid to swim in the ocean, Chris tries to convince her that she's overreacting because more people actually die from bee stings than shark bites. Jakie's belief is an example of the ___________.

syntax

Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "Did you shower yourself today?" Instead of, " Did you take a shower today?' This is an example of incorrect_________ structure?

retroactive

Amy studied German in high school but began studying French once in college. When she meets another German student, she can't seem to find any German words to say, and instead only remembers French. This is an example of ______________ interference.

flashbulb memory

An exceptionally clear recollection an important event, such as the Boston Marathon Bombing, is a ______________.

proprioception

Anna is competing on Jeopardy. She can accurately judge the distance her finger and the buzzer and knows just how hard to press because of_____________.

common ground

Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share___________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.

procedural memory

Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of________________.

fluid

As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in____________ intelligence.

12 months old

Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around how old?

Jake and Jack

Jake and Jack are identical twins, but Jake was born almost 15 minutes before Jack. They also have 2 sisters, Deondra and Daphne, who are 3 years and 6 years younger than them. Who is most likely to have the same IQ score?

acoustic

Jane writes a song to help her remember all of her terms for anatomy class. She is utilizing________ encoding.

divergent thinking

Madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. She quickly searches the apartment and finds a brown grocery bag to use instead. This is an example of______________.

motivation-decision model

Mariah is nervous about giving birth to her first baby, but takes a hypno-birthing class and becomes excited about the possibility of having a pain-free birth. The idea that Mariah can control her pain experience in consistent with the____________________.

mechanoreceptors

Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of______________.

chemical senses

Because taste and smell have sensory receptors that respond to molecules, they are considered_____________.

mnemonic device

Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is an example of____________.

audience design

Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing the specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called__________.

David Wechsler

Most modern intelligence tests, such as the newly developed WISC-V, are based off of work done by___________.

something someone is born with

Congenital deafness is___________.

olfactory bulb

Olfactory receptor cells pick up odor molecules which get turnes into electrical impulses that send messages to the brain via the_____________.

interpersonal

Oprah is known for her ability to understand others and help them feel comfortable. What type of intelligence does she have a lot of?

neuropathic pain

Pain that results from damage to neurons of the peripheral or central nervous system is called_______________.

bodily-kinesthetic

Demarco was good at every sport growing up, but decided to focus on just baseball and the discus once he got to college. What area of intelligence is he good at?

proactive

Derek's email log-in forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of _____________ interference.

spatial

Destiny is excellent at working with shapes and models. Her dream job is to design for Lego one day. This exemplifies___________ intelligence.

absentmindness

Doug cannot find his keys, but cannot remember where they are. This is an example of_________.

explicit

Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of___________ memory.

semantic

Explicit memories include____________ and episodic memories.

cochlea

Fluid found in the part of the ear that looks like a snail, stimulate hair cells in the _______.

inattentional blindness

Participants in Daniel Simons' and Christopher Chabris' study were asked to watch people pass a basketball. Because they were focused on doing so, the didn't see a gorilla walk across the screen. This phenomenon is called___________.

frequency

Pitch is determined by the _________ of sound waves.

your 16th birthday party

Remembering____________ is a good example of episodic memory.

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Researchers_____________ concluded that language determines thoughts.

dyslexia

Rihanna has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

the individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks

How does someone who has never been to a Starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter and then wait for their food to be reasy?

availability heuristic

Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on an___________.

higher correlation

Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit______________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together.

sound loud

If a sound wave has a high amplitude, it will___________.

the misinformation effect

If co-witness of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of______________.

confirmation bias

If you think baseball is boring and reluctantly agree to join your friend at the ballpark, chances are good you will be ready to go by the seventh inning stretch, even though it has been a high-scoring game. This is an example of_____________.

fluid intelligence

Learning how to operate new program on your computer would require______________.

functional fixedness

Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back- scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used to hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of______________.

explicit memories

Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are___________.

confirmation bias

Looking for evidence to back up the way you already feel about something is an example of_______.

mechanoreceptors

If you walk through a busy crowd and feel a few different people bump and push past you as they walk by, which skin receptors would be activated?

bias

If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called_______________.

explore what people experience and what parts of the brain are involved in perception

Illusions are valuable to psychologists because that are used to_____________

anterograde

In the movie, "50 First Dates", the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from_______________ amnesia.

she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office

Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because_____________.

semantic encoding

Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________.

hindsight bias

The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as________.

basilar membrane and cochlea

The organ of Corti on the_______ within the____________ changes vibrations into impulses that travel to the auditory nerve.

why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests

The pervasive daily stress of poverty and resulting impact on brain development may explain_____________.

memory

The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as_______.

Tyler and Eric have different concepts pf spiders

Tyler and Eric agree that spiders have eight legs, but Tyler thinks spiders are scary and gross, while Eric finds them nice and interesting. What explains the differences between what Tyler thinks and what Eric thinks?

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study________.

they all combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of a creativity test

What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common?

Gestalt

What field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of similarity, and proximity?

they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles

What happened when the participants were asked to draw the size of a hole?

levels of processing theory

Which idea says that if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information?

heuristics

Which is the faster technique for solving a ton of problems?

Sapir and Whorf

Which linguists proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined by the language that or she uses?

participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words

Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?

eyewitness identification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

the vestibular sense

Which sense pertains to balance?

pratical

Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?

recognition

Which type of memory is tested on a multiple- choice test?

Baddeley and Hitch

Who developed the idea hat short-term memories get "filed away" in three different areas of the brain: a visiuo-spatial area, a phonological for auditory memories, and an episodic buffer for multi=modal memories with storylines?

nociceptors

___________ fire in response to any potential tissue-damaging stimuli.

proactive; retroactive

____________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while___________ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.

natural

______________ concepts are the ones we know through experience.

monocular

______________ cues require only one eye.

algorithms

_________________ provide step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.

dim

light energy with very low amplitude would be perceived as___________.

misattribution

Confusing the source of information is called_____________.

frog

4-year old Jada is learning about animals. Her prototype for an amphibian is most likely a _____.

timbre

A sound's purity is called its___________.

subliminal

A stimulus presented below the absolute threshold is called_____________.

the whole is different from the sum of its parts

According to Gestalt psychology,___________.

memories are processes the same way that a compute processes information

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model,____________.

cones

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, ___________ in the retina are responsive to re, green, and blue.

red, green, and blue

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, cones in the retina are responsive to____________.

basilar membrane; cochlea

Auditory receptor cells are embedded within the____________, which id found in the __________.

sensory

Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through____________ and short-term memory.

vestibular

Braden has a pounding headache and is disoriented after riding a twisting roller coaster. What sense has impacted by the ride?

retrogade; anterograde

Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ______ amnesia. If he were able to learn new things he would have __________ amnesia.

lexicon

Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper". When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same________________.

chunking

Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. he is using the technique of______________.

dysgraphia

Colton is an average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

analytical

Comparing which cell phone to buy and contrasting the different contracts that come with each purchase in an example of using____________ intelligence.

relearning

Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of_____________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

semantic, acoustic, visual

What are the 3 types of encoding?

ingroups ad outgroups

Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining _____________ in regulating the social world.

creative

Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee of of the room without asking for help, so Gran climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then us the branch with fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on_______________ intelligence.

Hippocampus

H.M. was unable to form any new semantic memories because of the removal of his_________.

encoding specificity principle

Holly was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she needed to call. She retracted her steps back to her bed, then suddenly remembered the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the___________.

algorithms

Internet search engines use___________ to show the appropriate results.

heuristics

Jaimie doesn't have much time before class, and she still needs to find a ride to the airport, print off her assignment, and text her manager about changing her shift. Her best strategy for solving theses problems will be to use.

misinformation effect paradigm

Janet was involved in a car accident when traveling with her mom at age 7. She remembers asking her mom a question, causing her mom to look backwards and hit the car in front of the. While talking about it with her mom, she says it was, in fact, her brother who asked the question, but he had always blamed in on Janet. This is an example of the ____________.

logical-mathematical

Jonas loves working as a TA for his Physics professor and especially loves the excitement involved in solving problems. This exemplifies_____________ intelligence.

sensation

Kyle sees a flashing light in the distance. This is an example of_________.

anterograde amnesia

Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?

olfaction

Smelling the lingering scent of the fish you reheated in the microwave is an example of____________.

emotional

Someone who understands they own emotions, shows empathy, and understand social relationships and cues would have high_________ intelligence.

students were more likely to report that there was broken glass involved in the accident

Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed",_________________.

Tammy and Sara have different concepts of dogs

Tammy and Sara both agree that dogs typically have 4 legs, a tail, and fur. Tammy thinks that dogs also tend to bite small children while Sara thinks they tend to be friendly. What explains the differences between what Tammy thinks and what Sara thinks?

optic nerve

The ______________ carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

prototype

The best example of a concept is a _______________.

enabled Aron Ralston to be happy about cutting off his arm

The brain's descending pain modulatory system_____________.

sensory adaptation

The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation?

place

The fact that the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies supports the____________ theory of hearing.

Alfred Binet

The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by who?

opponent-process theory

The idea that color coded in pairs of black-white, yellow- blue, green-red if the basic premise of the _____________.

amplitude

The loudness of a sound is determined by the_____________ of sound waves.

umami

The meaty, savory taste you find in a steak activates your taste receptors for modosodium glutamate. This taste is described as_________.

afterimages

The opponent- process theory is supported by __________.

phoneme, morpheme, syntax

The units from the smallest unit to the largest are__________.

originality, usefulness, surprise

What are the 3 criteria that are used to determine whether an idea is creative?

following the instruction manual

Using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to__________________.

binocular

Using the different images that each eye receives in order to perceive depth is called using_________cues.

natural concept

Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a ______________.

mnemonic devices

What are memory aids that help us organize information for encoding?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests

What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?

interposition

What is an example of a monocular cue?

phoneme

What is the basic sound unit of language?

multi-modal perception

What is the idea that we perceive the world while utilizing a combination of senses is known as____________.

if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link to other information and memories to make it more meaningful?

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

pinna

What is the most visible part of the ear?

false memory syndrome

What is the recall of false autobiographical memories?

perception

What is the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced?

the distance from one wave peak to the next

What is wavelength?

transience

When a memory fades over time, it is called__________.

when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective

When does mental set occur?

be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information

When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should_____.

amygdala

When rats had their__________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.

they can be blocked by the brain's descending pain modulatory system

When the brain receives nociceptive signals from the body,_____________.

peg word

When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ______________ technique.