Psychology Exam 4 OY Willy

In his general adaptation syndrome, Hans Selye noted that the greatest threat to one's immune system is during the _____ phase.

Exhaustion

The MAOA gene _____ the breakdown of the neurotransmitters dopamine and _____.

aids; serotonin

In general, symmetrical faces are viewed as

both healthy and attractive

A response of a whole organism to a stimulus that includes a mixture of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences is called:

emotion

An attribution is a(n):

explanation of the cause of a behavior.

Communities with greater income inequality tend to have ________ rates of crime and ________ rates of drug use.

higher; higher

_____ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

prejudice

According to the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality, learned responses are a(n) _____ influence.

psychological

The correct order of the general adaptation syndrome is an alarm reaction, _____, and exhaustion.

resistance

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by:

resistance

___ lymphocytes (white blood cells) release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.

B

This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits.

Bandura; Trait

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Behavior feedback effect

Jack is a transgender man. Where is he likely to experience harassment?

Both school and work

A 14-year-old student slams a 13-year-old into a metal locker. A 15-year-old student spreads a cruel rumor about a classmate. Based on this information, which of these students who is being aggressive?

Both the 14-year-old and the 15-year-old are being aggressive.

Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience.

Cannon; Bard

Imitating another person's facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate

Empathy

Which choice correctly pairs a personality theory with a proponent?

Humanistic-maslow

In terms of ability to recognize others' facial expressions of emotion

Introverts do better than extroverts; women do better than men

_____ lymphocytes attack cancer cells, viruses, and other foreign substances.

T

In a psychology class debate on the social-cognitive perspective, students need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which potential criticism of the social-cognitive perspective might they cite?

This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits.

Which personality theory emphasizes the Big Five?

Trait

German university men administered hotter chili sauce to a woman after listening to woman-hating lyrics. The song lyrics provided the university men with

a social script

Strangers placed in male-female pairs were instructed to stare into each other's eyes for two minutes. They reported feeling:

a tingle of attraction and affection

After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, many people from around the country went to New York City to lend aid. This response to stress is an example of:

a-tend-and-befriend response

In his general adaptation syndrome, Hans Selye noted that the greatest threat to one's immune system is during the _____ phase.

alarm; exhaustion

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is correctly matched with its description?

alarm—perceiving a threat or stressor

Behaving with unselfish concern for the welfare of others is called

altruism

During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one. The girls' beliefs BEST illustrate:

an ingroup bias

Kelly is a Republican, and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief BEST illustrates:

an ingroup bias

People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of

anger

In a crowd of faces, researchers have found that people are quickest to detect a(n) _____ face.

angry

Fifty-eight percent of Americans responding to surveys taken in the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks reported experiencing heightened symptoms of

anxiety

Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____.

behavior; attitude

The frustration-aggression principle MOST clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of:

blood alcohol

Ingrid is looking for a new car. She wants one that is dependable and affordable. Which form of persuasion would probably be more convincing to her?

central route persuasion

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

cognitive appraisal; physical arousal

Whether people feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade often depends on whether they attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to their own lack of academic ability. This BEST illustrates that emotions are influenced by:

cognitive appraisals

Hugh bought a new calculator for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from another store showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said, "I'm still glad I got my calculator; the cheaper ones are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects:

cognitive dissonance

Before Sonya left for college, she told her friend Lacy that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and that she would never consider joining one. During Sonya's first week on campus, a sorority member invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge. After Sonya attended the party, she told Lacy, "Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations." Sonya's change in attitude illustrates

cognitive dissonance theory

Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

conformity

When people adjust their own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, they are exhibiting:

conformity

Gabriel has an extremely clean dorm room. He keeps no clutter on his desk, he awakens very early to keep up with his schoolwork, and his car is spotless. Based on this information, Gabriel would MOST likely score high on a scale measuring the Big Five factor of _____.

conscientiousness

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods is known as

coping

If you feel as though there are too many things on your to-do list, you are likely experiencing a(n)

daily hassle

A habit of playing video games to take your mind off your worry about keeping up with class reading assignments best illustrates a maladaptive

emotion-focused coping strategy

(n) ________ test is one that is developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

empirically derived

A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is

epinephrine

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that

even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.

One is MOST susceptible to illness during the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion

Eli has always been an extravert. There is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, extraverts:

exhibit less activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition.

At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations in which he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between

explicit and implicit attitudes

Sophia is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures _____.

extraversion

The Big Five personality factor _____ involves these endpoints: sociable versus retiring and affectionate versus reserved.

extraversion

Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures:

extraversion

According to the facial feedback hypothesis:

facial expressions can actually determine our emotional experience.

B lymphocyte is to T lymphocyte as _____ is to _____.

fighting bacterial infections; attacking viruses

Among violent criminals, activity appears to be reduced in the _____ lobe of the brain.

frontal

According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from

fustration

A group of homophobic high school students, including James and Maria, discussed prejudice against gays. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates

group polarization

Which social psychological phenomenon is probably MOST relevant to the fact that online conversation tends to strengthen social movements as different as Black Lives Matter on the one hand, and alt-right White supremacism on the other?

group polarization

Louis is an expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on his choice of scales. Louis decides to change his opinion for the good of the group. This BEST illustrates:

groupthink

Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if

he feels insecure in his role on the team

Lupe examines how social support may buffer the negative effects of stigma on the well-being of HIV-positive gay men of color. Lupe is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

health

According to Rogers, a person's self-concept is positive if the

ideal-self and actual-self are nearly alike

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This BEST illustrates the subtle nature of:

implicit prejudice

In Eysenck and Eysenck's model, Jeffrey is unstable and extraverted. Jeffrey is MOST likely:

impulsive

Donald thought he was well prepared for a presentation he was giving. However, he failed to anticipate questions his audience would ask him. Afterward, he was surprised by how poorly he performed. Many researchers would argue that Donald's:

incompetence caused him to be overconfident

People often accept other people's opinions about reality because they wish to be accurate. This is called _____ social influence.

informational

During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roach counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roach is suggesting instead that it reflects _____ social influence.

informational; normative

The social group to which a person belongs is called the _____, and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the _____.

ingroup; outgroup

A frontal lobe area involved in ________ is ________ active in extraverts than in introverts.

inhibiting behavior; less

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system _____ digestion and _____ blood pressure.

inhibits; increases

The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the _____ phenomenon.

just-world

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

learned helplessness

Juan loves horseback riding. Which choice exemplifies a behavioral factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?

learning how to ride horses

Aggression is related to increased activity in the _____ and decreased activity in the _____.

limbic system; central executive

After experiencing the stress of losing her job, Colleen suffered an increased incidence of cold and flu infections. Her increased illness is best attributed to reduced levels of

lymphocytes

With respect to the immune system, stress:

may increase or decrease the systems activity

Compared with European-American students, Asian-American students are more likely to value

modesty

Ben's sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into the house he starts smiling, even before she says something funny. This is caused by:

mood contagion.

Males who repeatedly listen to songs that contain misogynistic song lyrics are more likely to exhibit _____ attitudes toward _____.

negative; women

While Wendy disagrees with her boss, she laughs at her joke anyway to gain her approval. Wendy's behavior illustrates:

normative social influence

The physical changes that accompany emotional experience are:

partly conscious and partly unconscious

Celebrity endorsements represent one way to influence an audience via _____ route persuasion.

peripheral

Alexandra wants to buy a new car before she goes off to college. She wants one that looks good and has a nice stereo system so that she can listen to her favorite music while driving to class. Which form of persuasion would probably be more convincing to her?

peripheral route persuasion

A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors and is used to assess selected traits is known as a(n):

personality inventories

Boyd, a suspect in a criminal investigation, has agreed to take a lie detector test. The machine used in this test is most likely to measure his

perspiration levels

According to Abraham Maslow, we focus on personal safety after meeting our ________ needs.

physiological

Dr. Navarre investigates the link between coping strategies and immune system functioning during stressful situations. Dr. Navarre is BEST described as a:

psychoneuroimmunologist.

An understanding of how stress affects our resistance to disease is the central focus of the field of

psychoneuroimmunology.

The benefit of student teaching and mental health practicum experiences is that it allows professors and supervisors to assess students' behaviors in _____ situations.

realistic

Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events. Their personality shape how they interpret and react to events. In turn, their reactions influence subsequent events in a way that often reinforces their anxiety. This BEST illustrates the concept of:

reciprocal determinism

How we treat others influences how they treat us. This is an example of

reciprocal determinism

After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of the

reciprocity norm

A loss of perceived control tends to result in

reduced immune responses

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the _____ theory.

scapegoat

The _____ theory proposes that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

scapegoat

Accepting ourselves without excessive dependence on the approval of others best illustrates

secure self-esteem

Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of

self-esteem

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck BEST illustrate a _____ bias.

self-serving

Jennifer attributes her failing grade in sociology to an unfair final exam. Her attitude illustrates:

self-serving bias

Maria recently graduated college and is now a professor at a university. This is her first semester at her new job. Maria makes sure that she dresses the part of a professor, taking ideas of attire from the professors she had while a college student. She also makes sure that she behaves as a professor. Maria likely feels like:

she is acting a role

Dr. Perez is studying prejudice and discrimination. She is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

social

_____ psychologists investigate how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

social

The home advantage in college and professional athletic events can be attributed to:

social facilliation

Experiencing prejudice and discrimination due to gender identity or sexual orientation is a form of

social stress

Reciprocal determinism is associated with the _____ perspective.

social-cognitive

The _____ perspective proposes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations, and that the way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.

social-cognitive

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

spillover

When Paul noticed that he had spilled coffee on his new shirt, he overestimated the likelihood that other people at the meeting would notice. Paul's reaction BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

spotlight

When Vanessa noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction BEST illustrates:

spotlight effect

In Eysenck and Eysenck's model, a carefree person is MOST likely:

stable and extraverted

The process of appraising an event as threatening or challenging is called _____.

stress

Which choice correctly pairs a stress-related concept with a description?

stress-process

Which personality concept is matched with the correct theory?

superego-psychoanalytic

David T. Lykken's saying of "we could avoid two-thirds of all crime simply by putting all able-bodied young men in cryogenic sleep from the age of 12 through 28" demonstrates the understanding that _____ and _____with age.

testosterone levels; aggressiveness decrease

One analysis revealed that pitchers were more likely to hit batters when the previous batter had hit a home run. This BEST illustrates:

the frustration-aggression principle.

Rhys submits a major report to his boss ahead of the deadline. His boss assumes that Rhys is conscientious, rather than that he simply had more time than usual to devote to the assignment. This example illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called:

the fundamental attribution error

In one study, McMaster University students were more trusting of the game player whose face had some of their own facial features morphed into it. This best illustrates the impact of

the mere exposure effect

In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by

the sympathetic nervous system

Angela sent an email to her best friend in which she teased her about getting her first B in a college course. Angela believed her teasing was good-natured and funny. Her friend responded that she was hurt and accused Angela of being insensitive and uncaring. Which aspect of Angela's email is LEAST likely to have contributed to this misunderstanding?

the words she used to tease her friend

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins is best explained in terms of

the-just-world phenomenon

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.

When Greg's autonomic nervous system was aroused, he misinterpreted the harmless symptoms as indicators of an impending heart attack. This misinterpretation caused him to experience an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional response is BEST understood in terms of the:

two-factor theory

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as

unconditional positive regard

According to Freud, the ________ is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware.

unconscious mind

Contemporary psychodynamic theorists agree that childhood experiences shape our

ways of becoming attracted to others

During the first few weeks of law school, students were observed to have stronger immune systems if they

were optimistic

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?

It improves performance on easy tasks and hinder's a performance on difficult tasks

When a police officer pulls over a car because the driver is an African-American male in an expensive car, the police officer has committed:

a microaggression.

Feelings that predispose one to act in certain ways to people, objects, or events are called _____,whereas the explanations one develops for others' behavior or one's own are called _____.

attitudes; attributions

Discrimination is to _____ as prejudice is to _____.

behavior; attitude

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of:

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.

Being highly imaginative is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

openness

Suppose a researcher creates a measure of anti-LGBTQ prejudice. High scores indicate greater prejudice. The researcher should find a _____ correlation between scores on this measure among a sample of straight people and the suicide rate among gays and lesbians in the same community.

positive

An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

interracial contact

Today, almost all Americans are willing to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate. In 1937, the corresponding proportion was MOST nearly:

1/3

James is a married man who has six children and another one on the way. He has a demanding job as a cardiologist in a major research hospital. His wife, Molly, is a stay-at-home mother. He is described by friends as easygoing, happy, and content with his life. His wife is often stressed by the demands of pregnancy as well as raising six small children. She is frequently angry with James for not taking parenting more seriously. Which statement is MOST likely true?

Molly is more at risk for a stress-related illness than James

Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of the reciprocity norm.

a diffusion of responsibility

If one mimics another person's facial expressions of emotion, one probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is BEST explained in terms of the:

behavior feed-back phenomena

According to the _____ effect, to improve a depressed mood one could walk briskly while swinging their arms and looking forward.

behavior feedback

The two different types of attributions that people make are _____ and _____.

dispositional; situational

Attitude is to action as _____ is to _____.

prejudice; discrimination

According to cross-cultural research, women are generally perceived as having higher levels of emotionality. Some researchers suggest that this perception is caused by:

women's openness to feelings

A month ago, Jason lost his job due to circumstances beyond his control and he is very concerned about his financial situation. Since then, he has learned that his wife will not be able to return to the United States because she cannot get her green card, and that his rent-controlled apartment is being sold so he must find another place to live. Given what happens when people feel unable to control their environment, which of these is happening to Jason?

His immune response is dropping

The two earliest theories of emotion in psychology's history differed with respect to the relationship between bodily arousal and emotional experience. One of these theories was the _____ theory.

James-Lange

Evidence that emotion follows physiological arousal would be most consistent with the _____. Evidence that emotion follows the placement of a cognitive label on physiological arousal would be most consistent with the _____.

James-Lange theory; two-factor theory

Cognitive appraisal ("Is it dangerous or not?")—sometimes without our awareness—defines emotion.

Lazarus

____ _____ ("big eaters") identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells.

Macrophage cells

The psychologist _____ is known for early demonstrations of the universality of emotional expressions among Americans and New Guineans.

Paul Ekman

According to the textbook, psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back at LEAST to:

William James

Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal.

Zajonc's; LeDoux's

Congenitally blind athletes _____ Paul Ekman's evidence for the universality of emotional expressions.

display social smiles; supporting

Maya owes the credit card company $20,000, her adjustable-rate mortgage has just gone up, and she has been out of work for 3 months. Her husband of 15 years came home today to tell her he was having an affair and wants a divorce. With that news, she collapsed and had to be taken to the emergency room. In Selye's general adaptation syndrome, Maya is in Phase:

3, in a state of exhaustion

_____ is any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

Aggression

Justyce is in a movie theater and on the screen one of the actors is cut across the arm. He gasps but everyone else in attendance is silent. Which country might he be in?

China

The fact that facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion most clearly serves to support the

Facial Feedback Effect

Marshall was involved in a traumatic head injury that damaged the right frontal lobe of his brain. Based on the textbook's discussion, Marshall may experience which emotional change?

He may be less irritable and more affectionate

Michelle and Paul attended the funeral of a mutual friend. When others asked them how their friend's fiancé was taking the loss, who is MOST likely to give a more detailed and accurate account of the fiancé's emotional state?

Michelle

_____ _____ ___ (NK cells) attack diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).

Natural killer cells

Our experience of emotion depends on two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label.

Schachter; singer two-factor theory

Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that

Sometimes emotion precedes cognition

Ava looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. She immediately feels her heart start to pound. She is confused by this response until she remembers her last experience on a Ferris wheel. During that experience, the wind started to blow, the seats began to rock, and she thought she was going to die. Ava realizes her heart is pounding because she is afraid. Which theory BEST explains this sequence of events?

Two-factor theory

Carl Jung believed that the collective unconscious contains ________ derived from our species' universal experiences.

archetypes

Misplacing one's keys is an example of a type of stressor called a(n):

daily hassle

Aggression is related to _____ activity in the central executive and _____ activity in the limbic system.

decreased; increased

Left prefrontal cortex activation is to right prefrontal cortex activation as ________ is to ________.

delight; disgust

Sara and a colleague are having dinner together. While they wait on their order, a Muslim family enters the restaurant and the woman is wearing a Hijab. Sara's colleague leans closer to her and says "I am not sure how she expects to eat with all of that junk covering her face." Her colleague is demonstrating:

prejudice

Aaron failed to realize that his co-workers interpreted many of his e-mail messages as criticisms when he simply intended them to convey playful kidding. Aaron's failure best illustrates what Piaget called

Egocentrism

The _____ theory of emotion suggests that people feel sorry because they cry and afraid because they tremble.

James-Lange

The _____ theory of emotion suggests that the experience of emotion is the awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

James-Lange

The first theory of emotion in psychology's history was the _____ theory.

James-Lange

A former major-league football player is convicted of a violent crime against another person. An expert testifies in his defense that the player's crime stemmed from a degenerative brain disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE. CTE is brought on by the repeated head injury experienced by many football players. With respect to the _____ model, CTE reflects a biological influence on aggression.

biopsychosocial

An empathetic person will identify with others and can imagine what it might be like to walk in another person's shoes. There are some apparent gender differences related to empathy. Which observation supports this finding?

Females are more likely to cry and report distress when observing someone else in distress.

Chiana and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other. They would be advised to spend time looking intently at one another's

Eye's

After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch-high "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California homeowners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates

foot-in-the-door phenomenon