Psychology Exam 4 OY Willy
In his general adaptation syndrome, Hans Selye noted that the greatest threat to one's immune system is during the _____ phase.
Exhaustion
The MAOA gene _____ the breakdown of the neurotransmitters dopamine and _____.
aids; serotonin
In general, symmetrical faces are viewed as
both healthy and attractive
A response of a whole organism to a stimulus that includes a mixture of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences is called:
emotion
An attribution is a(n):
explanation of the cause of a behavior.
Communities with greater income inequality tend to have ________ rates of crime and ________ rates of drug use.
higher; higher
_____ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.
prejudice
According to the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality, learned responses are a(n) _____ influence.
psychological
The correct order of the general adaptation syndrome is an alarm reaction, _____, and exhaustion.
resistance
The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by:
resistance
___ lymphocytes (white blood cells) release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.
B
This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits.
Bandura; Trait
The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Behavior feedback effect
Jack is a transgender man. Where is he likely to experience harassment?
Both school and work
A 14-year-old student slams a 13-year-old into a metal locker. A 15-year-old student spreads a cruel rumor about a classmate. Based on this information, which of these students who is being aggressive?
Both the 14-year-old and the 15-year-old are being aggressive.
Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience.
Cannon; Bard
Imitating another person's facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate
Empathy
Which choice correctly pairs a personality theory with a proponent?
Humanistic-maslow
In terms of ability to recognize others' facial expressions of emotion
Introverts do better than extroverts; women do better than men
_____ lymphocytes attack cancer cells, viruses, and other foreign substances.
T
In a psychology class debate on the social-cognitive perspective, students need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which potential criticism of the social-cognitive perspective might they cite?
This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits.
Which personality theory emphasizes the Big Five?
Trait
German university men administered hotter chili sauce to a woman after listening to woman-hating lyrics. The song lyrics provided the university men with
a social script
Strangers placed in male-female pairs were instructed to stare into each other's eyes for two minutes. They reported feeling:
a tingle of attraction and affection
After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, many people from around the country went to New York City to lend aid. This response to stress is an example of:
a-tend-and-befriend response
In his general adaptation syndrome, Hans Selye noted that the greatest threat to one's immune system is during the _____ phase.
alarm; exhaustion
Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is correctly matched with its description?
alarm—perceiving a threat or stressor
Behaving with unselfish concern for the welfare of others is called
altruism
During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one. The girls' beliefs BEST illustrate:
an ingroup bias
Kelly is a Republican, and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief BEST illustrates:
an ingroup bias
People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of
anger
In a crowd of faces, researchers have found that people are quickest to detect a(n) _____ face.
angry
Fifty-eight percent of Americans responding to surveys taken in the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks reported experiencing heightened symptoms of
anxiety
Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____.
behavior; attitude
The frustration-aggression principle MOST clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of:
blood alcohol
Ingrid is looking for a new car. She wants one that is dependable and affordable. Which form of persuasion would probably be more convincing to her?
central route persuasion
According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.
cognitive appraisal; physical arousal
Whether people feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade often depends on whether they attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to their own lack of academic ability. This BEST illustrates that emotions are influenced by:
cognitive appraisals
Hugh bought a new calculator for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from another store showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said, "I'm still glad I got my calculator; the cheaper ones are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects:
cognitive dissonance
Before Sonya left for college, she told her friend Lacy that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and that she would never consider joining one. During Sonya's first week on campus, a sorority member invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge. After Sonya attended the party, she told Lacy, "Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations." Sonya's change in attitude illustrates
cognitive dissonance theory
Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called
conformity
When people adjust their own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, they are exhibiting:
conformity
Gabriel has an extremely clean dorm room. He keeps no clutter on his desk, he awakens very early to keep up with his schoolwork, and his car is spotless. Based on this information, Gabriel would MOST likely score high on a scale measuring the Big Five factor of _____.
conscientiousness
Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods is known as
coping
If you feel as though there are too many things on your to-do list, you are likely experiencing a(n)
daily hassle
A habit of playing video games to take your mind off your worry about keeping up with class reading assignments best illustrates a maladaptive
emotion-focused coping strategy
(n) ________ test is one that is developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
empirically derived
A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is
epinephrine
According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.
One is MOST susceptible to illness during the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome.
exhaustion
Eli has always been an extravert. There is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, extraverts:
exhibit less activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition.
At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations in which he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between
explicit and implicit attitudes
Sophia is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures _____.
extraversion
The Big Five personality factor _____ involves these endpoints: sociable versus retiring and affectionate versus reserved.
extraversion
Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures:
extraversion
According to the facial feedback hypothesis:
facial expressions can actually determine our emotional experience.
B lymphocyte is to T lymphocyte as _____ is to _____.
fighting bacterial infections; attacking viruses
Among violent criminals, activity appears to be reduced in the _____ lobe of the brain.
frontal
According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from
fustration
A group of homophobic high school students, including James and Maria, discussed prejudice against gays. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates
group polarization
Which social psychological phenomenon is probably MOST relevant to the fact that online conversation tends to strengthen social movements as different as Black Lives Matter on the one hand, and alt-right White supremacism on the other?
group polarization
Louis is an expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on his choice of scales. Louis decides to change his opinion for the good of the group. This BEST illustrates:
groupthink
Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if
he feels insecure in his role on the team
Lupe examines how social support may buffer the negative effects of stigma on the well-being of HIV-positive gay men of color. Lupe is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.
health
According to Rogers, a person's self-concept is positive if the
ideal-self and actual-self are nearly alike
People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This BEST illustrates the subtle nature of:
implicit prejudice
In Eysenck and Eysenck's model, Jeffrey is unstable and extraverted. Jeffrey is MOST likely:
impulsive
Donald thought he was well prepared for a presentation he was giving. However, he failed to anticipate questions his audience would ask him. Afterward, he was surprised by how poorly he performed. Many researchers would argue that Donald's:
incompetence caused him to be overconfident
People often accept other people's opinions about reality because they wish to be accurate. This is called _____ social influence.
informational
During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roach counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roach is suggesting instead that it reflects _____ social influence.
informational; normative
The social group to which a person belongs is called the _____, and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the _____.
ingroup; outgroup
A frontal lobe area involved in ________ is ________ active in extraverts than in introverts.
inhibiting behavior; less
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system _____ digestion and _____ blood pressure.
inhibits; increases
The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the _____ phenomenon.
just-world
After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates
learned helplessness
Juan loves horseback riding. Which choice exemplifies a behavioral factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?
learning how to ride horses
Aggression is related to increased activity in the _____ and decreased activity in the _____.
limbic system; central executive
After experiencing the stress of losing her job, Colleen suffered an increased incidence of cold and flu infections. Her increased illness is best attributed to reduced levels of
lymphocytes
With respect to the immune system, stress:
may increase or decrease the systems activity
Compared with European-American students, Asian-American students are more likely to value
modesty
Ben's sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into the house he starts smiling, even before she says something funny. This is caused by:
mood contagion.
Males who repeatedly listen to songs that contain misogynistic song lyrics are more likely to exhibit _____ attitudes toward _____.
negative; women
While Wendy disagrees with her boss, she laughs at her joke anyway to gain her approval. Wendy's behavior illustrates:
normative social influence
The physical changes that accompany emotional experience are:
partly conscious and partly unconscious
Celebrity endorsements represent one way to influence an audience via _____ route persuasion.
peripheral
Alexandra wants to buy a new car before she goes off to college. She wants one that looks good and has a nice stereo system so that she can listen to her favorite music while driving to class. Which form of persuasion would probably be more convincing to her?
peripheral route persuasion
A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors and is used to assess selected traits is known as a(n):
personality inventories
Boyd, a suspect in a criminal investigation, has agreed to take a lie detector test. The machine used in this test is most likely to measure his
perspiration levels
According to Abraham Maslow, we focus on personal safety after meeting our ________ needs.
physiological
Dr. Navarre investigates the link between coping strategies and immune system functioning during stressful situations. Dr. Navarre is BEST described as a:
psychoneuroimmunologist.
An understanding of how stress affects our resistance to disease is the central focus of the field of
psychoneuroimmunology.
The benefit of student teaching and mental health practicum experiences is that it allows professors and supervisors to assess students' behaviors in _____ situations.
realistic
Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events. Their personality shape how they interpret and react to events. In turn, their reactions influence subsequent events in a way that often reinforces their anxiety. This BEST illustrates the concept of:
reciprocal determinism
How we treat others influences how they treat us. This is an example of
reciprocal determinism
After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of the
reciprocity norm
A loss of perceived control tends to result in
reduced immune responses
Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the _____ theory.
scapegoat
The _____ theory proposes that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
scapegoat
Accepting ourselves without excessive dependence on the approval of others best illustrates
secure self-esteem
Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of
self-esteem
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck BEST illustrate a _____ bias.
self-serving
Jennifer attributes her failing grade in sociology to an unfair final exam. Her attitude illustrates:
self-serving bias
Maria recently graduated college and is now a professor at a university. This is her first semester at her new job. Maria makes sure that she dresses the part of a professor, taking ideas of attire from the professors she had while a college student. She also makes sure that she behaves as a professor. Maria likely feels like:
she is acting a role
Dr. Perez is studying prejudice and discrimination. She is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.
social
_____ psychologists investigate how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
social
The home advantage in college and professional athletic events can be attributed to:
social facilliation
Experiencing prejudice and discrimination due to gender identity or sexual orientation is a form of
social stress
Reciprocal determinism is associated with the _____ perspective.
social-cognitive
The _____ perspective proposes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations, and that the way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.
social-cognitive
The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
spillover
When Paul noticed that he had spilled coffee on his new shirt, he overestimated the likelihood that other people at the meeting would notice. Paul's reaction BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
spotlight
When Vanessa noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction BEST illustrates:
spotlight effect
In Eysenck and Eysenck's model, a carefree person is MOST likely:
stable and extraverted
The process of appraising an event as threatening or challenging is called _____.
stress
Which choice correctly pairs a stress-related concept with a description?
stress-process
Which personality concept is matched with the correct theory?
superego-psychoanalytic
David T. Lykken's saying of "we could avoid two-thirds of all crime simply by putting all able-bodied young men in cryogenic sleep from the age of 12 through 28" demonstrates the understanding that _____ and _____with age.
testosterone levels; aggressiveness decrease
One analysis revealed that pitchers were more likely to hit batters when the previous batter had hit a home run. This BEST illustrates:
the frustration-aggression principle.
Rhys submits a major report to his boss ahead of the deadline. His boss assumes that Rhys is conscientious, rather than that he simply had more time than usual to devote to the assignment. This example illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called:
the fundamental attribution error
In one study, McMaster University students were more trusting of the game player whose face had some of their own facial features morphed into it. This best illustrates the impact of
the mere exposure effect
In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by
the sympathetic nervous system
Angela sent an email to her best friend in which she teased her about getting her first B in a college course. Angela believed her teasing was good-natured and funny. Her friend responded that she was hurt and accused Angela of being insensitive and uncaring. Which aspect of Angela's email is LEAST likely to have contributed to this misunderstanding?
the words she used to tease her friend
An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins is best explained in terms of
the-just-world phenomenon
The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
When Greg's autonomic nervous system was aroused, he misinterpreted the harmless symptoms as indicators of an impending heart attack. This misinterpretation caused him to experience an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional response is BEST understood in terms of the:
two-factor theory
Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as
unconditional positive regard
According to Freud, the ________ is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware.
unconscious mind
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists agree that childhood experiences shape our
ways of becoming attracted to others
During the first few weeks of law school, students were observed to have stronger immune systems if they
were optimistic
How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?
It improves performance on easy tasks and hinder's a performance on difficult tasks
When a police officer pulls over a car because the driver is an African-American male in an expensive car, the police officer has committed:
a microaggression.
Feelings that predispose one to act in certain ways to people, objects, or events are called _____,whereas the explanations one develops for others' behavior or one's own are called _____.
attitudes; attributions
Discrimination is to _____ as prejudice is to _____.
behavior; attitude
Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of:
beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.
Being highly imaginative is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of
openness
Suppose a researcher creates a measure of anti-LGBTQ prejudice. High scores indicate greater prejudice. The researcher should find a _____ correlation between scores on this measure among a sample of straight people and the suicide rate among gays and lesbians in the same community.
positive
An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.
interracial contact
Today, almost all Americans are willing to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate. In 1937, the corresponding proportion was MOST nearly:
1/3
James is a married man who has six children and another one on the way. He has a demanding job as a cardiologist in a major research hospital. His wife, Molly, is a stay-at-home mother. He is described by friends as easygoing, happy, and content with his life. His wife is often stressed by the demands of pregnancy as well as raising six small children. She is frequently angry with James for not taking parenting more seriously. Which statement is MOST likely true?
Molly is more at risk for a stress-related illness than James
Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of the reciprocity norm.
a diffusion of responsibility
If one mimics another person's facial expressions of emotion, one probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is BEST explained in terms of the:
behavior feed-back phenomena
According to the _____ effect, to improve a depressed mood one could walk briskly while swinging their arms and looking forward.
behavior feedback
The two different types of attributions that people make are _____ and _____.
dispositional; situational
Attitude is to action as _____ is to _____.
prejudice; discrimination
According to cross-cultural research, women are generally perceived as having higher levels of emotionality. Some researchers suggest that this perception is caused by:
women's openness to feelings
A month ago, Jason lost his job due to circumstances beyond his control and he is very concerned about his financial situation. Since then, he has learned that his wife will not be able to return to the United States because she cannot get her green card, and that his rent-controlled apartment is being sold so he must find another place to live. Given what happens when people feel unable to control their environment, which of these is happening to Jason?
His immune response is dropping
The two earliest theories of emotion in psychology's history differed with respect to the relationship between bodily arousal and emotional experience. One of these theories was the _____ theory.
James-Lange
Evidence that emotion follows physiological arousal would be most consistent with the _____. Evidence that emotion follows the placement of a cognitive label on physiological arousal would be most consistent with the _____.
James-Lange theory; two-factor theory
Cognitive appraisal ("Is it dangerous or not?")—sometimes without our awareness—defines emotion.
Lazarus
____ _____ ("big eaters") identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells.
Macrophage cells
The psychologist _____ is known for early demonstrations of the universality of emotional expressions among Americans and New Guineans.
Paul Ekman
According to the textbook, psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back at LEAST to:
William James
Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal.
Zajonc's; LeDoux's
Congenitally blind athletes _____ Paul Ekman's evidence for the universality of emotional expressions.
display social smiles; supporting
Maya owes the credit card company $20,000, her adjustable-rate mortgage has just gone up, and she has been out of work for 3 months. Her husband of 15 years came home today to tell her he was having an affair and wants a divorce. With that news, she collapsed and had to be taken to the emergency room. In Selye's general adaptation syndrome, Maya is in Phase:
3, in a state of exhaustion
_____ is any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.
Aggression
Justyce is in a movie theater and on the screen one of the actors is cut across the arm. He gasps but everyone else in attendance is silent. Which country might he be in?
China
The fact that facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion most clearly serves to support the
Facial Feedback Effect
Marshall was involved in a traumatic head injury that damaged the right frontal lobe of his brain. Based on the textbook's discussion, Marshall may experience which emotional change?
He may be less irritable and more affectionate
Michelle and Paul attended the funeral of a mutual friend. When others asked them how their friend's fiancé was taking the loss, who is MOST likely to give a more detailed and accurate account of the fiancé's emotional state?
Michelle
_____ _____ ___ (NK cells) attack diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).
Natural killer cells
Our experience of emotion depends on two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label.
Schachter; singer two-factor theory
Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that
Sometimes emotion precedes cognition
Ava looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. She immediately feels her heart start to pound. She is confused by this response until she remembers her last experience on a Ferris wheel. During that experience, the wind started to blow, the seats began to rock, and she thought she was going to die. Ava realizes her heart is pounding because she is afraid. Which theory BEST explains this sequence of events?
Two-factor theory
Carl Jung believed that the collective unconscious contains ________ derived from our species' universal experiences.
archetypes
Misplacing one's keys is an example of a type of stressor called a(n):
daily hassle
Aggression is related to _____ activity in the central executive and _____ activity in the limbic system.
decreased; increased
Left prefrontal cortex activation is to right prefrontal cortex activation as ________ is to ________.
delight; disgust
Sara and a colleague are having dinner together. While they wait on their order, a Muslim family enters the restaurant and the woman is wearing a Hijab. Sara's colleague leans closer to her and says "I am not sure how she expects to eat with all of that junk covering her face." Her colleague is demonstrating:
prejudice
Aaron failed to realize that his co-workers interpreted many of his e-mail messages as criticisms when he simply intended them to convey playful kidding. Aaron's failure best illustrates what Piaget called
Egocentrism
The _____ theory of emotion suggests that people feel sorry because they cry and afraid because they tremble.
James-Lange
The _____ theory of emotion suggests that the experience of emotion is the awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
James-Lange
The first theory of emotion in psychology's history was the _____ theory.
James-Lange
A former major-league football player is convicted of a violent crime against another person. An expert testifies in his defense that the player's crime stemmed from a degenerative brain disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE. CTE is brought on by the repeated head injury experienced by many football players. With respect to the _____ model, CTE reflects a biological influence on aggression.
biopsychosocial
An empathetic person will identify with others and can imagine what it might be like to walk in another person's shoes. There are some apparent gender differences related to empathy. Which observation supports this finding?
Females are more likely to cry and report distress when observing someone else in distress.
Chiana and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other. They would be advised to spend time looking intently at one another's
Eye's
After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch-high "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California homeowners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
