psychology exam 5

which statement about humor and health is true?

Humor can reduce sensitivity to pain.

which statement about aggression is true?

Male aggressiveness is related to both socialization and the presence of testosterone.

which statement about aggression by women is true?

Women are more likely than men to aggress by causing social harm.

Which person will MOST likely have a negative reaction to a stressful situation?

a person who cannot escape from the situation

Which man is MOST likely to be aggressive?

a younger man with unrealistically high self-esteem

the _____ phase of the general adaption syndrome is similar to the fight-or-flight syndrome proposed by Walter Cannon.

alarm

the phrase of the general adaption syndrome in which the body uses energy to draw on its stores of fat and muscles is called:

alarm

the general adaption syndrome occurs in three stages, which are, in order:

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

on september 11,2001, people headed into the burning building to try to rescue people they did not know. This is an example of:

altruism

Those who react with _____ to stress are most likely to develop premature heart disease.

anger and hostility

The enduring evaluation of an object or event, positive or negative, is called a(n):

attitude

the enduring piece of knowledge about an object or even is called a(n):

belief

In choosing a long-term mate for a monogamous relationship:

both sexes are equally selective

After working for 15 years as an emergency room technician, Ralph is physically, mentally, and emotionally exhausted. Ralph probably suffers from:

burnout

Because Estevan had studied well ahead of time, he regarded the final exam as a(n) _____ instead of a ____.

challenge ; threat

a stressful event people believe they can handle is termed a _______, whereas a stressor that would overwhelm a person is termed a ________.

challenge ; threat

Elements of city life, such as noise, traffic, and pollution, produce:

chronic stress

one factor that increases the risk of engaging in unprotected sex is:

consuming alcohol

Shannon is a shy, quiet college student. However, when she sits in the student section at university basketball games, she cheers and yells whenever her team scores. Shannon's behavior at the game illustrates the phenomenon of:

deindividuation

Ashley's blazing fastball and wicked curveball resulted in her having the best win-loss record of any pitcher in her softball league this season. This type of attribution is called:

dispositional

which of these is not one of the basic motives that makes a person susceptible to social influence?

equity motive

the phrase of the general adaption syndrome in which the body experiences organ damage is called:

exhaustion

the _____ refers to an emotional and psychological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action.

fight-or-flight response

When a vacuum cleaner salesman persuades you to let him vacuum your living room for free, he is likely to increase his chances that he will make a sale. The salesman is using the ____ technique.

foot-in-the-door

The single best predictor of aggression is:

gender

when faced with a stressor, people report that the level of stress is _____ when they perceive that ______.

greatest; they cannot control stressful events.

Sarah is interested in psychology as a career choice. In particular, she is interested in the area of psychology concerned with ways in which psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health. Most likely, Sarah would select _____ as a career choice.

health psychology

a government that imposes harsh penalties for minor crimes is attempting to change the behavior of its citizens by exploiting the ______ motive.

hedonic

a government that institutes tax breaks for individuals who drive fuel-efficient cars is appealing to the _____ motive.

hedonic

Burnout is most frequently observed in the _____ professions.

helping

political candidates are eager for endorsements from movie stars and famous athletes, knowing that these endorsements will influence people to vote for them. The principle at work here is ______ persuasion.

heuristic

which statement best fits the definition of reframing as a stress control technique?

julie reduces er anxiety about public speaking by imagining that she is evaluating her audience

______ are more likely than others to be stressed and depressed.

lonely people

Anthony Philip's homeroom teacher seats her pupils in alphabetical order. By the end of the school year, Anthony's best friends had become Jake Parker and Aaron Porter. This is BEST explained by the phenomenon called:

mere exposure effect

you are likely to work hardest to like the new neighbors who:

moved in next door to you

Yasmine took her cousin Jade out to lunch and picked up the tab. Jade said, "Thanks. I'll pay next time." Jade's response demonstrates what principle?

norm of reciprocity

Customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture are called:

norms

self-regulation often involves:

not succumbing to immediate gratification.

among people who have just had heart surgery, one would expect that _____ would be ______ likely to have post surgical complications.

optimists; less

Similar to men, women respond to stress with sympathetic nervous system arousal and the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, but unlike men they also release the hormone:

oxytocin

Systems of rewards and punishment can backfire because:

people do not like to feel manipulated

Which statement is true?

people see members of other groups in a less favorable light than members of their own group.

the tendency for people to see what they expect to see is termed:

perceptual confirmation

the most effective means by which to stop smoking involves:

persistence in trying to quit

the most basic motive is:

pleasure seeking

although Alexander is careful to treat all of his equipment fairly, he secretly feels that those who graduated from his business school are more competent employees than those who graduated from rival schools. This illustrates:

prejudice

The _____ appraisal process allows a person to decide whether a red spot on their finger is blood or simply a glob of ketchup.

primary

______ appraisal refers to deciding whether or not a stimulus is stressful.

primary

the cognitive strategy for managing stress that involves facing the stressor and working to overcome it is called:

rational coping

"You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours" illustrates the principle of:

reciprocal altruism

____ is best described as cooperation extended over time.

reciprocal altruism

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future is called:

reciprocal altruism

Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat is called

reframing

Which proverb BEST describes the research findings concerning attraction?

"Birds of a feather flock together"

the Type ___ behavior pattern is characterized by a tendency toward easily aroused anger, impatience, a sense of urgency, and competition.

A

which statement about passionate love is true?

Passionate love reaches its peak quickly.

Lee was recently fired from his job. To deal with this stress, Lee moved to another state, stopped communicating with friends from his previous job, and obtained employment in a completely different field. Lee's behavior illustrates ___ coping.

repressive

________ is the style of dealing with stress characterized by avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint.

repressive coping

the phase of the general adaption syndrome in which the body shuts down unnecessary processes such as digestion and sex drive is called:

resistance

Stress is to a _____ as a stressor is to a _____.

response ; stimulus

_____ appraisal refers to the process by which people decide whether they can handle a stressful event.

secondary

the exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards is called:

self-regulation

Students smile and listen attentively as Professor Lee delivers her lecture. They laugh at her jokes and a few even applaud when she finishes. After class, Professor Lee is most likely to think that:

she is a totally awesome lecturer

the hypothesis that people stay in relationships as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits is known as:

social exchange

the ability to control another person's behavior is termed:

social influence

______ are defined as specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threatens a person's well-being.

stressors

Faces of both sexes are judged to be more attractive when they have features that are:

symmetrical

political candidates often vow to win your vote by using ______, but spend most of their time and money trying to win your vote using ______.

systematic persuasion; heuristic persuasion

the female response to stress is _____, whereas the male response more often is ______.

tend-and-befriend; fight or flight

When students were not motivated to analyze arguments by a Princeton professor or a high school student, their attitudes were more influenced by:

the Princeton professor

Jason yells at a bank teller because of a mistake on his account. Observers are likely to think Jason is a rude, quarrelsome person. Jason, however, would probably attribute his anger outburst to the frustrating situation of waiting in line and dealing with a surly teller. This apparent contradiction illustrates:

the actor-observer effect

When Jimmy was growing up, his parents frequently told him he was "no good" and wouldn't amount to anything. Jimmy grew up to be a bitter, angry, destructive adult. His parents said, "We always knew this would happen." This result is an example of:

the self-fulfilling prophecy

which statement about stereotypes is FALSE?

they are not useful

people are often not aware of the stereotypes they are using because they occur:

unconsciously

rational coping involves three steps- acceptance, exposure, and:

understanding

In choosing sexual and reproductive partners:

women are more selective than men