Psychology Final

schizophrenia causes

- Prenatal infections disrupting neural growth, neural migration - Dysfunctional activity in prefrontal cortex (reasoning) - Smaller hippocampus (memory formation, learning) - Excess of dopamine? - only positive symptoms - Deficiency of glutamate - selective attention, cognitive control, working memory

MDD causes

- diathesis-stress model - learned helplessness - low serotonin

OCD causes

- hyperactive Anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, creates feelings that something is wrong. - Limbic system (Amygdala & Hypothalamus) translate the feeling as anxiety

Schizophrenia causes

- prefrontal cortex (dysfunctional) - prenatal exposure - smaller hippocampus - high dopamine - low glutamate

Classical and Operant

2 Types of Conditioning

virtual reality therapy

A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is exposed in graduated steps to computer simulations of a feared object or situation.

obedience

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

antisocial disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. (Less frontal lobe tissue)

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

black faces & pleasant words

According to research on the IAT on Implicit bias, European American college students typically found it harder (slower) to pair

also dysfunctional

Deviant behavior can be classified as disordered only if it is

outgroup homogeneity

Dionne, who is from France, thinks that all people from other countries are similar, yet she is aware that everyone in France has different attitudes & behaviors. Dionne is displaying

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

self serving bias

Geoffrey says he failed the math test because the test was difficult. however, when he excelled on the French test, he immediately took credit for the success saying that he had prepared well. this is an example of

low levels of glutamate

If Mariana is a schizophrenic who has trouble with selective attention, cognitive control, & working memory, it suggest that she has

B

If a person exhibits behavior that is different from what most people do, that person's behavior is said to be _____. A. delirious B. deviant C. dysthymic D. dysfunctional

bystander effect

In the murder of Kitty Genovese, none of the witnesses to her stabbing came to her aid. why?

Bandura's experiment

In this experiment children watched a model attack a doll and then the children were put in a room with toys including the same doll and children it was found that the kids who watched the model were much more likely to imitate the actions. If person received punishment, then decrease in that behavior

informative social influence

Incoming freshman look to other students for details about where to hang out is an example of

D

Indira, a third-grade teacher, frequently suffers from dizziness, heart palpitations, and fatigue. She is also continually agitated and unable to relax outside the classroom, but she cannot pinpoint a reason for her problems. Her behavior is most indicative of a. Social anxiety disorder b. A phobia c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder d. Generalized anxiety disorder

Positive symptoms

Logan has been hearing a voice in his head for the past several months. the voice asks him to punish the sinners from the world. he hurts 9 people to obey the command of the voice. which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is Logan showing?

B

Malik has an irrational fear of dogs. He refuses to visit friends with dogs or watch television programs with dogs, and he takes a very specific route when running in order to avoid dogs. Malik suffers from a. PTSD b. A specific phobia c. Social anxiety disorder d. agraphobia

C

Marcus has unpredictable episodes of anxiety where he can't breathe and feels like he's having a heart attack. Though these feelings are temporary, they fill him with dread and worry. Which disorder might Marcus be suffering from? A. generalized anxiety disorder B. phobia C. panic disorder D. post-traumatic stress disorder

conformity

Maria buys pink & green shoes because everyone in her school wears shoes of the same colors. this is an example of

B

Nathan is the lead singer of his band. He starts wearing black t-shirts, leather jackets, and tight denims because everyone else in the band wears them. In this scenario, Nathan's behavior exemplifies A. social loafing. B. conformity. C. abstraction. D. retaliation.

Banaji and Greenwald's Implicit Associations Test

Task: Identify two types of things with left-handed response, and two opposite types with the right-handed response If attitudes toward the two types of things assigned to one of the hands match, subjects react faster Unconscious racial attitudes revealed in reaction time

mirror neuron system (MNS)

They are involved in imitation & social learning

D

Washing one's hand 100 times a day would be an example of (a/an): a. Obsessive thoughts b. Post-traumatic stress c. Phobia d. Compulsive behavior

Little Albert

Watson's study on the generalization of fear. Conditioning subject to be afraid; made kid afraid of all white fluffy things

B

Which of the following is NOT a technique used in client-centered therapy? A. Genuineness B. Interpretation C. Acceptance D. Empathy

B

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? A. Thomas drinks coffee to not to feel tired. B. Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes. C. Greta gets caught while speeding and the police officer gives her a ticket. D. Cindy loses her credit points because she submits her homework late.

C

________ are the inferences one makes about the causes of other people's behavior. A. Abstractions B. Reifications C. Attributions D. Habits

cognitive dissonance

a basketball game ends with a score of 155-13. the fans who paid to see the game say it was exciting, but those who got in free say it was boring. why?

conditioned response

a behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with the CS is termed as a

client centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. Gap between real self & ideal self

attitude

a person's favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, or actions toward an object, idea, or person

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Milgram's experiment showed

a reasonable people may do things that seem cruel & unusual in the presence of powerful social influence

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (UCR, CS, UCR, CR)

two weeks

according to DSM 5, MDD is said to occur when signs of depression last at least

stereotypes

allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions

PTSD

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

cognitive dissonance

an experimenter pays you $1 to tell someone else that a particular monotonous, boring task was really interesting. this procedure will probably generate

cognitive dissonance

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs ($1 vs $10 experiment)

persuasion

attempt by a person or group to change our opinions, beliefs, or choices by explaining or arguing their position

diathesis stress model (MDD)

biological predispositions plus stress or extremely stressful environments together produce psychological disorders

SSRIs

block serotonin transport and enhance serotonin action

loud noise

by pairing a flash light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light, when the light is flashed amidst darkness. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this study?

facts & logic

central route to persuasion emphasizes

DSM also (bad)

create preconceptions (stigma)

bipolar disorder

depressive & mania states

MDD

feelings of worthlessness are most likely to be associated with

observational learning

five year old Hannah learns how to operate the TV remote by watching her mother use it. this is an example of

Schedules of Partial Reinforcement

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

behavioral therapy

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

anxiety disorders

generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia

Summer camp experiment (Robbers' Cave)

groups were required to work cooperatively toward a common goal; the hostility turned to friendship

dissociative identity disorder

have at least 2 different personalities; Extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness; rare

create preconceptions that bias our perceptions

if individuals expect someone labeled as mentally ill to be hostile, that

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. Responding happens at a high steady rate

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. Check FB regularly thruout the day

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. Ex: the more lawns you mow, the more money you make

fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. Tend to work as slow as needed (no extra effort)

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informative social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality; from an expert

stereotypes

info facilitation (quick judgement), can hurt judgement (tool/gun), can bias interpretation & memory

operant conditioning

learning from consequences

MDD

low mood, energy, worthlessness

anxiety disorder causes

nature (low GABA levels) & nurture

OCD

obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors

central route

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

conformity

occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to cultural norms

peripheral route

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

diffusion of responsibility

one of the explanations offered for the bystander effect

operant conditioning

organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior

DSM helps

prediction, treatment, communication, research

stereotyping

priming people with a flashed black face rather than a flashed white face makes them more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. why?

association

process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked so that we begin to connect them in our minds

schizophrenia

psychosis, delusion, hallucination, not specking, flat emotion, poor memory, trouble focusing

stereotypes

schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong

unconditioned response

since dogs always salivate at the sight of food, salivation in this case would be called a

Change behavior, old beliefs or Add new beliefs

steps to eliminate cognitive dissonance

punishment

the added or removed thing makes me feel bad

reinforcement

the added or removed thing makes me feel good

negative reinforcement

the beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. the removal of the annoying beeping is __________ for fastening the seat belt

positive

the consequence of the action results in adding something

negative

the consequence of the action results in removing something

attribution

the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others; dispositional or situational

negative punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present (diffusion of responsibility)

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

self serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit (disposition) for success but blame failure on situation

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

group therapy

treating a group of people who have similar problems and who meet regularly with a trained counselor

drug treatment

used for Schizophrenia & Depression (SSRIs)

Milgram's study

wanted to study the influence of direct commands on behavior; administering the shock; majority gave lethal shock; normal people can do cruel things if authority figure asks

association

we learn by

disturbance, deviance, dysfunction, distress

what is abnormal? (4 D's)

cognitive dissonance

when people experience it, they go to extreme lengths to reduce it

operant conditioning

whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. this is an example of