Psychology Exam 2 Review

According to the engaged followership explanation, which prod should be MOST effective in getting teachers in Milgram's study to continue with the shocks ?

"The experiment requires that you continue"

_______ is an anxiety disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing.

Agoraphobia

_______ is the process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others.

Attribution

Informational social influence would be MOST likely to produce conformity for which individual(s)?

Ben, an inexperienced pilot who is being advised by air traffic controllers to not land his airplane because of bad weather

_________ is a naturally occurring element used to treat ________.

Lithium; bipolar disorder

Which statement about schizophrenia is FALSE ?

Type I schizophrenia is less responsive to drug therapy than Type II schizophrenia

Results of the "Astroten" study indicated that ______ of the nurses and nursing students said they would not follow a phone order for excess medication and that ______ of the nurses actually obeyed the order when it was given.

almost all; almost all

The idea of replacing maladaptive actions with more adaptive ones is central to _____ therapy.

behavioral

In a study of psychotherapy outcomes that compared psychotherapy clients with untreated people, the outcome for the average psychotherapy client was:

better than the outcomes for 80% of the untreated people

Self-serving bias may lead to:

both the false consensus effect and the false uniqueness effect

David washes his hands excessively, even when his hands are not dirty. Ellen checks that all burners on the stove are turned off at least five times before she goes to bed, whenever she is ready to leave the house, and when she first wakes up in the morning. David's behavior BEST illustrates a(n) _______ and Ellen's behavior BEST illustrates a(n) _________.

compulsion; compulsions

In the ABC model of rational-emotive therapy, the "C" refers to:

consequence

Barry and his friends tended to a favor a tuition increase that would be used to improve technological facilities. After discussing this, their group opinion was even more strongly in favor of a tuition increase. Such a shift in the attitudes of a group BEST illustrates:

group polarization

Compared with the baseline compliance rate of 62.5%, participants in Milgram's obedience study were ________ likely to administer the maximum shock when the experiment was conducted in a run-down office building and ________ likely to administer the maximum shock when the teacher and learner were in the same room.

less; less

Type II schizophrenia is characterized by _____ symptoms that ______ well to drugs

negative; do not respond

Michelle did not like horror movies but agreed to go with her new friends to the newly released horror movie because she wanted them to like her. This is an example of _____ social influence, as illustrated in the classic study involving _________.

normative; judgements of line length

Because psychoanalysts believe that people are _____ of the sources of their problems, they use techniques such as _____ to get to the roots of the problem.

not conscious; free association

In Darley and Latane's model of the intervention process in an emergency, the first step involves:

noticing the situation

In Rank and Jacobson's replication of the "Astroten" study in a modified situation that more closely resembled a normal hospital scenario, they found that, when a known doctor telephoned in an instruction to give Valium at three times the recommended dose:

only 2 of the 18 nurses were prepared to administer the drug as ordered

For no apparent reason, Laura suddenly feels dizzy, experienced shortness of breath, and starts trembling and sweating. Which disorder appears to be the MOST appropriate classification for Laura's problem ?

panic disorder

Dr. Green is a mental health professional with a medical degree, and she can prescribe biomedical treatments for her patients. Based on this description, it is MOST likely that Dr. Green is a:

psychiatrist

When Alex initially began going to the gym with her friend, she was unsure about her attitude toward the importance of exercise. However, after exercising several times, she concluded that exercising was important to her. This pattern of attitude development is BEST explained by:

self-perception theory

When he was alone, Spencer made several mistakes when playing a very familiar piece on the piano. However, when asked to play the same selection for several of his relatives, Spencer did not make a single error. This difference in Spencer's performance is MOST likely explained by:

social facilitation

Which behavioral phenomena can be explained in part by diffusion of responsibility?

social loafing and the bystander effect

Cognitive dissonance theory is to _____ as self-perception theory is to _______

discomfort; uncertainty

Research suggests that schizophrenia have elevated levels of _______ activity in certain areas of the brain.

dopamine

Neuronal cells take approximately _____ weeks to mature and antidepressants typically take ______ weeks to begin working.

three to six; three to six

People who are born in the ________ have a greater risk of prenatal exposure to the flu virus, making them more susceptible to schizophrenia. Evidence for a viral cause of schizophrenia is supported by comparisons of twins who _______.

winter or spring; share a placenta with those who do not

Because Marion thinks Peter is unfriendly, Marion has never waved or said hello to Peter when she sees him in the hall. Peter, who is shy, has not greeted Marion either. His lack of greeting has reinforced Marion's belief that he is unfriendly. It appears as if Marion's behavior has led to:

A self-fulfilling prophecy

About ______ percent of individuals with hoarding disorder also have an anxiety or depressive disorder.

75%

In a meeting to select a theme for the school carnival, there was pressure on everyone to approve a particular theme. New ideas were discouraged, and the primary goal appeared to be group harmony. This pattern of decision making BEST illustrates:

Groupthink

Which statement about groupthink is FALSE ?

Groupthink can neither improve or impair decision making depending on the problem to be solved.

Which information is NOT included in the DSM-5?

Possible causes of specific disorders

Compared with Milgram's baseline condition, which increased the percentage of participation who administered the maximum shock?

Taking direct responsibility for giving a shock away from the teacher

Which statement BEST characterizes thinking that reflects the fundamental attribution error ?

The man is probably homeless because he is too lazy to try to find a job

The neurogenesis theory of depression suggests that:

depression is not alleviated until about three to six weeks following the ingestion of SSRIs because this is approximately how long it takes new cells to mature

Unipolar disorder is to ______ as bipolar disorder is to _________.

depression; depression and mania

Darley and Lantané observed that most university students failed to help a fellow student experiencing an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other students who also heard the seizure. The results of this experiment are BEST explained in terms of:

diffusion of responsibility

Social loafing is the tendency to:

exert less effort toward a common goal when in a group than when working alone

Both Zimbardo's prison study and Milgram's obedience study have been criticized for:

experiment bias

Which statement peovides the BEST evidence for the role of biological preparedness in causing specific fears ?

fears that seems to have more evolutionary survival value are more frequent than those that do not

Solomon Asch found that conformity ______ when the participant is or lesser status than other group members and _____ when the participant is able to write a response rather than give it orally,

increases; decreases

Possible explanations for the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are that it ______ the activity of serotonin and ______ neurogenesis.

increases; increases

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) appears to be effective in:

increasing neural activity in the left frontal lube

The mass suicide amoung followers of Reverend Jim Jones occurred in the alien and uncertain environment of the rain forests of Guyana. This suggests that _______ may have played an important role in many followers' decision to commit suicide.

informational social influence

Sherif's study of the autokinetic effect illustrated ______ social influence, and Asch's study of judgements of line length illustrated ______ social influence.

informational; normative

Type I Schizophrenia is to ______ as Type II is to _______

positive symptoms; negative symptoms

Which historical event is LEAST likely to have been impacted by groupthink?

the 5-to-4 Supreme Court decision regarding Citizens United

Which statement about the Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Is FALSE ?

the first edition was published more than 100 years ago

False consensus is to _____ as false uniqueness is to ______.

unsuccessful behaviors; successful behaviors