psychology exam 3

Miguel is part of a group presentation on the subject of learning for his psychology class. One person in Miguel's group will talk about classical conditioning. Another member of the group will talk about operant conditioning. Miguel's job is to compare the two. He plans on explaining to the class that:

"Classical conditioning involves the learning of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behavior."

James is a physical therapist. He wants to use positive reinforcement and negative punishment with one of his clients to encourage daily exercise that can be tracked using an activity monitor. In order to encourage his client, James will explain that:

"For every 5 days that you exercise you earn 1 day off, but you may not eat dessert on any unearned days you take off."

Sierra is debating a classmate regarding the validity of trait theory. Her classmate brings up the strong cross-cultural support for the model. What counterpoint could Sierra introduce?

"The five factors do not have support in non-industrialized cultures."

Luther is a counseling graduate student working on his conference presentation in which he argues that a certain theoretical perspective on personality is outdated because its concepts are difficult to test, and its theory was based on a biased, nonrepresentative sample. Luther could also include the following criticism:

"psychoanalysis ignores the current experience."

Research on identical twins suggests that approximately _____% of aggressive behavior can be explained by genetic factors.

50-68

If a person typically makes bad choices, is untrustworthy and has stolen from others, it would be fair to say that they have a bad:

Character

_____ are branchlike fibers extending in from the neuron's cell body that receive signals from other neurons.

Dendrites

Personality is the same thing as character. T or F?

F

The Stanford Prison Study conformed to today's standards for research ethics. T or F?

F

Negative reinforcement weakens behavior. T or F?

False

Fatima is potty-training her 3-year old daughter. According to Freud, what ethical responsibility does Fatima have to her daughter during this process?

Fatima is responsible for not being too harsh or too lenient otherwise she will cause permanent damage to her daughter's personality.

What is the biological perspective?

Genetic and biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system

_____ is a type of unconscious thinking that reveals itself through negative behavior toward members of particular social groups while we remain oblivious to its influence.

Implicit bias

Although _____ studied the digestive system of dogs, he is best known for his pioneering work on classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

The _____ designates a personality "type" based on scores on four personality dimensions.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

_____ creates on and off switches for individual brain cells. Scientists can observe what happens when cells are manipulated.

Optogenetics

Mimi's personality has been profiled using a test created by Raymond Cattell where she had to select one of three choices in response to 185 questions. Mimi has completed the:

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF).

Laureen lets her son select the evening movie if he completes his homework before dinner. Laureen follows the ideas of _____ in emphasizing the importance of _____ conditioning in learning.

Skinner; operant

Dr. Scholz is reading an article that describes research where investigators examined how the presence of other people influenced participants' performance on a variety of tasks. Dr. Scholz is reading the Journal of Research in _____ Psychology, which focuses on research in human cognition, emotion, and behavior in relation to others.

Social

A single dissenter can disrupt a group's conformity. T or F?

T

An adult who smokes, drinks, and talks excessively may be fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development. T or F?

T

Averaged across dimensions, about 50% of the variability among people in Big Five scores is hereditary. T or F?

T

Bandura used the term "reciprocal determinism" to refer to the complex interplay between the individual, behavior, and the environment. T or F?

T

External attributions are sometimes called situational attributions. T or F?

T

Glial cells outnumber neurons. T or F?

T

Habituation is a type of learning. T or F?

T

Higher order conditioning entails forming an association between a conditioned stimulus and a new neutral stimulus. T or F?

T

Marisol becomes sick after eating clams. Thereafter, scallops and mussels also make her nauseous, but shrimp and lobster do not. Marisol's reaction illustrates both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination. T or F?

T

Prosocial behavior may reduce stress. T or F?

T

The rats in Garcia's studies could better associate nausea with smells or tastes than with sights or sounds. T or F?

T

When parents give their teens money for good grades, they are providing a reinforcer. T or F?

T

As part of a laboratory experiment in his psychology course, Miguel is observing the activity of a recording electrode on the axon of a neuron. As an action potential occurs, what might Miguel observe?

The electrical charge of the neuron will go from negative to positive before returning to resting potential.

The _____ consists of 20 cards with black-and-white illustrations of ambiguous scenes.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Vicki is telling a story about a black-and-white illustration of an old woman and a young man. Vicki is likely taking the:

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

_____ experiments showed that cats placed in a puzzle box took less time to trigger a latch and escape from the box as the number of learning trials increased.

Thorndike's

Showing favoritism or hostility toward others based on their affiliation with a group is called:

discrimination

Alexa and Dennis shared may of the same thoughts, feelings, and responses to children, aging parents, and finances. Alexa and Dennis had shared:

attitudes

One critical component of social cognition is:

attributions.

The somatic nervous system initiates voluntary muscle activity, and the _____ nervous system regulates involuntary activity.

autonomic

Critics of psychoanalytic theory contend that Freud paid too little attention to:

change after childhood.

The _____ aspect of an attitude refers to individuals' beliefs or ideas about an object, person, or situation.

cognitive

After a stroke, Maz has difficulty with his decision making, perception, and impulse control. It is most likely that Maz's stroke damaged the _____ lobe.

frontal

In the Stanford Prison Study, participants were randomly assigned to be prisoners or guards in the experiment. The guards wore khaki prison uniforms, carried nightsticks, and wore sunglasses, while the prisoners wore prison garb with their prisoner numbers on the back. These costumes signified the participants' social:

roles

"Love at first sight" represents _____ love.

romantic

Octavia is a clinical psychologist whose work focuses on what she calls 'growth mindset'. This is the idea that children and adults who believe that they can change and progress are more likely to persevere in difficult situations and are also more likely to succeed. This new concept has its foundation in:

self-efficacy.

Maria's first year managing a hedge fund had some ups and downs. When Maria's predictions were accurate, she was confident that her hard work was paying off. When she was wrong, Maria assumed it was bad luck. This _____ permits Maria to continue to believe that she is good at her job.

self-serving bias

Despite her parents' poverty, Dusty earned a PhD at a prestigious university. Dusty credits her educational success to hardiness and resilience and blames her inability to manage money on the culture of poverty in which she was raised. Dusty reflects an attributional bias known as the:

self-serving bias.

If students do well on a test, they say, "I got an A!" If they do poorly, they say, "The professor gave me an F." This illustrates the:

self-serving bias.

People who work in finance, medicine, and engineering often make collaborative decisions. One thing these individuals need to be aware of is:

social facilitation.

Julius Achon asked his father to shelter 11 orphans who were living on the street. Julius was influenced by the behavior of his father while growing up. This example shows the power of:

social influence.

A person in a group tends to exert more effort when they are individually accountable than when they are working with others toward a common goal where individual contributions are too complicated to measure. This is known as:

social loafing.

Molly's dog no longer sits when Molly says, "Sit!" because Molly no longer feeds him table scraps when he obeys. Molly eventually stops saying, "Sit!" After a few weeks Molly decides to tell the dog "Sit!" and the dog sits. Molly's dog is demonstrating:

spontaneous recovery.

Now that Margaret no longer uses cocaine, her hands don't shake and her heart doesn't pound when she sees someone she used to do drugs with. However, Margaret's conditioned response may reappear if she doesn't see the friend for a long time. According to classical conditioning, if her CR returns it would be an example of:

spontaneous recovery.

A professor infers that a tall African American male student is probably attending the college on a basketball scholarship. The professor's conclusion reflects a(n):

stereotype.

If the difference threshold between a conditioned stimulus and a comparison stimulus is exceeded, _____ will occur.

stimulus generalization

What is the psychoanalytic perspective?

stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior

Moe is trying to decide whether to steal a keychain from a store. His _____ is encouraging him to not steal the keychain because it would be wrong.

superego

When Saifa describes himself as "loud," "direct," and "vivacious," he is referencing characteristics that are easily observable in him that are all derived from more foundational traits. According to Cattell, these easily observable characteristics are known as:

surface traits

High levels of _____ correlate with aggression.

testosterone

While driving to work, LaVerne's car started smoking and broke down on a road with a lot of traffic. Her cell phone's battery died, so she could not call for help. For more than 2 hours, she was unsuccessful in flagging down someone to stop to help. Finally, a police officer offered assistance. LaVerne's difficulty in getting someone to help is an example of:

the bystander effect.

What is reciprocal determinism?

the complex interaction among the individual, behavior, and the environment.

Which compliance technique involves making a small request, followed by a larger request?

the foot-in-the-door technique

What is bidirectional?

when a reaction proceeds in both the forward and reverse directions at the same time; Adults affect children's behavior, but children's characteristics also affects adults behavior

The series of studies on obedience conducted by Stanley Milgram:

would not be approved by an institutional review board.

A personality test is reliable when it:

yields consistent measurements.

A conditioned response may be elicited by the original conditioned stimulus or by a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus. Generating the same response with similar stimuli is known as stimulus:

generalization

An individual's complete collection of genes is called their:

genotype

Among the clinicians in her private practice, Dr. Young is the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on her choice of tests. Dr. Young decides to change her opinion for the good of the group. However, a social psychologist might caution these experts about:

groupthink.

Milgram's original obedience study demonstrated levels of obedience:

higher than levels predicted by a panel of experts.

Piotr is a social psychologist who focuses on the new field of positive psychology. Whenever he discusses the foundation of the new research in positive psychology, he always has to acknowledge its deep roots in the _____ perspective.

humanistic

The drive to grow and improve that Saifa showed throughout his life is consistent with the _____ perspective.

humanistic

Navaeh wants everyone to like her and want to be her friend. She wants to be perfect in every way. According to Rogers, this _____ is likely to _____.

ideal self; cause problems

On Monday, Jacques announces to his parents that he wants to be called "Jack." On Wednesday, he says he wants to drop out of high school. On Friday, he says he wants to get a tattoo and become an architect. In Erikson's terms, Jacques seems to be in the _____ stage.

identity versus role confusion

According to Erikson, adolescents must resolve the psychosocial task of:

identity versus role confusion.

Nellie is looking at an inkblot. Although most people see two figures in it, to Nellie it looks like a person looking in the mirror at himself. An examiner may interpret her response as:

indicating loneliness or social anxiety.

During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roarch counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roarch is suggesting instead that it reflects _____ social influence.

informational; normative

The sudden awareness of a problem's solution is called:

insight

Participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments were initially told that they were involved in a study of:

learning

Dr. Zhuo is a developmental psychologist talking to parents about the issue of children viewing violent media. Dr. Zhuo's take home message to parents is that according to research,:

parents should limit and supervise the amount of time children spend with electronic media.

August is a graduate student working on his thesis. He just spent the last several months gathering interview data from married couples. When he is describing the limitations of his methodology, he needs to acknowledge that:

participants may have not been honest and the interviewers may have asked leading questions.

What is the humanistic perspective?

people have the freedom to choose their own destiny

When thinking about her own nervous system, Gabriella first thinks broadly about the central and _____ nervous systems.

peripheral

Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the consistent, enduring characteristics that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is likely in the area of:

personality

An intentional effort to change people's attitudes or behaviors is called:

persuasion

Collectively, an individual's observable characteristics are called their:

phenotype

Within Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the needs related to the drive-reduction theory of motivation are _____ needs.

physiological

During the holy month of Ramadan, many Muslims foreswear food, water, tobacco, and chewing gum from dawn to dusk. This is an example of an exception to Maslow's hierarchy as _____ needs are put on hold for _____ needs.

physiological; self-transcendence

Sergio changes his social media profile picture and his friend comments with a smiley face emoji. The emoji offers Sergio _____ for changing his profile picture.

positive reinforcement

Researchers were able to get turtles to discriminate between black, white, and gray paddles by giving the turtles meat whenever they chose a certain color paddle over another. The researchers applied:

positive reinforcement.

The class of drugs that includes Prozac and Zoloft boosts the effects of serotonin by:

preventing its reabsorption.

Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need, such as hunger and thirst, are called _____ reinforcers.

primary

Zelda has found that when she studies, she gets good grades. According to the social-cognitive perspective, Zelda's:

prior experiences create expectancies.

Behavior intended to benefit others is called:

prosocial

Bandura used the term "_____ determinism" to denote the complex interaction among the individual, behavior, and the environment.

reciprocal

To encourage workers to arrive on time, an industrial/organizational psychologist recommends to the shift managers that they reinforce workers on a variable-ratio schedule. This means that the managers should:

reinforce workers with extra pay after an unpredictable number of times they are on time.

When Leonard was quite young, his parents praised his nurturing behavior. As he became older, nurturing became a key part of his personality. This personality characteristic resulting from _____ is consistent with the _____ approach.

reinforcement; behavioral

Kate has a kind of picture in her head of her hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks such as rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called:

a cognitive map

Little Albert developed a conditioned emotional response to:

a white rat

When studying the personalities of their participants, behaviorists focus solely on their _____ and reject any discussion of _____.

actions; thought and emotion

According to Abraham Maslow, a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is having:

all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled.

While crossing a busy street, Aadhya was nearly hit by a bus. For a moment, she saw her life flash before her eyes, her heart raced, and her palms began to sweat. In dangerous situations like this, the _____ is activated and the nervous system orchestrates Aadhya's physiological and emotional reaction of fear.

amygdala

Davina always needs to stick to the rules no matter what. She also does not like to share and is very careful about how she spends her time and money. A psychoanalytic theorist might suggest that Davina is fixated at the _____ stage of development.

anal

In a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule, reinforcers:

are delivered after an unpredictable number of responses.

When people's attitudes clash with their behavior, they experience a state of psychological tension called:

cognitive dissonance.

Adis' classmate asked him to stop tapping his foot in class. Adis' classmate does not have any real authority over him, yet Adis did stop tapping his foot. This is an example of:

compliance

Tim loves dill pickles so much that the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

One way to differentiate the behavioral perspective from the humanistic perspective is to focus on the issue of:

control over personality.

In Milgram's classic experiment participants were led to believe they were administering electrical shocks to the confederate, when in reality, they were not. This is an example of:

deception

In a double-blind study neither participants nor researchers administering the treatment know who is getting a placebo and who is getting the treatment. The use of _____ is necessary to study the effects of the treatment.

deception

Frieda is typically very shy. However, while attending a concert with a huge crowd, she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is an example of a concept known as:

deindividuation.

Cesar Millan discovered that an effective positive reinforcer for Gavin the dog was a vigorous play period, which may not be an effective positive reinforcer for other dogs. This confirms that the effectiveness of a positive reinforcer:

depends entirely on the organism receiving it.

One criticism of Ainsworth's original early Strange Situation research is that she:

did not include multiple caregivers in her attachment research.

Mrs. Beatty keeps an extremely clean and tidy house. One neighbor says she's compulsive; Mrs. Beatty, though, says that her active family and busy job force her to stay organized, and she wants to set a good example for her children. These contrasting explanations illustrate the difference between _____ and _____ attributions.

dispositional; situational

The concept of reciprocal concessions is a potential explanation for the:

door-in-the-face technique.

As compared with the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives on personality, the learning and social-cognitive perspectives:

emphasize research and objectivity to a greater extent.

After a whirlwind romance, Prit and Jacquie are in a "loveless relationship" with neither intimacy nor passion. They are experiencing Sternberg's _____ love.

empty

In her native Chinese classroom, struggle is assumed to be a part of Zhi Ruo's learning process. However, once she moved to the United States struggle was seen as a sign of lower ability. This is an example of which piece of the social-cognitive perspective?

environment

Three fluffy white dogs who exhibited overly excited behavior (jumping on people and barking wildly at them), were featured on the first season of Cesar 911. Cesar Millan explained that often the reason dogs exhibit such behavior is that the dogs':

excited behavior is reinforced by their humans and thus is likely to continue.

According to Julian Rotter, _____ refers to the predictions that individuals make about the outcomes and consequences of their behaviors.

expectancy

While interviewing for a job, Fabian reminds himself that whether or not he gets the job depends on whether luck is on his side. Fabian is showing a(n):

external locus of control.

_____ refers to a behavior's disappearance when its reinforcer is removed.

extinction

Aarifa receives a paycheck from his job every 2 weeks. This is an example of a _____ partial reinforcement schedule.

fixed-interval

what is the behavioral perspective?

focuses on observable behavior

Located in the hindbrain, damage to the _____ can disrupt some of the body's most vital functions, such as breathing and heart rate maintenance.

medulla

Shaya completed her undergraduate degree in psychology before becoming a police officer. From her background in psychology, she knows that _____ are more likely to exhibit _____ aggression.

men; direct

Compared with behaviors reinforced on a continuous schedule, behaviors reinforced on partial schedules are _____ resistant to extinction.

more

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a target behavior is _____ reinforcement.

negative

Typically, Jocelyn reacts to situations with a lot of emotion. Her girlfriend always has to watch what she says around her because even the smallest of things makes Jocelyn upset. Jocelyn is constantly worried about minor things in her life. According to the five-factor model, Jocelyn would score high in:

neuroticism

At this very moment, _____ are relaying signals across the synapses between neurons in your brain.

neurotransmitters

While Brandon was surrounded by gunfire in the battle of Fallujah, the neurotransmitter _____ was working to initiate action and promote his survival.

norepinephrine

Jermaine has suffered a serious injury to the right hemisphere of his brain. It would be helpful if Jermaine's friends knew that there's a chance he will:

not recognize people's faces.

Astrid is a graduate student who is giving Rorschach tests to participants in her study. When participants report what they see, Astrid must:

note participants' behaviors such as facial expressions and gestures.

With respect to national personality stereotypes, empirical research:

offers no support for their validity.

Brandon, who suffered head trauma while serving in Iraq, could only tie his shoe with his left hand. From this we know that Brandon's injury was:

on the left side of his brain.

Like a growing number of contemporary couples, Alexa and Dennis first encountered one another:

online

After carefully weighing evidence submitted by the American Psychological Association, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that, regardless of the crime, individuals being tried for crimes that were committed when they were under 18 are no longer candidates for the dealth penalty. This is due to evidence suggesting that:

the juvenile mind is still developing and vulnerable to impulsivity and poor decision making.

In which type of attribution error do people tend to attribute their successes to internal characteristics?

the self-serving bias

In a Rollerblading mishap, Wendy fell down and injured the back of her head. An injury in this region of the brain could interfere with Wendy's sense of:

vision.

According to cognitive dissonance theory, a person who _____ will rate a concert as the most enjoyable compared to other attended concerts.

waited 7 hours in the rain to buy tickets