psychology final

A child who genuinely enjoys playing the piano is given lavish praise for this activity by her parents. The parents may unwittingly be reducing the likelihood that she will play and changing the meaning that playing the piano represents, through: extinction. partial reinforcement. the overjustification effect. shaping.

the overjustification effect.

Cognitive psychology is BEST characterized as the study of: A. the physiological mechanisms in the brain that mediate behavior. B. the various forms of mental information that guide behavior and experience. C. the various mental and/or emotional disorders that trouble people. D. the changes in behavior that directly relate to changes in the environment.

the various forms of mental information that guide behavior and experience.

Alessandro is a newborn baby boy. Erik Erikson would say the primary social problem to be resolved in Alessandro's life is developing a sense of: trust. autonomy. initiative. industry.

trust.

The heritability of bipolar disorder has been assessed through research on _____, which has revealed _____ genetic influences. creative writers and artists; no. creative writers and artists; strong. twins and adoptees; no. twins and adoptees; strong.

twins and adoptees; strong.

Dr. Reese conducts an experiment to examine the effects of different antidepressants on individuals with depression. She has each individual take drug A for 3 months, drug B for 3 months, and no antidepressant for 3 months. She measures the participants' feelings of sadness daily and calculates their average for each 3-month period. Dr. Reese's experiment is a _____ experiment. correlational. within-subject. naturalistic. between-groups.

within-subject.

In the information-processing model, _____ memory is where all conscious thinking, perceiving, and decision making takes place. sensory. working. long-term. iconic.

working.

Which value illustrates the highest correlation coefficient? +0.5. +0.1. -0.3. -0.8.

-0.8.

Schizophrenia is found in roughly _____ percent of people at some time in their lives. .05 0.7 4 8

0.7

Emilio is beginning to spontaneously give toys and food to his parents. About how old is Emilio? 1 year old. 3 years old. 4 years old. 5 years old.

1 year old.

The median of 20, 12, 10, 19, 13 is: 19. 13. 10. 16.

13

Which part of the ear is designed to receive sound waves and funnel them inward to other parts of the ear so that the sound stimulus can lead to the experience of hearing? A. outer ear B. basilar membrane C. cochlea D. auditory nerve

A. outer ear

The _____ form the structure of every cell of the body, and _____ control the rate of every chemical reaction in every cell. Chromosomes; alleles. Enzymes; structural proteins. Alleles; chromosomes. Structural proteins; enzymes.

Structural proteins; enzymes.

The _____ control the rate of every chemical reaction in every cell. Enzymes. Genes. Proteins. DNA.

Enzymes.

Reflexology was born out of the understanding of how _____ work together to create reflexive actions. A. the central nervous system and peripheral nerves B. the peripheral nervous system and pineal gland C. localized brain areas D. body and soul

the central nervous system and peripheral nerves

The psychological perspective identified with an attempt to understand learning in terms of hypothetical mental entities, such as expectancies, that can be inferred from observable behavior is: the evolutionary perspective. S-R theory. the cognitive perspective. the S-S theory.

the cognitive perspective.

Suppose Samuel reads an article in which the author argues that human marriage will always fail because human genes suit us for polygamy as much as for monogamy. This argument fails because it rests on: social Darwinism. the deterministic fallacy. the naturalistic fallacy. the illusion of evolutionary foresight.

the deterministic fallacy.

According to research, what percentage of people in Western societies suffer from a phobia sometime in their life? 3 to 6 percent. 7 to 13 percent. 14 to 19 percent. 20 to 25 percent.

7 to 13 percent.

Which correlation coefficient would indicate the weakest correlation? A. 0.00 B. 0.20 C. 0.50 D. -0.40

A. 0.00

Which statement is TRUE? A. A woman is more likely to complain of stress and anxiety. B. A man is more likely to complain of stress and anxiety. C. Either a man or a woman is more likely to report alcohol and other drug dependence. D. A child is more likely to report outbursts of anger.

A. A woman is more likely to complain of stress and anxiety.

What is one potential problem with conducting research in a laboratory setting? A. Artificial environments may interfere with genuine results. B. It is easier to control temperature in a laboratory setting. C. Control devices are not as efficient in labs. D. The data that are collected are biased.

A. Artificial environments may interfere with genuine results

Edwin was ambushed and mugged. Two weeks later, he viewed a police lineup to see if one of the subjects was the one who robbed him. What would MOST likely help Edwin pick out the correct suspect? A. Baddeley's central executive B. Baddeley's phonological loop C. anterograde amnesia D. contextual stimuli present as the police station

A. Baddeley's central executive

Cari was assigned to read ____ written by ______ in order to learn more about the philosophy of materialism for her psychology project. A. Leviathan; Thomas Hobbes B. The Passions of the Soul; Rene C. Reflexes of the Brain; I. M. Sechenov D. The Origin of Species; Charles Darwin

A. Leviathan; Thomas Hobbes

Yang-Su is abruptly woken up by his cat while he is dreaming about falling off the edge of a building. What stage of sleep has he most likely been awaken from? A. REM B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4

A. REM

During which stage does a sleeper produce an unsynchronized EEG similar to that of an awake, alert person? A. REM sleep B. stage 2 C. stage 3 D. stage 4

A. REM sleep

Unsynchronized EEG (fast, irregular beta waves) characterizes both: A. REM sleep and high arousal when awake. B. REM sleep and a relaxed, inattentive awake state. C. nondreaming, deep sleep and a relaxed inattentive awake state. D. light sleep and a relaxed, inattentive awake state.

A. REM sleep and high arousal when awake.

Alex and Sean were learning about the ways humans and animals act in their psychology class. Their teacher expressed the idea, developed by ______, that behaviors such as eating, drinking, and running can be thought of as occurring solely in a mechanical manner, without the involvement of judgment and reasoning. A. Rene Descartes B. Immanuel Kant C. John Locke D. Thomas Hobbes

A. Rene Descartes

If Imani has an intense fear of jellyfish, _____ would predict that seeing and perceiving a jellyfish when swimming would lead Imani to feel the emotion of fear while her level of body arousal would influence the intensity of fear she feels. A. Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory B. the common-sense theory C. James's peripheral feedback theory D. Ekman's facial feedback theory

A. Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory

Which statement about taste receptors is FALSE? A. Taste receptors, located in spherical structures called taste buds, exist only on the tongue. B. They facilitate the sensation of taste. C. The specific mechanism of transduction is specialized for different types of taste receptors. D. There are five types of taste receptors.

A. Taste receptors, located in spherical structures called taste buds, exist only on the tongue.

Which statement is a key piece of evidence that supports Moffitt's theory of adolescent violence? A. The adolescent peak in violence and crime is greater in modern cultures than in traditional cultures. B. Adolescents who are sensation seekers and who believe that they are invulnerable are more violent than adolescents who are neither. C. Adolescents report that their risky and violent behavior is a way to set themselves apart from the adult world while gaining status among their peers. D. The adolescent peak in violence among young males is triggered by public signs of disrespect or challenges to status.

A. The adolescent peak in violence and crime is greater in modern cultures than in traditional cultures.

Sandra and Rahul are a happily married couple. Which statement is MOST likely to be a characteristic of their relationship? A. They think of themselves not just as wife and husband, but as best friends and confidants. B. They value their independence more than their interdependence. C. They rarely have arguments with each other. D. Neither Sandra nor Rahul cares about how much money the other makes.

A. They think of themselves not just as wife and husband, but as best friends and confidants.

Materialism is credited to which philosopher? A. Thomas Hobbes B. Rene Descartes C. John Locked D. Immanuel Kant

A. Thomas Hobbes

In what sense can it be said that a particular behavior is the product of evolution by natural selection? A. When the ability and tendency to respond to stimuli in a particular way result in reproductive advantage, the genes responsible are more likely to be passed on from generation to generation. B. Some behaviors, such as reflexes, are a direct result of genetic influences, and it is only these behaviors that may be said to have evolved. Complex behaviors are not the result of evolution. C. Natural selection works to produce organisms that are superior (bigger, stronger, faster, smarter, etc.) to those of the preceding generation. Any behaviors that are the result of this selection process may be said to have evolved. D. Behaviors evolve to make organisms more attractive to potential mating partners, thus increasing reproduction.

A. When the ability and tendency to respond to stimuli in a particular way result in reproductive advantage, the genes responsible are more likely to be passed on from generation to generation.

According to Weber's law, the just-noticeable difference for stimulus magnitude is: A. a constant proportion of the magnitude of the original stimulus. B. proportional to the logarithm of the difference between the original stimulus and the comparison stimulus. C. the magnitude of the original stimulus raised to the power 3.42. D. the average of the responses obtained through the method of magnitude estimation.

A. a constant proportion of the magnitude of the original stimulus.

Introspection refers to: A. a form of self-report B. an observational method C. a method of descriptive statistics D. method utilized in field studies

A. a form of self-report

The neurons near the proximal end of the basilar membrane fire rapidly, while other neurons on the membrane barely fire. The brain interprets this as: A. a high-pitched sound. B. a low-pitched sound. C. no sound. D. a combination of widely varying tones.

A. a high-pitched sound.

Immanuel Kant distinguished between _____ knowledge, which is built into the human brain and does not have to be learned, and ______ knowledge, which is gained from experience in the environment. A. a priori; a posteriori B. nativist; empiricist C. empiricist; nativist D. a posteriori; a priori

A. a priori; a posteriori

Survey research on the nature of adolescent rebellion seems to show that adolescents typically _____ and that _____. A. admire and accept many of their parents' values; rebellion is usually aimed at parental control over their behavior. B. go through a difficult period when they rebel against their parents' values; they usually reconcile with their parents based on mutual acceptance of differences as they reach young adulthood. C. misunderstand their parents' basic values; their rebellion is based more on misconception than on actual differences. D. are at the boundary between traditional and newly emerging societal values; their rebellion against their parents is the battlefield on which this conflict is fought.

A. admire and accept many of their parents' values; rebellion is usually aimed at parental control over their behavior.

Jimmy is a graduate student who does research on rats, stimulating the pleasure centers of their brains to record how it reflects their behavior, while josh is a graduate student who looks through past research on rats and their natural selection patterns to hypothesize how future generations behavior will manifest. Jimmy is a ______ psychologist who looks at _____ as a cause, while Josh is a _____ psychologist who looks at ______ as a cause. A. behavioral neuroscience; brain; evolutionary; natural selection B. behavioral neuroscience; natural selection; evolutionary; brain C. behavioral neuroscience; brain; behavioral geneticist; natural selection D. evolutionary; natural selection; behavioral neuroscience; brain

A. behavioral neuroscience; brain; evolutionary; natural selection

Researchers who focus on individual neurons or small groups of neurons to determine how their characteristics contribute to particular psychological capacities are: A. behavioral neuroscientists B. evolutionary psychologists C. cognitive scientists D. developmental psychologists

A. behavioral neuroscientists

Dr. Janowich is looking at the demographic information for participants in one of his experimental groups. He notices that all participants in this group have surnames that are originally from the same country in Europe Dr. Janowich is worried that this group is a(n): A. biased sample B. error group C. immigrant group D. statistical anomaly

A. biased sample

What factors have been shown to increase a person's susceptibility to schizophrenia? A. birth traumas, such as oxygen deprivation. B. childhood immunizations. C. low levels of expressed emotions. D. living in developed countries.

A. birth traumas, such as oxygen deprivation.

The set of neurons in which activity constitutes a motivational state is called a: A. central drive system. B. homeostatic mechanism. C. regulatory drive system. D. nerve.

A. central drive system.

The fact that humans can distinguish a more intense sound from a less intense one indicates that humans are able to: A. code quantitative information about stimuli. B. code qualitative information about stimuli. C. adapt to a range of sensory stimuli. D. use different receptors that are responsive to different frequencie

A. code quantitative information about stimuli.

The _____ must signal heightened probability of occurrence of the _____ for classical conditioning to take place. A. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus. C. conditioned response; unconditioned response. D. unconditioned response; conditioned response

A. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus.

Associations, memories that are stored not in isolation but in: A. connections that link networks in the long-term memory together. B. an organization of people whose common purpose is figuring out how the human memory works. C. the moment when any memory is activated by an appropriate stimulus or thought. D. a retrieval cue between the sensory memory and working memory.

A. connections that link networks in the long-term memory together.

Judas and Julia are playing at recess. Vygotsky would argue that Judas and Julia's social play promotes: A. conscious attention to rules of behavior. B. spontaneity and creativity. C. mutual awareness of each of the other player's personal needs. D. the expression of deep, unconscious wishes, which helps resolve emotional problems.

A. conscious attention to rules of behavior.

The memory of an event is MOST like a: A. construction built and rebuilt from various sources of information. B. series of still photographs of the original event that can be shuffled into different order. C. videotape of the original event running from beginning to end without stop. D. videotape of the original event that runs and stops at critical points and then continues to run.

A. construction built and rebuilt from various sources of information.

Research on schizophrenia suggests that the greater the expressed emotion in the home, the greater the chances that a diagnosed family member's symptoms will worsen and perhaps need hospitalization. The term expressed emotion refers to family members in the same household: A. criticizing and otherwise communicating negative attitudes toward or about the person with schizophrenia. B. refusing to accept that the person with schizophrenia has a serious mental disorder or even truly significant symptoms, even to the point of quarreling about it. C. considering the disorder to be temporary, for example, likening it to a case of nerves. D. being demonstrative about their feelings, whether anger with one another or affection for one another.

A. criticizing and otherwise communicating negative attitudes toward or about the person with schizophrenia.

Which division of psychology is NOT closely related to biology? A. cultural psy B. evolutionary psy C. behavioral genetics D. behavioral neuroscience

A. cultural psy

Johnathon has spent the last 3 years observing the mating patterns of blue-footed boobies in Peru. He is MOST likely conducting a(n) _____ study A. descriptive B. correlational C. laboratory D. experimental

A. descriptive

Unlike other research designs, a(n) _______ study does not _______. A. descriptive; describe relationships B. correlational; describe relationships C. experiment; assess cause and effect D. descriptive; use numbers

A. descriptive; describe relationships

While Jose did not need inferential statistics for the ______ study he just completed, he's predicting he will use them for his upcoming _____ study A. descriptive; experimental B. project; descriptive C. laboratory; field D. pain; descriptive

A. descriptive; experimental

The primary purpose of the strange-situation test is to: A. determine an infant's attachment style to a caregiver. B. determine the infant's anxiety level in stressful situations. C. test the importance of sleeping in the same bed or room as a parent. D. test abilities of infants to comfort a distressed or upset parent.

A. determine an infant's attachment style to a caregiver.

Two lion cubs are stalking and pouncing on their mother's tail. Of the five categories of mammalian drives, their practicing of life skills through play would be categorized as a(n) _____ drive. A. educative B. safety C. regulatory D. social

A. educative

In pain reduction, which is MOST likely to mediate the placebo effect? A. endorphin production B. heightened sensitivity of A-delta fibers C. the reabsorption of potassium by C fibers D. the inhibition of the PAG (periaqueductal gray)

A. endorphin production

Jon uses opiates, such as morphine, codeine, and heroin, because these drugs reduce pain and create a euphoric feeling. These drugs are effective because they chemically mimic _______, (a) naturally occurring chemical(s) in the body. A. endorphins B. dopamine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine

A. endorphins

After her house was robbed, Salina was asked to identify the guilty man in a lineup. While talking to the police officer, her judgement of who committed the crime inadvertently changed because of how the officer looked at each of the suspects. This is an example of: A. false eyewitness memory B. fitting memories to schemas or scripts C. false memories of childhood experiences D. source confusion and social pressure

A. false eyewitness memory

Diana Baumrind's study would be classified as a(n) ______ study, however if she conducted her study in a highly controlled, artificial, environment, then her study would be a(n) ______ study. A. field; laboratory B. laboratory; field C. experimental; field D. correlational study; field

A. field; laboratory

In one study, some mothers were trained to use firm but kind methods of discipline and others were not trained. The results showed that, compared to children of the untrained mothers, the children of the trained mothers were rated as: A. friendlier and more cooperative by their teachers. B. showing few differences according to behavioral measures. C. unhappier according to self-measurement, though teachers rated them as slightly more cooperative. D. showing no improvement in school by their teachers.

A. friendlier and more cooperative by their teachers.

A puppy watches an older dog claw its way into a large bag of potato chips and starts eating them with enthusiasm. The puppy is more attracted to eating potato chips than he previously was, which illustrates _____ as a type of _____. A. goal enhancement; observational learning. B. goal enhancement; operant conditioning. C. stimulus enhancement; observational learning. D. stimulus enhancement; operant conditioning.

A. goal enhancement; observational learning.

In an experiment, the variable hypothesized to be the cause is called the _____, and the variable hypothesized to be affected is called the _____. A. independent variable; dependent variable B. dependent variable; independent variable. C. experimental variable; independent variable. D. constant; variable

A. independent variable; dependent variable

Research suggests that obese people may have _____ PYY production; this _____ a contributing cause of obesity. A. insufficient; may well be B. excessive; may well be C. insufficient; is not, however, D. excessive; is not, however,

A. insufficient; may well be

Maintenance rehearsal is the general term for the process by which people _____, and encoding rehearsal is the general term for the process by which people _____. A. keep information in working memory; move information from working memory into long-term memory. B. move information from working memory into long-term memory; move information from sensory memory into working memory. C. move information from sensory memory into working memory; move information from working memory into long-term memory. D. keep information in sensory and working memory; move information from sensory memory into working memory and from working memory into long-term memory.

A. keep information in working memory; move information from working memory into long-term memory.

The artificial distortion of behavior is an issue with: A. laboratory studies B. field studies C. simulation studies D. experiments

A. laboratory studies

Cultural psychology is the field of psychology that studies: A. large groups of people and how values and attitudes shape the behavior of people living within those groups B. how other people or thoughts about other people influence the behavior of an individual C. how age-related changes influence behavior D. how prior experience with the environment influences behavior

A. large groups of people and how values and attitudes shape the behavior of people living within those groups

Thomas, Andrew, and George are forming a peer group, while Cindy, Mary, and Stephanie are forming a separate peer group. Statistically, the peer groups formed by Thomas, Andrew, and George will likely be: A. larger, more competitive, and more hierarchical than peer groups formed by Cindy, Mary, and Stephanie. B. smaller, more cooperative, and more concerned with equality than peer groups formed by Cindy, Mary, and Stephanie. C. very similar to peer groups formed by Cindy, Mary, and Stephanie in size, organization, and dynamics. D. similar to the peer groups of girls 2 years younger.

A. larger, more competitive, and more hierarchical than peer groups formed by Cindy, Mary, and Stephanie.

According to research done by Tolman, animals that are allowed to explore a maze without reward will: A. learn about the maze but will not demonstrate their knowledge until a reward is available. B. show exactly the same behavior as animals who are rewarded. C. fail to learn anything about the maze until a reward becomes available. D. become confused and learn more slowly than other animals when a reward does become available.

A. learn about the maze but will not demonstrate their knowledge until a reward is available.

A woman is eagerly waiting at a coffee shop for her fiancé to arrive. When she sees him approaching, she would most likely experience positive emotions associated with increased brain activity in her: A. left prefrontal cortex B. right prefrontal cortex C. medulla D. pons

A. left prefrontal cortex

When fat cells have adequate reserves, they secrete the hormone known as _____, which _____ the hunger drive. A. leptin; decreases B. neuropeptide Y; decreases C.leptin; increases D. neuropeptide Y; increases

A. leptin; decreases

The major advantage of a field study over a laboratory study is that the field study is: A. less likely to distort the participant's behavior. B. more likely to produce quantifiable data. C. more likely to produce unbiased data. D. less likely to present uniform conditions

A. less likely to distort the participant's behavior.

A researcher could be MOST confident that the research hypothesis was correct if there were _____ than a _____ percent chance that the date were due to chance and the research hypothesis was wrong. A. less;5 B. more;5 C. less;95 D. more;95

A. less;5

The phrase "an elephant never forgets" can translate into meaning that elephants typically have great ___ memory stores. A. long-term B. short-term C. sensory D. long life

A. long-term

When Ally smells baking cookies she is using her sensory memory. This memory is one of the three types of memory included in the: A. modal model of the mind B. modal stores C. consciousness D. retrieval

A. modal model of the mind

Zach is adventuresome and wanted to get a first-hand experience of the psychological impact of Hurricane Katrina. Cory, on the other hand, would like to get data on the same thing but can't afford to travel across the country. Zach would use ______ date-collection methods while Cory would use _____. Cory wold use those methods because they are _____. A. naturalistic observation; interviews and questionnaires; more practical B. interviews and questionnaires; naturalistic observations; more C. naturalistic observations; experiments; less practical D. statistical; interviews and questionnaires; less practical

A. naturalistic observation; interviews and questionnaires; more practical

By directly observing the action of the basilar membrane, Georg von Bekesy discovered that traveling waves for high-frequency sounds peak: A. near the proximal end (the end closer to the oval window). B. near the distal end (the end farther from the oval window). C. in the middle. D. at neither end; the intensity of vibration is equally distributed.

A. near the proximal end (the end closer to the oval window).

Tenen is on the jury for a very important trial.The only strong evidence that a man is guilty of a crime is a witness' testimony. Should Tenen base his judgement on a witness' memory? A. no, memories are highly susceptible to suggestion B. yes, the witness most likely has a good memory C. yes, memories of traumatic events are very vivid D. no, the witness is most likely untrustworthy

A. no, memories are highly susceptible to suggestion

Gallup is a company that conducts phone-based surveys to asses political preferences in the country. Their data-collection method is NOT: A. observational B. self-report C. interview D. experimental

A. observational

In a crowd of witnesses to an emergency, the individual bystander tends to: A. observe other bystanders for cues as to the seriousness of the emergency. B. feel more driven to help if none of the other bystanders is helping. C. feel more responsibility for helping as the crowd increases. D. give orders to other bystanders about how to help the victim.

A. observe other bystanders for cues as to the seriousness of the emergency.

A psychologist believes that males will have a more positive attitude towards violence than females. The psychologist tends to nod slightly at male interviewees when they express approval of specific violent behaviors, but not at female interviewees who do the same. The results of the study reflect a(n) _____ effect. A. observer-expectancy. B. subject-expectancy. C. double-blind. D. criterion.

A. observer-expectancy.

Which part of the olfactory system contains the sensitive ends of olfactory sensory neurons? A. olfactory epithelium. B. glomeruli. C. olfactory bulb. D. rhinencephalon.

A. olfactory epithelium.

Findings from the Milgram studies suggested that a factor that did NOT contribute to obedience on the part of the original research participants was the: A. physical attractiveness of the "learner." B. proximity of the experimenter to the "teacher." C. distance of the "teacher" from the "learner." D. location of the experiment in a university laboratory.

A. physical attractiveness of the "learner."

Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between: A. physical stimuli and the sensory experiences they produce. B. physical stimuli and motivational states. C. motivational states and physiological responses. D. quantities and qualities of stimuli.

A. physical stimuli and the sensory experiences they produce.

The text describes the case of a toddler who demanded large quantities of salt because deficient adrenal glands prevented his body from conserving enough salt. This case illustrates the: A. powerful influence of homeostasis on behavior. B. importance of lacking homeostasis. C. necessity of including central drive systems in motivational theories. D. critical importance of nonregulatory drives.

A. powerful influence of homeostasis on behavior.

The_______ of a stimulus has to do with the precise kind of energy, and the ______ of a stimulus has to do with the amount or intensity of energy. A. qualitative dimension; quantitative dimension. B. quantitative dimension; qualitative dimension. C. perception; adaption. D. adaption; perception.

A. qualitative dimension; quantitative dimension.

The_______ of a stimulus has to do with the precise kind of energy, and the ______ of a stimulus has to do with the amount or intensity of energy. A. qualitative dimension; quantitative dimension. B. quantitative dimension; qualitative dimension. C. perception; adaption. D. adaption; perception.

A. qualitative dimension; quantitative dimension.

Mary is finding in her study that there are just too many variables to control in order to get a prominent effect in her date. What might recommend to her? A. redo the study in a laboratory B. conduct a field study instead C. use descriptive statistics D. have multiple dependent variables

A. redo the study in a laboratory

According to the brain maintenance theory of REM sleep, the reason REM sleep occurs is to: A. regularly exercise groups of neurons in the brain. B. help preserve energy for the coming day. C. help promote recuperation of the body. D. reset the circadian rhythm of the brain

A. regularly exercise groups of neurons in the brain.

If a testing measuring intelligence is administered multiple times to the same individuals and yields largely different scores every time, what might be lacking? A. reliability B. face validity C. an independent variable D. statistical significance

A. reliability

Paul is studying for a research methods exam and is confused by the difference between the studies that use "observation" vs. "naturalistic observation." You could tell him that the two differ in terms of: A. research setting B. research design C. independent variables D. statistics

A. research setting

Why is naturalistic observation beneficial as a data-collection method? A. researchers learn firsthand about their participants' behaviors without interfering with the situation. B. researchers save time and collect unbiased data. C. cause-and-effect conclusions can be drawn with more certainty. D. results are simple and can be used for statistical analysis.

A. researchers learn firsthand about their participants' behaviors without interfering with the situation.

An online poll is conducted to try and predict who will be elected in the upcoming presidential election. Considering that not everyone has access to the internet, the date collected for the poll is incomplete. What does this example illustrate? A. sample bias B. error C. random variation D. reliability

A. sample bias

Steven Pinker suggested that art, literature, and music are ways for humans to: A. satisfy other drives rather than drives themselves. B. survive and reproduce. C. attract sexual partners. D. satisfy drives for art, music, and literature.

A. satisfy other drives rather than drives themselves.

After the rock concert, Ian was out in the parking lot. He and his friends were talking, but were having a hard time hearing each other even though there was no other noise. What could this be attributed to? A. sensory adaptation. B. sensory coding. C. qualitative variation. D. receptor potential.

A. sensory adaptation.

According to the empiricist belief, what kinds of experiences do we use to learn, as opposed to the nativist belief that everything is inborn? A. sensory experience such as vision, sight, smell B. knowledge and thought are native to human kind C. We only use matter and energy experiences D. none of the answers is correct

A. sensory experience such as vision, sight, smell

On a statistics test, Jane is finding the median by pointing to the middle score in a set of randomly arranged scores. What would you tell Jane? A. she needs to rank the scores first B. she needs to sum the scores first C. she needs to correlate the scores first D. she needs to know the standard deviation

A. she needs to rank the scores first

Pat is conducting a laboratory study on obedience. Pat is interested in how the proximity of authority figures contributes to the level of obedience. Pat's field is most likely____ psychology.. A. social B. cultural C. cognitive D. learning

A. social

As a defense eyewitness in a case involving a driver who hit a couple walking at night, Lev was asked by the prosecutor what the couple was wearing. He said he could not remember and the prosecutor replied that a normal person would remember that detail. The prosecutor's introduction of ___ could Lev to construct false memories of this event. A. social pressure B. source confusion C. mental imagery D. elaborative rehearsal

A. social pressure

This is the basic cause of false-memory construction. A. source confusion B. imagination condition C. control condition D. schemas

A. source confusion

Stanley just completed calculating the inferential statistics on the date from his last study on how caffeine affects children's ability to function in school classrooms. He found that there is less that 5 percent chance that the results of his study could have occurred by chance alone. That means the results are: A. statistically significant B. a positive correlation C. an observed effect D. statistically insignificant

A. statistically significant

When psychologists say that probability that results could be caused by chance is small, they mean that there is a good chance the study is: A. statistically significant B. biased C. valid D. correct

A. statistically significant

Genevieve was on a hike and was attacked by a coyote. She said she felt no pain or fright. What could this be attributed to? A. stress-induced analgesia B. periaqueductal gray C. free-nerve endings D. belief-induced analgesia

A. stress-induced analgesia

Randy inherited a brain disorder that prohibits him identifying the locations of objects from memory. He has damage to: A. the "where-and-how" pathway of visual perception B. the "what: pathway of visual perception C. the "location" pathway of visual perception D. none of the answer choices are correct

A. the "where-and-how" pathway of visual perception

The standard deviation is the measure of: A. the distance of scores from the mean B. the median score from the mean C. the mean score from the mean D. correlation between the mean and the median

A. the distance of scores from the mean

The ways in which organisms' behavior helps them survive and reproduce is known as: A. the function of the behavior B. the intensity of behavior C. the magnitude of behavior D. the type of behavior

A. the function of behavior

A study shows that as the number of churches in a town increases, the rate of crime also increases. Which statement below is TRUE regarding the study's findings? A. they are correlational. the two variables might be caused by a third variable B. They are descriptive. The experimenter is just explaining the types of buildings and the level of crime in a town. C. They are factual. The increase of crime causes an increase in churches. D. They are experimental. If a town built more churches, there would be more violence.

A. they are correlational. the two variables might be caused by a third variable

Which example is a demonstration of naturalistic observation? A. watching workers on an assembly line in a factory to see how they adjust to stressful situations B. varying the tempo of music played in a factory and observing the speed of workers on an assembly line C. determining the relationship between the speed of assembly workers and their measured level of positivity in the factory D. depriving assembly line workers of water for 6 hours and measuring their general level of activity during this period

A. watching workers on an assembly line in a factory to see how they adjust to stressful situations

The church maintained that each human being consists of two distinct but intimately conjoined entities, a material body and an immaterial soul-; a view referred to today as what? A. dualism B. materialism C. nativism D. empiricism

A.dualism

Which statement is TRUE of priming? A. Elaborative encoding of the priming stimulus is necessary for priming to occur. B. It requires that the priming stimulus be a novel (unfamiliar) stimulus. C. It can occur without conscious awareness of the priming stimulus. D. It is based on explicit memory.

C. It can occur without conscious awareness of the priming stimulus.

According to the hopelessness theory, depression is the result of: A. unrealistically high self-efficacy. B. unavoidable, prolonged exposure to horrific events. C. consistent attribution of negative experiences to conditions that are pervasive and unlikely to change. D. insufficient release of endorphins in response to stress.

C. consistent attribution of negative experiences to conditions that are pervasive and unlikely to change.

An increase in what illustrates the relationship between regulatory drives and the maintenance of homeostasis? appetite after smelling an appealing food A. salt secretions in urine after the adrenal B. glands are removed C. water intake after vigorous exercise D. sexual activity after a period of abstinence

C. water intake after vigorous exercise

Which statement is FALSE about pure tones? A. Pure tones are vibrations of constant frequency that can be described as sine waves. B. Pure tones are seldom heard in natural settings. C. Pure tones are useful in experiments involving hearing. D. Pure tones are any tones that sound clear, simple, and unique.

D. Pure tones are any tones that sound clear, simple, and unique.

People's knowledge of their own past experience is considered _____ memory. A. procedural B. episodic C. semantic D. conceptual

B. episodic

Statistically, which person is most likely to receive a diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder? A. Rhea, a mother of two, who started having hallucinations after a traumatic experience. B. Alberto, a middle-aged man that likes to live alone and has few close relationships. C. Kalini, an 18-year-old girl who has had consistent panic attacks while in public places. D. Akio, a war veteran who has trouble sleeping at night and concentrating during the day.

B. Alberto, a middle-aged man that likes to live alone and has few close relationships.

Which fact calls into question the theory that depression results from a deficit in the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin? A. Drugs that selectively increase the activity of serotonin and norepinephrine have very different clinical effects. B. Antidepressant drugs boost neurotransmitter activity immediately after being taken but must be administered for 2 or more weeks in order to affect mood. C. Norepinephrine and serotonin play no known role in any of the specific behaviors or emotional states commonly involved in depression. D. Drugs that increase norepinephrine and serotonin activity relieve mania but not depression

B. Antidepressant drugs boost neurotransmitter activity immediately after being taken but must be administered for 2 or more weeks in order to affect mood.

Which statement below correctly represents the relationship between taste and smell? A. As humans grow older, the sense of smell declines but the sense of taste does not. This suggests that the two senses are unrelated. B. Chewing and swallowing push air from the mouth up into the nose where molecules from the food stimulate smell receptors. C. Taste is easily distinguished from smell even when both stem from the same food stimulus in the mouth. D. Though food in the mouth can stimulate smell receptors, the effect is so weak that it rarely affects flavor.

B. Chewing and swallowing push air from the mouth up into the nose where molecules from the food stimulate smell receptors.

Josh's friend was hoping to improve his chances of finding a date by buying human pheromone to add to his cologne. The advertisement claimed it would make him irresistible to women. Based on what he knows from research on sex-attractant pheromones in humans, what advice should Josh give his friend? A. Buy it; research indicates that, like other mammals, humans clearly produce and respond to sex-attractive pheromones. B. Don't buy it; there's no convincing evidence that humans produce sex-attractant pheromones. C. Buy it; while pheromones won't help in all cases, women have been shown to be moderately attracted by them while the women are ovulating. D. Don't buy it; studies have shown that adding more pheromones than what is naturally produced by the body has the reverse effect and would make the friend less attractive to women.

B. Don't buy it; there's no convincing evidence that humans produce sex-attractant pheromones.

Which statement regarding generalized anxiety disorder is FALSE? A. Generalized anxiety disorder is called generalized because it is not focused on one specific threat. B. Generalized anxiety disorder is a common version of phobia in which the affected individual has generalized from the original stimulus to similar stimuli. C. Frequent, unpredictable traumatic experiences in childhood can predispose a person to generalized anxiety disorder. D. It is possible that generalized anxiety disorder could replace depression as the most common psychiatric diagnosis.

B. Generalized anxiety disorder is a common version of phobia in which the affected individual has generalized from the original stimulus to similar stimuli.

Jan will not speed on the freeway because she feels that if she does so, other people might do the same. According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, who would be considered to be more morally developed than Jan? A. Julie, who won't steal because she may get caught and go to jail. B. Jon, who broke into the pharmacy and stole medication that he could not afford to save his wife's life. C. Jack, who volunteers because he believes he will be rewarded by doing so. D. None of the above; Jan is at the highest stage of moral development.

B. Jon, who broke into the pharmacy and stole medication that he could not afford to save his wife's life.

Which statement would BEST explain why older people generally report higher life satisfaction than younger people? A. Older people have seen all life has to offer and don't expect anything new. B. Older people concentrate mostly on positive events in life and try to ignore negative ones. C. Older people are no longer as sensitive to negative events in their lives. D. Younger people are more concerned about the negative and positive events in life.

B. Older people concentrate mostly on positive events in life and try to ignore negative ones.

People are walking through a dimly lit town at night. A row of trash cans are blown over by the wind and crash to the ground 30 yards away. The trash cans fall directly in front of or behind some of the people, and directly to the left or right of others. Who will be able to locate where the sound came from most quickly and easily? A. The people who experienced the sound directly in front of or behind them. B. The people who experienced the sound directly to the left or right of them. C. All of the people will distinguish the location of the sound equally well. D. The people who were most familiar with the sound of falling trash cans.

B. The people who experienced the sound directly to the left or right of them.

When opponents in a social dilemma game see themselves as members of a common group rather than as individuals, what typically happens to their style of play? A. They play the same as they would if they played as individuals. B. They cooperate more than when opponents are not so identified. C. They refuse to play against each other. D. They compete with one another more intensely than when opponents are not so identified.

B. They cooperate more than when opponents are not so identified.

B. F. Skinner's laboratory procedures were most closely related to: A. Pavlov's salivation-measurement technique. B. Thorndike's puzzle boxes. C. Watson's procedures to condition a fearful response. D. Tolman's maze-learning experiments.

B. Thorndike's puzzle boxes.

Andrea is studying psychophysics. She has a participant hold 30 marbles in one hand. What psychological law should Andrea use in order to find out how many marbles she needs to add for the participant to feel the difference? A. Fechner's law. B. Weber's law. C. Thorndike's law. D. Law of Effect.

B. Weber's law.

When a bloodline has a concordance for schizophrenia, the offspring will have: A. a decreased risk of inheriting the disorder. B. an increased risk of inheriting the disorder. C. early onset of the disorder. D. late onset of the disorder.

B. an increased risk of inheriting the disorder.

Hobbes's materialism proposed that the body: A. controls involuntary behavior while the soul controls voluntary behavior B. and the mechanistic brain controls all voluntary and involuntary behavior C. and the soul interact to control both voluntary and involuntary behavior D. produces involuntary behavior when it conflicts with the soul

B. and the mechanistic brain controls all voluntary and involuntary behavior

According to Robert Triver's theory of parental investment, the fact that men pay a lesser cost than women in terms of bearing and rearing children explains why men: A. are more discriminating in choosing when and with whom to copulate. B. are more aggressive in seeking copulation with multiple partners. C. value a long-term commitment with a sex partner. D. are less eager to copulate when their partner is already committed.

B. are more aggressive in seeking copulation with multiple partners.

Which of the following is NOT a social science? A. sociology B. biology C. psychology D. anthropology

B. biology

In Harry Harlow's experiment with wire and cloth surrogate mothers, when young monkeys raised with both surrogates were frightened, they usually: A. clung to the wire surrogate. B. clung to the cloth surrogate. C. huddled in the corner, treating neither surrogate as a source of security. D. clung to one surrogate or the other, some preferring the wire surrogate and others the cloth surrogate as their source of security.

B. clung to the cloth surrogate.

The two central principles of association are ______ and ______. A. contingency; similarity B. contiguity; similarity C. continuance; assonance D. contiguity; sequence

B. contiguity; similarity

Suzie's research project entails sitting outside the campus library for two hours each day and recording how many people ride bikes, what kind of bikes they are, what kinds of clothes the riders are wearing and any other interesting observations. Suzie is conducting a(n) _____ study A. experimental B. descriptive C. laboratory D. correlational

B. descriptive

While studying Kanji characters, Kira thought deeply about tying the character to something in her long-term memory to better understand them. This is descriptive of _____. However, class began before Kira could memorize them all so she held the remaining characters in her working memory until she wrote them down on the test. This is descriptive of _____. A. maintenance rehearsal; the phonological loop. B. elaboration; maintenance rehearsal C. chunking; elaboration D. encoding rehearsal; the Stroop interference effect

B. elaboration; maintenance rehearsal

Kenji asked about the last time he went to the movies. Kenji's knowledge of the movie, where he sat, and the identification of his movie companions are all part of his _____ memory. A. semantic B. episodic C. iconic D. procedural

B. episodic

Ron is conducting an experiment on how lighting levels affect the degree to which participants can stay alert during a work task.. In his experiment, the participants manipulate lighting levels while alertness is measured across all participants. What should you tell Ron about his experiment? A. he should be able to conclusively state how lighting levels affect alertness B. he should redo his study because the participants manipulated lighting levels C lighting was an independent variable D. he should redo his study because alertness was measured across all participants

B. he should redo his study because the participants manipulated lighting levels

According to the informational influence explanation of group polarization, each person: A. perceives the group's position to be more extreme than it objectively is, and as a result shifts his or her opinion to match that of the group. B. hears a disproportionate number of arguments that support his or her initial position and so it becomes more extreme. C. perceives his or her position to be less extreme than that of the other group members, and as a result of self-perception processes comes to adopt a more extreme position. D. experiences cognitive dissonance as a result of discrepancies between his or her position and the general position of the other group members.

B. hears a disproportionate number of arguments that support his or her initial position and so it becomes more extreme.

Research on pain sensitivity following injury suggests that generally: A. second-order pain neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem become less responsive to later input for minutes to weeks after injury. B. heightened sensitivity to pain occurs at the injury site as a result of local changes as well as increased sensitivity in the central nervous system. C. sensory neurons require much stronger stimuli in order to respond, resulting in lowered sensitivity at the injury site. D. decreased sensitivity occurs at the injury site partly because chemicals released from damaged cells induce changes in free nerve endings.

B. heightened sensitivity to pain occurs at the injury site as a result of local changes as well as increased sensitivity in the central nervous system.

Norene is approaching her 75th birthday. Based on research findings, her self-ratings of life satisfaction are probably: A. very low because so much loss occurs in old age, through retirement, physical disability, and death of loved ones. B. higher than those of middle-aged and young people. C. not as low as young adults predict them to be, but lower than those of middle-aged adults. B. considerably higher than those of young adults and about the same as those of middle-aged adults.

B. higher than those of middle-aged and young people.

Several days after a person sustains a wound, the injury is still extremely painful even when just slightly touched. Which is most likely to be involved in this phenomenon? A. decreased endorphin production B. increased pain sensitivity C. damage to the myelin coating of the A-delta fibers D. destruction of the free nerve endings

B. increased pain sensitivity

In general, one can determine whether an animal is experiencing a particular motivational state by: A. directly observing the motivational state. B. inferring the motivational state from the animal's behavior. C. directly measuring what is happening in neurons. D. doing all of these things.

B. inferring the motivational state from the animal's behavior.

Dr. Salenas prides herself on the precision of her experiments and the certainty with-which she can state cause-effect relationships. Dr. Salenas' research most likely takes the form of ____ which is opposite of ______. A. field studies; laboratory studies B. laboratory studies; field studies C. laboratory studies; controlled studies D. field studies; real-world studies

B. laboratory studies; field studies

Rose is conducting her master's thesis that requires participants to interact with a computer program in a small room on campus. Rose is conducting a: A. field study B. laboratory study C. experiment D. self-report study

B. laboratory study

The validity of a diagnostic system, such as the one detailed in DSM-5, could most fairly be judged by how often the categories of disorders that it identifies: A. result in the same diagnosis from two independent clinicians. B. lead to accurate predictions about the future course of those disorders. C. are used in subsequent research. D. are accepted by physicians and medical researchers.

B. lead to accurate predictions about the future course of those disorders.

Research on selective listening shows that participants hearing two messages and shadowing one will: A. not notice anything about the unattended B. notice only physical characteristics of the unattended message C. report physical characteristics of the unattended message and can extract partial meaning D. report the unattended message as accurately as the shadowed message

B. notice only physical characteristics of the unattended message

What type of reinforcement schedule produces the greatest resistance to extinction? A. continuous reinforcement. B. partial reinforcement on a variable schedule. C. partial reinforcement on a fixed schedule. D. continuous reinforcement on a variable schedule.

B. partial reinforcement on a variable schedule.

Adolescence is accurately reflected by all of these statements EXCEPT: A. peer groups serve to break down the gender barriers of childhood and lead to romantic relationships. B. peer pressure only carries negative consequences/influences. C. adolescents turn to one another rather than to parents for emotional support. D. conflict with parents generally centers on the desire for greater independence from parental control

B. peer pressure only carries negative consequences/influences.

Which is a specialty BEST defined by the topic it studies than the level of analysis? A. behavioral genetics B. perceptual psychology C. social psychology D. behavioral neuroscience

B. perceptual psychology

The _____ is essential for the full conscious experience of emotions and the ability to act in deliberate, planned ways based on those feelings. A. amygdala. B. prefrontal cortex. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus.

B. prefrontal cortex.

The law of effect formulated by Thorndike states that: A. a stimulus will elicit a conditioned response if it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. B. responses leading to satisfying results become more likely to be repeated, and those leading to unpleasant results become less likely to be repeated. C. the effect of experiencing two events contiguously is that they will tend to be associated in the future. D. any response that produces an effect will continue to be repeated in the future.

B. responses leading to satisfying results become more likely to be repeated, and those leading to unpleasant results become less likely to be repeated.

Kwah damaged his hippocampus and temporal lobes in a serious automobile accident. He retained his memory for events that occurred many years before the accident, but he lost his memories of events that occurred in the days leading up to the accident. This form of memory loss is referred to as ____ amnesia. A. anterograde B. retrograde C. consolidation D. episodic

B. retrograde

Models of attention include a gate, which allows information from one processing compartment into another. In terms of the information-processing model of the mind, that gate controls the movement of information from ____ memory into _____ memory. A. short-term; sensory B. sensory; short-term C. short-term; long-term D. long-term; sensory

B. sensory; short-term

_______ can be defined as the set of emotions and behaviors that result when a person believes that his or her relationship with a sexual partner or potential sexual partner is threatened by the partner's involvement with another person A. jealousy B. sexual jealousy C. sexual infidelity D. sexual frustration

B. sexual jealousy

Bobby is taking a test in his behavior class and is consciously thinking of the answers to the questions. This means that Bobby is using his working, or_______, memory. A. conscious B. short-term C. thought D. test

B. short-term

If someone is attached to an EEG (electroencephalogram) and their brain is showing fairly regular waves with small bursts of activity in between them, what sleep stage are they most likely in? A. stage 1 B. stage 2 C. stage 3 D. stage 4

B. stage 2

Russell gets hit by a car on his way home from school. At first he feels fine, but after a while he discovers his leg is broken. What would explain the fact that he didn't feel his broken leg? A. belief-induced analgesia B. stress-induced analgesia C. A-delta fibers D. transduction

B. stress-induced analgesia

When rats get sick several hours after eating a certain food, they: A. subsequently avoid foods that look like that particular food, even if they don't taste or smell similar. B. subsequently avoid foods that taste and smell like that particular food, even if they don't look similar. C. return to test that particular food by eating a minute quantity, then avoid it only if they become ill again.

B. subsequently avoid foods that taste and smell like that particular food, even if they don't look similar.

Explanations accounting for the apparent sex differences in the prevalence of specific disorders have centered on all of the following differences EXCEPT the: A. life experiences of men and women. B. tendency of men and women to be influenced by others. C. willingness of men and women to admit mental distress. D. types of disorders diagnosticians expect to find in men and women.

B. tendency of men and women to be influenced by others.

While waiting to enter a classroom, students talk in pairs and attend to their conversation partner while screening out the voices of the other pair. This is an example of: A. shadowing B. the cocktail-party-phenomenon C. parallel processing D. echo

B. the cocktail-party-phenomenon

Dr. Zhang has conducted a between-groups experiment to test the effects of energy drinks on attention span. Inferential statistics will determine: A. the average score on the attention span for each group. B. the likelihood that performance differences between the groups occurred by chance. C. how far, on average, each individual's attention span is from the mean of that person's group. D. the middle attention span in the data set of each group.

B. the likelihood that performance differences between the groups occurred by chance.

Research has demonstrated that leptin would be ineffective as an antiobesity drug because: A. the synthetic form of leptin degrades too quickly after ingestion to be effective. B. the majority of obese people are not lacking in leptin. C. obese people produce an enzyme that destroys leptin. D. obese people would first have to produce adequate levels of natural leptin for additional leptin to have an effect.

B. the majority of obese people are not lacking in leptin.

the process of ranking scores is involved in the calculation of: A. the mean B. the median C. the p-value D. statistical significance

B. the median

According to the book, "level of analysis" refers to: A. the number of mental constructs at a given moment in time. B. the type of casual process that is referred to in explaining some phenomenon. C. the process by which a psychologist observes a given behavior. D. the rate at which a PET scan analyses brain

B. the type of casual process that is referred to in explaining some phenomenon

Descartes saw that humans share all of the following abilities with animals EXCEPT: A. eating B. thought C. panting D. reflexes

B. thought

What limitation makes Descartes' theory of dualism unacceptable to most contemporary psychologists? A. the body is described as a physical machine that operates according to natural law B. thought and thought-related phenomena are not accessible to scientific study C. many actions are described in terms of reflexes D. the origin in which Descartes claimed the soul resides does not in fact exist

B. thought and thought-related phenomena are not accessible to scientific study

Gallup is a company that conducts phone-based polls on important political topics. In its recent poll on potential presidential candidates, the averages indicated a clear preference for a particular candidate. However, the standard deviations for the preferences were quite large. What does this mean? A. variability is low B. variability is high C. the preferences were statistically significant D. the results are highly correlated

B. variability is high

Claude has a fever and finds it painful to get off the couch and walk to the kitchen. What reason best explains this enhancement of pain sensitivity due to illness? A. It quickens the process of sensory adaptation. B. It alters activating effects in the body. C. It increases motivation to recover and conserve energy to help fight the illness. D. It creates an increase in sensory transduction that increases the person's white blood cell count.

C. It increases motivation to recover and conserve energy to help fight the illness.

What statement is TRUE of sensory memory? A. It is of low capacity and short duration. B. It is of high capacity and long duration. C. It is of high capacity and short duration. D. It is of low capacity and long duration.

C. It is of high capacity and short duration

Which statement is TRUE of sensory memory? A. It is of low capacity and short duration. B. It is of high capacity and long duration. C. It is of high capacity and short duration. D. It is of low capacity and long duration.

C. It is of high capacity and short duration.

In one study, subjects were selected on the basis of their clinical diagnosis and then assessed for creativity. The results revealed that those who experienced hypomania alternating with moderate levels of depression were _____ people who exhibited greater stability in their moods. A. similar in creativity to. B. less creative than. C. more creative than. D. more confident in their creative abilities but actually not more creative than.

C. more creative than

Which statement concerning Bekesy's traveling wave theory is TRUE? A. Bekesy's traveling wave theory is incorrect. B. It can fully explain the entire range of pitch perception. C. It must be supplemented by a theory about the timing of vibration on the basilar membrane for sounds below about 4000 Hz. D. The theory is correct but only for sounds below about 4000 Hz.

C. It must be supplemented by a theory about the timing of vibration on the basilar membrane for sounds below about 4000 Hz.

Catherine recently began working the night shift at her office from midnight until 8:00 a.m. She is having difficulty staying awake at night and sleeping during the day because of the disruption to her _____, already established for sleeping/waking. A. homeostasis B. synchronization C. circadian rhythm D. mood

C. circadian rhythm

What is the term for any biological change that is in approximately a 24-hour cycle without any external cues? A. homeostasis B. internal sleep cycle C. circadian rhythm D. day-night cycle

C. circadian rhythm

Which is an example of sensory adaptation? A. After a few minutes in a darkened room, one can still not distinguish objects B. After a few minutes of listening to loud music, one's hearing is temporarily impaired. C. After a few minutes of exposure to an unpleasant odor, one no longer notices the smell. D. After a few minutes of exposure to cold weather, one starts to feel chilled.

C. After a few minutes of exposure to an unpleasant odor, one no longer notices the smell.

Which philosopher held beliefs different from the others listed here? A. John Locked B. James Mill C. Immanuel Kant D. David Hartley

C. Immanuel Kant

Which statement is consistent with findings from studies investigating brain-based theories of compulsive gambling? A. People who gamble compulsively do not consciously understand that games pay off in a way that is unpredictable and uninfluenced by anything they do, because dopamine is unavailable to promote such learning. B. People who gamble compulsively experience a greater burst of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens when they first start gambling. Dopamine release decreases as they experience payoffs and as they seek more payoff to get the same level of dopamine release. C. People who gamble compulsively are subject to unpredictable releases of dopamine due to random payoffs. Because of this, they experience dopamine release into the nucleus accumbens every time a payoff occurs, which results in repeated reinforcement and an unusually strong habit. D. People who gamble compulsively experience psychological addiction, however, they do not experience the physical symptoms of withdrawal, such as sweating and restlessness, that drug addicts experience.

C. People who gamble compulsively are subject to unpredictable releases of dopamine due to random payoffs. Because of this, they experience dopamine release into the nucleus accumbens every time a payoff occurs, which results in repeated reinforcement and an unusually strong habit.

What is TRUE about the benefit of diseases such as sickle-cell anemia? A. The benefit is in having two pairs of recessive genes, which means the disease is not expressed in the phenotype. B. The benefit is in having two pairs of dominate genes, which means the disease is not expressed in the phenotype. C. The benefit is in carrying the disease but not actually having it. D. The benefit is in having the disease but not actually carrying it.

C. The benefit is in carrying the disease but not actually having it.

Drug addicts sometimes die of an overdose when taking their usual dosage in new surroundings. How can learning theory help to explain this? A. These addicts have never developed a conditioned drug reaction of any kind. B. The conditioned counteractive effect that occurs in novel surroundings kills the addicts. C. The conditioned counteractive effect that occurs in their usual surroundings does not occur in the new surroundings. D. There is emotional conditioning to new surroundings, which magnifies the effects of the drug.

C. The conditioned counteractive effect that occurs in their usual surroundings does not occur in the new surroundings.

Which fact presents a challenge to the view that Milgram's studies of obedience can shed light on such real life events as the atrocities committed by the Nazis? A. The learner wasn't really being shocked but was instead a confederate of the experimenter. B. No effort was made to identify the political views of the participants. C. The participants must have believed, on some level, they could not really be causing harm to someone, because no sane experimenter would let that happen. D. These studies were not experimental studies, a necessity for making scientific comparisons with Nazi atrocities.

C. The participants must have believed, on some level, they could not really be causing harm to someone, because no sane experimenter would let that happen.

Infants judged to be securely attached in the strange-situation test have been found to be on average more confident, better problem solvers, emotionally healthier, and more sociable later in childhood than those who were judged to be insecurely attached. This finding would be MOST accurately summarized by which statement? A. There is a correlation between secure attachment in infancy and positive developmental outcomes later in childhood, but the direction of the correlation is unclear. B. Secure attachment in infancy results in positive developmental outcomes later in childhood. C. There is a positive correlation between secure attachment in infancy and positive developmental outcomes later in childhood. D. Secure attachment in infancy is positively correlated with secure attachment to a wide range of people and objects later in childhood.

C. There is a positive correlation between secure attachment in infancy and positive developmental outcomes later in childhood.

As one enters the perfume/cosmetics section of a department store, the odor from the various products is quite strong. After a few minutes the odor becomes much less intense. The term that best describes this experience is sensory: A. coding. B. thresholds. C. adaptation. D. gate control.

C. adaptation.

A psychologist is testing the effectiveness of a program to help people stop smoking. One group uses a nonprescription drug and a comparable group receives a placebo. Participants are asked to record the number of cigarettes smoked daily for 3 months. The dependent variable is the: A. participant's approach to the program B. 3-month period that the program lasts C. average daily number of cigarettes smoked D. initial degree of addiction

C. average daily number of cigarettes smoked

During REM sleep, EEG waves resemble _____ waves, muscles become more ______, and breathing and heat rates become ______. A. delta; relaxed; slower B. beta; tense; more rapid C. beat; relaxed; more rapid D. alpha; tense; slower

C. beat; relaxed; more rapid

If psychology can be defined as the science of behavior and the mind, why are the date in psychology always drawn from behavior? A. behavior can be influenced by the physiology but the mind cannot B. behavior can be influenced by the environment but the mind cannot C. behavior can be observed but the mind cannot D. behavior can be influenced by the science but the mind cannot

C. behavior can be observed but the mind cannot

Psychologists study the mind by observing behavior because: A. the mind is observable but cannot be explained B. psychologists are all behaviorists C. behavior can be observed but the mind cannot D. behavior is the result of the environment but the mind is not

C. behavior can be observed but the mind cannot

Kayla wants to run a study on a new pharmaceutical drug to alleviate depression. To do this, she has set up a double-blind study to avoid what type(s) of bias? A. subject-expectancy effects B. observer-expectancy effects C. both observer-expectancy effects and subject-expectancy effects. D. neither observer-expectancy effects nor subject-expectancy effects.

C. both observer-expectancy effects and subject-expectancy effects.

Findings from cross-cultural studies indicate that indulgent parenting, including sleeping with infants and offering immediate comfort whenever they cry, is related to: A. children developing into uncooperative or incompetent adults. B. the emergence of overly demanding and dependent children. C. children exploring more and seeking their mothers less in a novel environment. D. children from traditional cultures becoming more independent and children from industrialized countries becoming more dependent.

C. children exploring more and seeking their mothers less in a novel environment.

Which statement BEST describes the role of data in laboratory studies? A. data are collected using the observational method rather than the self-report method. B. data are analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. C. data are collected from the participants in an area specifically designed to provide controlled conditions D. data are collected from participants who are exposed to one or more manipulated dependent variables

C. data are collected from the participants in an area specifically designed to provide controlled conditions

The strategy known as chunking increases memory efficiency by: A. associating each item with a well-established mental image and thus increasing the amount of information in each item. B. decreasing the number of items that must be remembered by associating the items with a well-established mental image of a scene. C. decreasing the number of items that must be remembered by increasing the amount of information in each item D. breaking each original item down into smaller pieces and thus decreasing the amount of information in each item.

C. decreasing the number of items that must be remembered by increasing the amount of information in each item

Egocentric empathy is when a(n): A. person does not feel empathy towards others. B. person feels bad for another. C. distressed person or infant looks to comfort itself rather than comforting the other distressed person or infant. D. infant tries to comfort a distressed peer.

C. distressed person or infant looks to comfort itself rather than comforting the other distressed person or infant.

Shalita is actively processing information for her general psychology exam by asking questions, drawing comparisons, and thinking of examples. The method by which this information will be placed into her long-term memory is known as: A. retrieval B. attention C. encoding D. maintenance

C. encoding

Patients with developmental amnesia typically have the most severe deficiency in: A. semantic memory B. procedural memory C. episodic memory D. priming

C. episodic memory

Suppose Dr. Schlesinger is investigating food aversions that some women develop while pregnant. She is particularly interested in the aversion to green vegetables and has hypothesized that his aversion has survival benefits, given that some plants can contain toxins harmful to developing fetuses. These research interest suggest that Dr. Schlesinger is most like a(n): A. developmental psychologists B. behavioral neuroscientist C. evolutionary psychologist D. learning psychologist

C. evolutionary psychlogist

______ argue that much of human behavior can be explained by examining how psychological adaptations evolved to solve recurrent problems in human environments. This is consistent with the theory of _______. A. behavioral geneticists; learned selection B. developmental psychologists; biological selection C. evolutionary psychologists; natural selection D. behavioral geneticists; natural selection

C. evolutionary psychologists; natural selection

If John is conducting a study whereby he systematically manipulates the amount of sugar in candy and measures participants' preferences for different candies, he conducting a(n) _____, which will allow him to ____ cause-effect relationships. A. correlational study; conclusively state B. descriptive study; conclusively state C. experiment; conclusively state D. correlational study; inconclusively state

C. experiment; conclusively state

The sensitive terminals of sensory neurons that carry information about pain are called: A. glomeruli. B. A-delta fibers. C. free nerve endings. D. hair cells.

C. free nerve endings.

An allele is said to be dominant when it produces its observable effects: A. only in the heterozygous condition. B. only in the homozygous condition. C. in both the heterozygous and homozygous conditions. D. in neither the heterozygous nor homozygous condition.

C. in both the heterozygous and homozygous conditions

Nick feels dehydrated after running a marathon. He sees a sports drink stand just past the finish line and heads straight for it. The internal motivational state that orients Nick to the sports drink stand is thirst. The sports drink itself represents a(n): A. regulatory drive. B. motivation. C. incentive. D. nonregulatory drive.

C. incentive.

Sam participated in a research study. He was told to arrive at the researcher's office where he was shown into a special room prepared specifically for the study. Sam was in a: A. descriptive study B. statistical analysis C. laboratory study D. self-report study

C. laboratory study

The "world of boys" is BEST characterized by: A. large, cooperative groups in which individuals attempt to prove superiority mainly by creating smaller alliances. B. small, intimate groups in which cooperative forms of play predominate and competition is more subtle. C. large, hierarchically organized groups in which individuals or coalitions attempt to prove superiority by competition and verbal confrontation. D. age-mixed groups, which tend to be more competitive than the age-segregated groups typically formed by girls.

C. large, hierarchically organized groups in which individuals or coalitions attempt to prove superiority by competition and verbal confrontation.

Portia is doing the data analysis for her research study on the affects of drug use in monkeys. She sees a big difference in the means of scores before and after the monkey took drugs. _____ is the probability that a difference as large or larger than that observed would occur if the _____ had no real effect. A. variability; independent variable B. negative correlation; dependent variable C. level of significance; independent variable D. Positive correlation; opiate

C. level of significance; independent variable

According to Robert Trivers, in a species in which females make the greater parental investment, but not the males: A. females will compete with one another for access to males. B. males will exert greater discrimination than females in choosing mates. C. males will compete with one another for access to females. D. males will tend to form an exclusive mating bond with one female.

C. males will compete with one another for access to females.

Culture-bound syndromes are: A. syndromes that people develop after they have taken a course in Psychology B. globally influenced psychological disorders. C. mental distresses limited to specific groups. D. behaviors to abide by while traveling.

C. mental distresses limited to specific groups.

Polygenic characteristics like aggressiveness in mice and conscientiousness in people typically approximate a normal distribution, meaning that: A. the frequency of occurrence for such a characteristic is low, with most individuals never developing the characteristic. B. the frequency of occurrence for such a characteristic is high, with only a small proportion of individuals who do not develop the characteristic. C. most individuals fall near the middle of the range of scores for these characteristics and the frequency tapers off toward the two extremes. D. roughly equal numbers of individuals have low, middle, and high scores on such a characteristic.

C. most individuals fall near the middle of the range of scores for these characteristics and the frequency tapers off toward the two extremes.

The view that elementary ideas are innate to the human mind and are not gained through experience is known as: A. empiricism B. dualism C. nativism D. materialism

C. nativism

Gender differences observed in young infants are BEST reflected by the fact that: A. girls are more irritable than boys at birth. B. boys show more facial expressions of interest and less fussing than do girls when interacting with their mothers. C. newborn girls are more responsive to caregivers' voices and faces than boys. D. girls are less likely to comply with their mothers' requests than boys.

C. newborn girls are more responsive to caregivers' voices and faces than boys.

As Pfungst showed, Clever Hans's miraculous performance was actually the result of: A. causal conclusions from correlational data. B. measurement bias. C. observer-expectancy effects. D. an inappropriate data-collection method.

C. observer-expectancy effects

If the environment stopped changing: A. mutations would continue to occur but at a greater rate. B. mutations would continue to occur but at a slower rate. C. organisms would adapt as fully as possible and change little or not at all thereafter. D. the rate and direction of evolutionary change would go on unaffected.

C. organisms would adapt as fully as possible and change little or not at all thereafter.

A set of fraternal twins, William and Peggy, were just born. Given the differential treatment of young boys and girls by adults in American culture, one could expect to see people: A. talk more to William than to Peggy and give Peggy more direct gazes unaccompanied by talk. B. comfort William more quickly when he cries than they will comfort Peggy when she cries. C. play more actively with William and behave more gently toward Peggy. D. ignore Peggy in favor of focusing their attention on William.

C. play more actively with William and behave more gently toward Peggy.

Each time Ari ties his shoes, he is accessing his ____ memory. A. semantic B. explicit C. procedural D. episodic

C. procedural

The information-processing model of the mind suggests a set of "control processes," which are: A. patterns of neural activity that underlie cognitive processes B. factors in the environment that determine information processing C. processes that govern information processing and movement within stores D. ways of thinking organize and manage lower-level thought and memory

C. processes that govern information processing and movement within stores

Research institutions that receive public funding are required to have ethics review panels to prevent certain studies from being conducted. The main purpose of these panels is to: A. ensure that only scientifically rigorous procedures are employed in the study B. keep the costs of the study down without lowering the quality of the research C. protect participants from harmful or otherwise unethical procedures D. ensure that the most important studies are given priority for funding

C. protect participants from harmful or otherwise unethical procedures

What is altruistic punishment? A. punishing one person so that the whole group suffers B. punishing someone but doing it nicely C. punishing one person in order to benefit the group as a whole D. withholding punishment so as to benefit the group

C. punishing one person in order to benefit the group as a whole

What is regularly used in between-group experiments? A. self-reports B. a single group C. random assignment D. double-blind methods

C. random assignment

The general pattern of sleep over the course of a normal night consists of a: A. steady deepening of sleep from stage 1 at the beginning of sleep to stage 4 at its conclusion. B. steady lightening of sleep from stage 4 at the beginning of sleep to stage 1 at its conclusion. C. series of several cycles in each of which sleep gradually deepens and then rapidly lightens. D. gradual deepening of sleep during the first half of the sleep period, followed by a gradual lightening during the second half.

C. series of several cycles in each of which sleep gradually deepens and then rapidly lightens.

What takes into account the difference between each individual score and the mean, and then combines those differences to produce a single measure of variability? A. median B. correlation coefficient C. standard deviation D. inferential statistic

C. standard deviation

Four students are trained how to solve a complex math equation. Which student is MOST likely to remember how to do it the next day? A. student A, who went to sleep and spent most of the night in REM sleep B. student B, who stayed up all night practicing C. student C, who went to sleep and spent most of the night in slow-wave sleep D. student D, who did not practice the equation and did not go to sleep

C. student C, who went to sleep and spent most of the night in slow-wave sleep

A double-blind study protects against: A. the variability of the data between the experimental and control groups. B. possibilities of discomfort or harm to researchers and participants. C. the collection and analysis of biased data. D. the collection of invalid and unreliable data.

C. the collection and analysis of biased data.

When little Billy unconsciously linked two stimuli together because they had been presented either right after one another or near one another, this could be called _____ which has to do with _____ knowledge. A. dualism; religious B. nativism; learned C. the law of association by contiguity; a posteriori D. a posteriori knowledge; innate

C. the law of association by contiguity; a posteriori

According to the book, "level of analysis" refers to: A. the number of mental constructs at a given moment in time B. the type of casual process that os referred to in explaining some phenomenon C. the process by which a psychologist observes a given behavior D.the rate at which a PET scan analyses brain waves

C. the process by which a psychologist observes a given behavior

The general pattern of sleep over the course of a normal night consists of a: A. steady deepening of sleep from stage 1 at the beginning of sleep to stage 4 at its conclusion. B. steady lightening of sleep from stage 4 at the beginning of sleep to stage 1 at its conclusion. C.series of several cycles in each of which sleep gradually deepens and then rapidly lightens. D. gradual deepening of sleep during the first half of the sleep period, followed by a gradual lightening during the second half.

C.series of several cycles in each of which sleep gradually deepens and then rapidly lightens.

Which statement is NOT one of the contributing factors to the gender differences seen between boys and girls at an early age? A. Parents treat their daughters more warmly than they do their sons. B. Caregivers are more gentle with girls than with boys. C. Mothers talk to their daughters more than to their sons. D. Parents jostle their daughters more than they do their sons.

D. Parents jostle their daughters more than they do their sons.

In what way is pain a body sense like that of touch, temperature sensitivity, and the sense of body position? A. Pain can originate from multiple places throughout the body. B. When one feels pain, one experiences it as coming from outside stimuli. C. Sensation arises directly from affected body parts without the need for transduction. D. Pain can originate from multiple places throughout the body and the experience of pain comes from the body itself, not outside stimuli.

D. Pain can originate from multiple places throughout the body and the experience of pain comes from the body itself, not outside stimuli.

Noria's eyes are adapted to complete darkness and Kellen's eyes are adapted to a small amount of light. Will Noria's absolute threshold for white light be lower or higher than Kellen's absolute threshold for white light? It would be lower. It would be higher. It would be the same. It would be dependent on the size of the room.

It would be lower.

Which of the following fields of study are strongly connected to psychology? A. natural sciences B. social sciences C. humanities D. All three of these fields are strongly connected to psychology

D. All three of these fields are strongly connected to psychology

What has provided strong evidence that endorphins are involved in the liking component of reward? A. Rats treated with drugs that block the effect of endorphins in the nucleus accumbens discontinue seeking out or working for rewards that are not immediately present. B. Drugs that decrease the activity of endorphins in the nucleus accumbens increase the rate at which animals will work for food. C. Drugs that increase the activity of endorphins in the nucleus accumbens do not increase the animal's consumption of food that is immediately available. D. Drugs that increase the effectiveness of endorphins increase the facial liking reaction to sucrose.

D. Drugs that increase the effectiveness of endorphins increase the facial liking reaction to sucrose.

A biologist finds a plant species thought to be extinct. _____ theory would argue that her positive perception of the event causes arousal in her body. This arousal then causes her to feel the emotion of excitement. The common-sense Ekman's facial feedback Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback James's peripheral feedback

James's peripheral feedback

Which statement BEST describes the difference between selective viewing and selective listening? A. Selective listening involves visual stimuli and selective viewing does not. B. Selective listening is easier than selective viewing because people can control what they hear. C. Selective viewing involves verbal stimuli while selective listening does not. D. Selective viewing is easier than selective listening, because people can control what they see

D. Selective viewing is easier than selective listening, because people can control what they see

A wonderful fragrance is wafting in toward Rasindu from the kitchen. _____ is the process by which Rasindu produces a basic experience of that fragrance and _____ is the process by which information about the scent is organized and interpreted as freshly baked cookies. A. Sensory adaptation; transduction B. Perception; sensation C. Transduction; sensory adaptation D. Sensation; perception

D. Sensation; perception

Jessica has a very large short-term memory span. Which statement is TRUE about Jessica? A. She is more susceptible to obligatory processing. B. Her long-term memory store is smaller than average. C. Her family must also have a very large short-term memory span. D. She has the ability to speak very quickly.

D. She has the ability to speak very quickly.

According to the text, what may help to explain the universal human drives for art, literature, and music? A. These pursuits are natural extensions of human drives for play and exploration. B. Art, music, and literature are vicarious means of satisfying other drives like sex, achievement, and aggression. C. Humans have evolved specific aesthetic drives that are entirely separate from other categories of drives, such as drives for sex or exploration. D. These are extensions of play and exploration as well as a means of satisfying other drives like sex, achievement, and aggression.

D. These are extensions of play and exploration as well as a means of satisfying other drives like sex, achievement, and aggression.

_____ is the process by which the sensory cells in one's nose respond to the physical stimulus by producing an electrical change. A. Inhibition. B. Sensory adaptation. C. Sensory coding. D. Transduction.

D. Transduction.

The precipitating cause of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is thought to be: A. an unpredictable traumatic experience in childhood. B. hyper-vigilance. C. inadequate activity at synapses where dopamine is the neurotransmitter. D. a major life change or disturbing event in adulthood.

D. a major life change or disturbing event in adulthood.

Which type of knowledge did Kant say is built into the human brain and does not have to be learned? A. environmental knowledge B. a posteriori knowledge C. semantic knowledge D. a priori knowledge

D. a priori knowledge

The _____ is the faintest detectable sound from a flute, and _____ refers to the minimal difference in intensity between two otherwise identical stimuli, such as a flute and a piccolo (a small flute). A. sensory magnitude; difference exponent. B. difference threshold; difference exponent. C. stimulus magnitude; just-noticeable difference. D. absolute threshold; just-noticeable difference.

D. absolute threshold; just-noticeable difference.

According to Irving Janis's groupthink theory, groups make poorer decisions when they: A. make decisions sequentially and independently rather than considering the entire set of decisions simultaneously. B. are under public scrutiny than when they conduct decision-making in private. C. are more interested in informational than normative influences. D. are more motivated to maintain group cohesiveness than to realistically weigh the alternative solutions.

D. are more motivated to maintain group cohesiveness than to realistically weigh the alternative solutions.

Why is sexual activity NOT considered a regulatory drive? A. because it is involved in reproduction B. because it is a need for the body, especially for the evolutionary process C. because it does not serve a purpose D. because it does not maintain homeostasis and is considered a want more than a need for the body

D. because it does not maintain homeostasis and is considered a want more than a need for the body

The most common compulsions experienced by people with obsessive-compulsive disorders are: A. acting to prevent disease, disfigurement, and death. B. acting to prevent financial gain or loss and sexuality. C. talking and eating. D. cleaning and checking.

D. cleaning and checking.

As Demetria listens to music, sound waves are transported inward to her _____, the structure where transduction takes place. A. stapes B. tympanic membrane C. pinna D. cochlea

D. cochlea

Sophie studies the differences between societies that have an individualistic view versus a collectivistic(group) view. She would most likely describe herself as a ______ psychologist. A. cognitive B. social C. developmental D. cultural

D. cultural

Research has shown that increased time in short-term memory: A. increases the likelihood an item will be encoded into long-term memory. B. increases the likelihood an item will be encoded into long-term memory only if the participant has engaged in maintenance rehearsal. C. increases the likelihood an item will be encoded into long-term memory only for abstract items. D. does not necessarily increase the likelihood an item will be encoded into long-term memory.

D. does not necessarily increase the likelihood an item will be encoded into long-term memory.

The two interacting components of the motivational process are _____ and _____. A. incentives; reinforcers. B. motivational states; drives. C. motivational states; central drive states. D. drives; incentives.

D. drives; incentives.

Petunia has a story for every keepsake in her home. She can remember each and every one, even though she has hundreds. Which memory technique does Petunia MOST likely use to remember all the things she has? A. chunking B. visualization C. organization D. elaboration

D. elaboration

At the health center, Richard is always trying to smell and what is around him. He is trying to use his senses to learn and think about new things. The philosophy that believes this how all people learn is called: A. materialism B. association by contiguity C. nativism D. empiricism

D. empiricism

Suzanne knows that in order for the results of her thesis study, which focuses on rat behaviors and exposure to potential mates, to be statistically significant, the p value should be: A. equal to or greater than .5 B. equal to or greater than .05 C. equal to or less than .5 D. equal to or less than .05

D. equal to or less than .05

Carla has just banged her knee against an open drawer. The extent to which she feels pain from her knee depends, in part, on how fully input from pain sensory neurons pass into the central nervous system and on to higher pain centers in the brain. In other words, Carla's pain experience will be governed by: A. central pain sensitization. B. stress-induced analgesia. C. phantom-limb pain. D. gate control.

D. gate control.

Hannah tests a group of pre-school children whose parents live in the upper-class part of town. Based on the results, Hannah concludes that American children are smarter now than they were when a similar test was given to American pre-school children 25 years ago. But Hannah should not have drawn that conclusion because: A. her sample was a single-minded sample B. her sample was an impartial sample C. her sample was a rich sample D. her sample was a biased sample

D. her sample was a biased sample

Based on the concept that reward has multiple components, experiencing satisfaction after being praised by one's professor for a good class presentation would be identified as: A. wanting. B. reinforcement. C. achievement. D. liking.

D. liking.

If Albert is sleepy and starts to get ready for bed, then his feeling of sleepiness is a(n) _____, and him going to sleep is a(n) _____. A.emotional construct; sleep drive. B. incentive; motivational state. C. state of mind; satisfier. D. motivational state; incentive.

D. motivational state; incentive.

Donny conducted a study where he watched how many people stopped to donate at a charity booth in a shopping mall. The type of data-collection method he used was ______ which is a type of _____ A. experiment; self-report B. correlational; observation C. observation; self-report D. naturalistic observation; observation

D. naturalistic observation; observation

Lawrence Kohlberg's methodology for studying moral reasoning was to: A. conduct experiments that offered the opportunity for immoral behavior. B. look for correlations between intelligence and moral or immoral behavior. C. correlate parental discipline style with patterns of moral reasoning displayed by children. D. present a story involving a moral dilemma and ask subjects how the protagonist should respond and why.

D. present a story involving a moral dilemma and ask subjects how the protagonist should respond and why.

An experiment, correlational study, and descriptive study are all: A. statistical methods B. variables C. data-collection techniques D. research designs

D. research designs

Cognitive psychologists refer to mental representations involving the organization of events in time, such as birthday parties and organized worship services, as: A. event schemas B. episodic memories C. procedural memories D. scripts

D. scripts

What does a distal explanation of behavior aim to explain? A. the effects of the current environment on behavior. B. the effects of natural selection. C. immediate causes of behavior. D. the functions of behavior with regard to survival and reproduction.

D. the functions of behavior with regard to survival and reproduction.

While Nia is studying Spanish, she pictures a pen with a plume (feather) on top of it to remember pluma, the Spanish word for pen. NIa is using ____ in attempts to build her Spanish vocabulary. A. iconic memory B. echoic memory C. selective view D. visualization

D. visualization

When a gene is said to be "shut off," it means that it is not producing its specific protein. The mechanism responsible for shutting off this gene is: DNA methylation. mutation. artificial selection. genetic drift.

DNA methylation.

_____ refers to the decline in physiological and behavioral effects that occur with some drugs when they are taken repeatedly. Drug tolerance. Compensatory reactions. Habituation. Drug intolerance.

Drug tolerance.

Charlotte falls from her bike and scrapes her knee after riding around a street corner too sharply. The next time she is riding around a corner, she makes sure to slow down so that she will not fall and feel the pain of scraping her knee. What philosophy does Charlotte demonstrate by learning from her initial sensory experience of falling and feeling pain? nativism. Empiricism. dualism. interactionism.

Empiricism.

All of these men were involved in the Empiricism movement EXCEPT: John Locke James Mill Immanuel Kant David Hartley

Immanuel Kant

Josephina was woken up by a noise in the middle of the night and remembers having a vivid dream that seemed very realistic. She was most likely woken up during what stage of sleep? A. Stage 2 B. Stage 3 C. Stage 4 D. REM

REM

What form of memory dysfunction from the text MOST accurately describes the amnesia typically characterized in soap operas in which the person can form long-term memories after the accident but has no memories of what happened before the accident? Anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia. Alzheimer's Disease. Dementia.

Retrograde amnesia.

______________ proposes that detecting a stimulus is based on both the physical intensity of the stimulus and the psychological states of the perceiver. Weber's law Signal detection theory Absolute threshold theory Sensory coding theory

Signal detection theory

The term _____ is the entire set of psychological forces exerted on a person by others or by the person's beliefs about others. Person perception Impression management Attribution Social pressure

Social pressure

If a mother has to decide whether or not she will send her own son to jail and reasons that since she has to obey the law she will send him, what stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning is she in? Stage 1: obedience and punishment orientation. Stage 2: self-interested exchanges. Stage 3: interpersonal accord and conformity. Stage 4: law-and-order morality.

Stage 4: law-and-order morality.

Which statement is false about episodic mental disorders? They are common among families. They are influenced by the environment and genes. They are most often present at birth. They are treatable and/or reversible.

They are most often present at birth.

Materialism is credited to which philosopher? Thomas Hobbes. René Descartes. John Locke. Immanuel Kant.

Thomas Hobbes.

Stage 4 of sleep brain activity indicates long, irregular flowing waves on the EEG. What are these waves named? REM waves alpha waves theta waves delta waves

delta waves

Manuel has been drinking coffee before work for the last several years. One day he notices that he has begun to feel more alert and awake when he first smells the coffee brewing, before he has a chance to drink it. What could explain this phenomenon? the placebo effect. a conditioned drug reaction. a compensatory reaction. a counteractive response.

a conditioned drug reaction.

Males in certain bird species engage in mating dances that announce their location and availability for mating. It might be argued that male birds with a distinctive dance are more likely to attract a mate, and thus are more likely to leave offspring than a male bird that does not exhibit the dance. This argument is most likely to be considered: an evidence of evolution's foresight. a proximate explanation. a physiological explanation. a distal explanation.

a distal explanation.

Which of these is NOT a name for the external stimulus toward which motivated behavior is directed? a goal. an incentive. a reinforcer. a motivator.

a motivator.

A situation in which a particular course of action or inaction will benefit the individual but harm others in a group and will cause more harm than good to everyone in the group if everyone takes that particular course is the definition of: a social dilemma. a one-shot prisoner's dilemma. an iterative prisoner's dilemma. negative behavioral coordination.

a social dilemma.

The umbilical cord is a(n) _____ since it is a result of natural selection and allowed for our survival. gene drift adaptation vestigial characteristic side effect

adaptation

Psychology is closely related to which of the following fields? the humanities social sciences natural sciences All of these answers are correct

all of thee answers are correct

What is a subjective feeling that is mentally directed toward some object? a nonregulatory drive a facial feedback a motivational state an emotion

an emotion

Barking in dogs is a species-typical behavior. If given rewards, dogs can learn to walk upright on two legs, but this behavior is not species-typical. The difference between species-typical behaviors and non-species-typical behaviors has to do with the degree of _____ involved. selective breeding. homology. foresight. biological preparedness.

biological preparedness.

Ben believes that his body wears out during the day and that sleep is necessary to put it back in shape. Ben's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ of sleep. preservation and protection theory body-restoration theory side-effect theory circadian rhythm

body-restoration theory

Hilda suffers from a form of schizophrenia in which she spends most of her day sitting in her bedroom chair without speaking or moving. Her symptoms are characteristic of _____ schizophrenia. paranoid. negative. catatonic. disorganized.

catatonic.

Alec uses the mnemonic device "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos" to remember the order of the planets from the Sun. Alec is using the process of: elaboration. maintenance rehearsal. visualization. chunking.

chunking.

Ryan just broke up with his girlfriend. A song that frequently comes on the radio used to be "their song." Since this song was paired so frequently with his ex-girlfriend, Ryan thinks of her whenever he hears it on the radio. This learning process is called _____, and was discovered by _____. classical conditioning; Ivan Pavlov. operant conditioning; B.F. Skinner. habituation; Ivan Pavlov. classical conditioning; B.F. Skinner.

classical conditioning; Ivan Pavlov.

Classical conditioning occurs best when the conditioned stimulus comes slightly before the unconditioned stimulus, and it typically does not occur at all if the conditioned stimulus comes slightly after the unconditioned stimulus. This observation supports which theory of classical conditioning? S-R theory. cognitive theory. operant theory. ecological theory.

cognitive theory.

A repetitive action, usually performed in response to a disturbing thought that repeatedly intrudes on a person's consciousness is called a(n): obsession. phobia. mania. compulsion.

compulsion.

In classical conditioning terms, the object or event that must be paired with something else in order to elicit a reaction is called a(n): conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned response. unconditioned response.

conditioned stimulus.

Harry is walking down a crowded sidewalk in Phoenix at high noon. He and twelve other people watch a man open the door of a Porsche with a long metal bar, get into the car, reach under the dash to start it, and drive off. None of them try to stop the man from stealing the car. They do not call the police. The factor below that explains this inaction is: group polarization. groupthink. conformity. the tragedy of the commons.

conformity.

In B.F. Skinner's operant-conditioning chamber, he studied operant behavior in rats by having the rat press a lever, which produces what effect? opening of a door. delivery of an electrical shock. delivery of a food pellet. stopping the experiment.

delivery of a food pellet.

Velma suffers from schizophrenia. Recently, she began to insist that she is a famous rock and roll star and she needs to begin preparing for her world tour, even though she has never sung professionally. This symptom can best be described as a: hallucination. delusion. negative symptom. catatonic state.

delusion.

Negative thinking is a cognitive variable that has been found to be associated with: somatization disorder. specific phobias. depression. schizophrenia.

depression.

Dmitri believes that because he's inherited genes for a weak heart, then he's most likely never going to be able to play sports, run long distances and will probably experience heart failure at some point in his life. What attitude would best describe Dmitri's beliefs? deterministic fallacy. naturalistic fallacy. altrusm. aggression.

deterministic fallacy.

Suppose a rat is reinforced with food pellets for lever pressing, but only while a buzzer is sounding. The buzzer is a(n): reward contrast. discriminative stimulus. schedule of partial reinforcement. unconditioned stimulus.

discriminative stimulus.

A gene that produces its observable effects in either the homozygous or the heterozygous condition is: regressive. recessive. dominant. monozygotic.

dominant.

If a person believes that a nontangible soul exists separately from the material body, then that person's beliefs identify with the philosophical belief known as: reflexology. nativism. dualism. materialism.

dualism

Brittney loves to study the British empiricists. She was reading that the British empiricists believed there were fundamental units of the mind. What did they call these? aprioriunits gray matter elementary ideas synapses

elementary ideas

Cassie is out with her friends at a bonfire. When Cassie moves closer to the fire, she experiences the sensation of heat. As a result, Cassie begins to move toward the fire whenever she gets cold. This demonstrates how her sensory experience shaped her behavior. Which philosophy would explain Cassie's behavior? nativism. dualism. materialism. empiricism.

empiricism.

In some species of hawks and woodpeckers females mate with several males. This is an example of: polyandry. polygyny. monogamy. polygynandry.

polyandry.

Shalita is actively processing information for her general psychology exam by asking questions, drawing comparisons, and thinking of examples. The method by which this information will be placed into her long-term memory is known as: retrieval. attention. encoding. maintenance.

encoding.

An amnesic patient was told, "Sierra's father was a fireman." When later asked what Sierra's father did for a living, the patient responded, "He was a fireman," but when asked how he knew that, he said, "I don't know." This patient was thereby demonstrating a deficit in _____ memory. procedural. semantic. episodic. sensory.

episodic.

Which field of psychology studies behavior based on how the behaviors help organisms survive and reproduce? evolutionary psychology learning psychology social psychology adaptation psychology

evolutionary psychology

When Jamie first started working at a deli, she would eat the dill pickles that made her mouth water. She did this so often that her mouth would water just at the sight of the pickle jar. Eventually, her boss put an end to her pickle eating and her mouth stopped watering at the sight of the pickle jar. Jamie's behavior underwent: discrimination training. spontaneous recovery. extinction. generalization.

extinction.

When an operant response stops occurring because it is no longer being strengthened, what process has taken place? secondary reinforcement. generalization. extinction. negative reinforcement.

extinction.

A group of dogs is trained to salivate when presented a black square. When these dogs begin to salivate when presented a gray square, they are demonstrating the phenomenon of: discrimination. extinction. generalization. spontaneous recovery.

generalization.

Jerome hears a door slam in his dorm room and jumps in reaction to the noise. Then, a few seconds later, it slams again and soon again. As Jerome continues to hear the door slam, he jumps less and less each time. Jerome's response illustrates the principle of: spontaneous recovery. discrimination training. generalization. habituation.

generalization.

Say a small group migrated away from their normal population and brought genes for a different nose shape into a new group. This type of genetic variation is known as: genetic selection. natural selection. genetic migration. genetic drift.

genetic drift.

The set of genes that an individual inherits is known in genetics as a: gene therapy. gene set type. genotype. phenotype.

genotype.

Which statement describes the level of parental investment of polygyny? high female and low male high male and low female high for both males and females low for both males and females

high female and low male

Sally tries to find reasons within her for things going wrong in her life compared to John who looks at his environment and tends to act out aggressively while Sally dwells mentally. This is because women tend to _______ while men tend to _______. externalize; externalize. externalize; internalize. internalize; internalize. internalize; externalize.

internalize; externalize.

Which emotional signal is considered to be the MOST contagious? sadness laughter disgust joy

laughter

Angelina and Andre created mating bonds with the use of _____ and they preserved their bonds with _____ by motivating each other to act in ways designed to prevent the other from having an affair with someone else. love; sexual jealousy. happiness; love. lust; love. happiness; suspicion.

love; sexual jealousy.

John tells a clinician he has been feeling severely depressed for the last month. An initial diagnosis based solely on this information would be: major depression. dysthymia. schizophrenia. posttraumatic stress disorder.

major depression.

Kelly noticed that everyone in her family is a different height. The heights vary from five feet to six feet and include heights in between. It can be assumed that the trait for height is affected by: environment and not genes. a single gene. an unmatched pair of alleles. many genes.

many genes.

Which method would a behavioral neuroscientist most likely utilize to study jealousy? A. putting two rats in a maze and only allowing one rat to receive food while the other rat watches. B. modifying genes in order to observe the effect on jealousy. C. defining the forms and consequences of jealousy in order to identify its benefits for reproduction. D. mapping specific brain areas, in order to observe which of these areas become more active during a jealous state.

mapping specific brain areas, in order to observe which of these areas become more active during a jealous state.

When Bill asked his psychology professor to describe the free will of the soul, the professor responded, "There is no such thing as a soul; all that exists is matter and energy." The professor's response suggests that she believes in the philosophy known as: dualism. nativism. materialism. reflexology.

materialism.

Olds and Milner discovered that rats will work hardest to stimulate the _____ through artificial electrical stimulation. hypothalamus basal ganglia endorphins medial forebrain bundle

medial forebrain bundle

Jane takes a class where she learns about schizophrenia, and comes to the conclusion that she may suffer from the disorder. What is this phenomenon called? autism. medical students' disease. conversion disorder. antisocial personality disorder.

medical students' disease.

The idea that an inanimate object cannot learn because it does not possess any innate knowledge demonstrates which theory? nativism. empiricism. materialism. behaviorism.

nativism.

The application of morality to a specific behavior favored by natural selection is considered to be a: deterministic fallacy. distal explanation. proximate explanation. naturalistic fallacy.

naturalistic fallacy.

For most people, pain medicine reduces the effects of a bad headache, which makes it more likely that persons will take pain medicine the next time they have a headache. This is an example of: negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. negative punishment. positive punishment.

negative reinforcement.

Whenever Xavier's neighbors play their music loudly, he bangs on the ceiling with a broom handle to get them to turn it off. Given the fact that they do turn off the annoying music, which makes him likely to bang on the ceiling, the next time he hears it, his behavior is under the influence of: positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment.

negative reinforcement.

A college is considering whether to put the English or the math department in a posh new building. A group of English professors joke about the math faculty, saying that they are all alike-unsociable, unable to participate in a discussion of the arts, and boring. The English professors see themselves as friendly, literate, and witty. Their tendency to see members of the math department as different from themselves and very similar to one another in having such undesirable traits is an illustration of: within-group solidarity. hostile between-group interaction. social loafing. negative stereotyping of the other group.

negative stereotyping of the other group.

Rafael has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His major symptoms are slow and difficult speech, flattened affect, and a lack of interest in things that used to motivate him, all of which are classified as _____ symptoms. catatonic. paranoid. positive. negative.

negative.

Melzack and Wall proposed a theory that explained a person's changing threshold for: hearing. touch. pain. taste.

pain.

An operant response will be most resistant to extinction if it is: A. continuously reinforced. B. partially reinforced on a fixed schedule. C. partially reinforced on a variable schedule. D. never punished.

partially reinforced on a variable schedule.

The underlying variable that appears to explain why the mere presence of observers sometimes facilitates or inhibits performance in individuals is: conformity. cognitive dissonance. group polarization. physiological arousal.

physiological arousal.

Kendra was the only participant shown a photograph of an apple. Later in the experiment, she was able to identify an unclear drawing as an apple when the other participants did not. Kendra's ability to identify the drawing as an apple was due to: priming. procedural memory. selective viewing. selective listening.

priming.

If a patient is diagnosed with the same illness by 20 different doctors, the diagnosis is said to be: steady. reliable. good. admissible in court.

reliable.

An online poll is conducted to try and predict who will be elected in the upcoming presidential election. Considering that not everyone has access to the internet, the data collected for the poll is incomplete. What does this example illustrate? sample bias. error. random variation. reliability.

sample bias.

Mackenzie's attentive, responsive, emotionally sensitive behavior toward her infant promotes which type of attachment? disorganized/disoriented attachment. secure attachment. insecure-resistant attachment. insecure-avoidant attachment.

secure attachment

A trainer wants a chimp to sit still in a chair. She might therefore reward the chimp for staying within 5 feet of the chair, then only for staying in physical contact with it, then only for actually sitting in it. This strategy uses the technique called: shaping. generalization. extinction. partial reinforcement.

shaping.

At first a coach praises a basketball player for behaviors that are only remotely like those that will sink a basket. Gradually, the coach restricts praise to behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior. The coach is using a training strategy called: discrimination training. generalization. shaping. fixed-ratio reinforcement.

shaping.

Katie does not recycle, but feels that her few plastic bottles a week do not do much harm to the earth. However her entire neighborhood feels the same way and they also do not recycle. This is an example of: social interference. social dilemma altruistic punishment. superordinate goals.

social dilemma

If Jeremiah is constantly lying about how much fun he is having in his comments on social media and his mom says it is because his friends do the same thing. What level of analysis is she using? social. genetic. cognitive. evolutionary.

social.

Which type of psychologist would be interested in the number of teenagers who started smoking cigarettes due to their group of friends who are also smokers? social. behavioral. evolutionary. cultural.

social.

Barking is a(n) _____ in dogs. zygote. natural selection. species-typical behavior. instinct.

species-typical behavior.

A reflex is a relatively simple, automatic, _____ sequence. stimulus-response. stimulus-stimulus. response-response. stimulus-environment.

stimulus-response.

Genevieve was on a hike and was attacked by a coyote. She said she felt no pain or fright. What could this be attributed to? stress-induced analgesia periaqueductal gray free-nerve endings belief-induced analgesia

stress-induced analgesia

The concept of biological preparedness as the basis for species-typical behavior must be considered relative rather than absolute because all of the following EXCEPT _____ need to be considered. environmental conditions. internal mechanisms. consequences in daily life. the animal's gender.

the animal's gender.

Maria is conducting an experiment in her lab that involves presenting a light to a rat and then presenting the rat with cheese. She then presents the light and a bell at the same time, and presents the rat with cheese. The rat seems to show a conditioned response to the light, but when the bell is presented without the original light stimulus, the rat does not show any signs of expecting any cheese. This phenomenon is referred to as: the expectancy effect. the blocking effect. the predictor effect. the conditioning effect.

the blocking effect.