psychology final exam

One way that schemas influence social thought is by __________.

Acting as a filter to direct our attention towards some information & away from other information.

Classical condition & instrumental conditioning are examples of ____ processes of attitude formation.

Behavioristic

The central rout to persuasion involves____.

Careful consideration of the ideas contained by a message.

Carissa is highly involved in a purchase decision for a new car. She has searched the internet, visited car dealerships, talked to friends and family, and paid attention to advertisements. According to the elaboration likelihood model, by which rout is Carissa most likely to be persuaded?

Central

The ways we think about other people & the things we remember about them may have an effect on our behavior. These thoughts & memories are examples of ___________.

Cognitive Processes

The personal identity _____________.

Conceptualizes the self as a unique individual.

The Roberts Cave Experiment shoed that an effective way to reduce prejudice and tension between embers of different groups was to

Create a situation in which members of different groups cooperate to achieve a common goal

When I consider the extent to which this person reacts in the same way to this same stimulus on other occasions, I am basing my attribution on _________.

Distinctivness

The message-learning approach states that attitude change requires the following except

Evaluation of The Message

Researchers who systematically change 1 variable in order to determine what effect this has on another variable are using ________.

Experimental Methods

Once an attitude develops, it can exist at 2 levels. _____ attitudes are ones we consciously endorse &can easily report. _____ attitudes, on the other hand, are involuntary uncontrollable & at times unconscious evaluations.

Explicit and implicit

The extent as which experimental results can be generalized to real-life situations is a question of an experiments ________.

External Validity

The invisible mechanism that holds qualified women back from attaining high-level positions in the workplace.

Glass Ceiling

Trish's teacher just returned student essays to the class. Trish's teacher has written several positive comments throughout her paper & given her an A+ on the assignment. Trish is likely to believe ______ because of _______.

Her grade reflects the true quality of her work; the self-serving bias

High levels of stress & multiple, competing demands for our attention & abilities can reduce our mental processing capacity. These situations can lead to _________.

Information Overload

__________ involves using praise of important others as a way to encourage them to like us & approve of us.

Ingratiation

In Festinger & Carlsmith's classical cognitive dissonance experiment, dissonance arises because the participant, having competed the behavior she's been induced to perform, feels he has ___ the behavior in the _____ condition, compared to the ___ condition.

Insufficient justification to warrant; $1.00; $20.00

For years, L'Oreal hair color would say in their ad that L'Oreal is "expensive, but worth it." This is an example of which type of advertisement?

Two-sided Message

Henry feels helpless at his job, feels that he cannot control his workday, & feels that he is useless, worthless, & inept. These characteristics would probably mean that Henry has ___.

Low Self-Esteem

The process of giving participants as much information as possible about experimental procedures to be used before the participants agree to participate is known as ________.

Obtaining informed consent

The "fundamental attribution error" refers to our tendency to ___________.

Overestimate the role of dispositions in causing others' behavior.

outgroup homogeneity effect

Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus "they are alike; we are diverse."

Erin has been living with her boyfriend for a year. During that time, Erin has heard her boyfriend &his family make many negative comments about Asians. When her boyfriend's family is around Erin also occasionally makes negative comments about Asians, even though she doesn't believe these comments are based in facts. This situation is best representing the distinction between ____ &; ____

Public Conformity &; Private Acceptance

Suppose you are telling your friend about a woman you just met. You tell your friend that this person seemed very compassionate & was interested in helping others; however you couldn't recall whether she said she was a nurse or a businesswoman. On the basis of the _______ heuristic, your friend would probably think that she is a _______.

Representativeness; Nurse

Children will obey their parents because they have what type of social power?

Reward Power

Where schemas are concerned, the perservance effect is __________.

Schemas' resistance to change even in light of contradictory information.

The fact that we tend to pay particular attention to information that supports our attitudes and to direct our attention away from information that is contrary to our attitudes is known as____.

Selective Exposure

The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions as known as ____.

Self-Efficacy

As 1 of a number of ______, people are quite willing to avoid responsibility for their failures, but all too willing to accept credit for their success.

Self-Serving Biases

We tend to make ______ attributions for our own behaviors, but ________ attributions for others' behavior.

Situational; Dispositional (The Actor Observer Effect)

The front page of the newspaper has a story about a man wearing a clerical collar who robbed several people in their homes and escaped. That the victims readily allowed the man to enter their homes allows the potential disadvantages of relying on

Social Categories

The process during which we interpret, analyze, remember, & use information about the social world is known as ________.

Social Cognition

When we think of ourselves as members of specific social groups, we are thinking of our __.

Social Identity

In order to determine whether people have a strong or weak preference for the color of their cookware, a company wants to collect information from many of its past customers. If the number of past customers is very large, the company may want to consider using _______.

Survey

Having not met any members of a new social group, you hear a person expressing negative views of that group. Your attitude toward the new group would not be likely influenced by hearing this negative message if ____

The person expressing the attitude is someone you dislike and see as dissimilar to yourself

Which statement BEST describes the attribution process?

The process by which we seek to understand the causes of the behavior of others & ourselves.

Heuristics exert a strong influence on our thinking in large measure because ___________.

They reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments & decisions.

Efforts to prevent certain thoughts from entering conscious awareness are known as ____.

Thought Suppression

One evening, after seeing a _______ at the Cineplex, you are on your way home. You drive into a store parking lot, where another driver grabs a parking place you had spotted & we're waiting for. You perceive the behavior as very _________.

Violent Movie; Aggressive (This is priming)

Kimberly clark is interested in mothers emotional reactions to their huggies brand of disposable diapers, which usually have popular characters or cute designs printed on them. which component of attitudes is Kimberly clark interested in?

affective

in asch's classis experiment, a standard setting line was 1st presented to small groups of people followed by the presentation of 3 comparison lines of different lengths. in condition 3 accomplices, posing as students, chose as incorrect answer before the subject could respond. frequently, the subject could then also select an incorrect response this result illustrates

an informal social influence

according to classical conditioning approach to attitude formation and change

attitudes tend to be positive if they are formed in conjunction with a positivity stimulus

according to the sleeper effect you might read an article in a tabloid by a newspaper check out line then...

buy the product it mentioned multiple times, forget where you read it while remembering the information

One reason that distractions may increase persuasiveness of a message is because distractions

prevent systematic processing of message content

according to the elaboration likelihood and the heuristic systematic models of persuasion, the 2 key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are ones

capacity to process information and level of motivation

all of the factors that bind group members together into coherent social entity are collectively known as

cohesiveness

cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. one way we can reduce the dissonance is by

coming up with justifications in support of the behavior

one form of social influence that involves direct requests from 1 person to another person is known as

compliance

in the classic robbers cave study, sheriff and his colleagues showed that _________ can reduce prejudice

contact hypothesis, superordinate goals, cognitive recategorization

Suppose a breaking news story has occurred involving an incident of terrorism. A certain news station invites a well-respected terrorism scholar to discuss the event. His views will likely be persuasive because he will be seen as ___.

credible

the stronger attitudes for an individual are usually acquired through

direct experience

Behaving differently toward members of different social groups is known as ____.

discrimination

differential actions taken toward members of specific social groups are known as

discrimination

When a person holds 2 psychologically inconsistent ideas, he or she will experience an uncomfortable psychological state characterized by tension, called:

dissonance

jane blames her husband for being fired from her job, but her coworkers think she was fired due to incompetence. janes negative attitude toward her husband appears to reflect as

ego defensive need

ada had missed the notes for several classes and asked rob for the notes for 1 day. rob gave the notes to ada, who copied them and then asked rob for the weeks worth of noted. because of ______, rob is highly likely to give ada the notes

foot in the door technique

what are situational factors that influence conformity

group size, social support ,cohesiveness

___ attitudes are activated without awareness; while ____ attitudes are attitudes of which one is aware.

implicit, explicit

one technique used for seeking compliance from others involves calling attention to relatively trivial, surprising similarities between the target person and ourselves. this is known as ___

incidental similarity

the contact hypothesis is based on the idea that

increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups

Your best friend asks you which of two movies you would rather see. If you don't really feel strongly about either movie, you attitude is

indifferent

micheles friends are very conservative in the terms of their dress and appearance. much to their amusement, michele dyes her hair pink and green the following day. micheles action can be explained by her need for

individuation

supposed you buy a new honda because all your friends who know much more about cars than you do, recommend honda. what kind of conformity are you exhibiting

informal social influence

a form of social learning that occurs when responses to a particular stimulus lead to positive outcomes or allow the person to avoid negative outcomes is called

instrument conditioning

Dr. Kuhle is 1 of 5 professors who has been invited to interview for a tenure-track position in the psychology department at State U. The hiring committee will interview the 5 candidates over a 5 week period, after which they will immediately decide who to hire. Assuming that Dr. Kuhlewants the position, when is best for him to interview?

last

three factors that foster compliance

lowballing, foot in the door, playing hard to get

Jake's parents listened to R&B a great deal while he was growing up and now as a young adult Jake likes R&B. What principle might explain this?

mere exposure effect

when Darlene expresses interest in playing basketball, her friends snicker and roll their eyes. Darlene never says anything else about basketball and ceases to think about playing it. which of the following best accounts for darlenes negative attitude toward basketball?

operant conditioning

Efforts to change our attitude by using different kinds of messages is known as ____.

persuasion

An attitude toward members of some group, based solely on their membership in that group is known as ____.

prejudice

other things being equal, information presented 1st that usually has the most influence is called

primacy effect

this factor is not related to the attitude behavior relationship

self awareness

____ are rules that indicate how people are expected to behave in a particular situation

social norms

attitudes influence

social thought and behavior

message that arose moderate levels of fear are effective at changing behavior if

they include specific information about steps we can take to reduce the fear

according to steeles self affirmation theory, in dissonance including situation, people act to reduce dissonance in order to

to assert their adequacy as individuals

According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are partially determined by our attitudes toward a particular behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and____. 39. The hiring or acceptance of only a few members of a particular group is known as...

tokenism

harry feels very positively toward honda& purchases 1 because he believes it to be the most economical car available, leaving him to spend more money on other things. what function does his attitude towards honda serve?

utilitarian

Enduring beliefs about important life goals that transcend specific situations are called...

values

one of the factors associated with compliance is reciprocity . this is because ____

we are more willing to comply with requests from friends or from those we like than with requests from strangers or people we dislike

according to self perception theory, behavior shapes attitudes

when attitudes are weak and ambiguous

We are likely to attribute another person's behavior to internal causes when consensus is ______, consistency is ______, & distinctiveness is _______.

Low; High; Low

One adaptive purpose served by counterfactual thinking is to ___________.

Make disappointments & tragedies more bearable.

Dana is watching TV when a commercial for a brand of bathroom cleaner comes on. She is not very interested in the product category, but the ad was entertaining and made her laugh. As a result, she has a positive attitude toward the brand of cleaner advertised. What rout would explain this?

Peripheral

William plays softball on the weekends with a group of friends from work. He believes he is a better pitcher than George because batters have fewer hits when he pitches than when George pitches. This type of comparison can best be explained by __________.

Social Comparison Theory

The idea that part of our self-esteem stems from identifying it's the social groups to which we belong is part of

Social Identity Theory

Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them. Her brother stays no that's women work, which makes their dad smile. Her brother sees the smile and walks away. This Scenario is an example of prejudice as a result of ____.

Social Learning

The branch of psychology that seeks to understand the nature & causes of individual behavior & thought in social situations is _________.

Social PsychologySocial Psychology

Dr. Rosenfield is the doctor on Sunday House Call. Dr. Rosenfield is highly esteemed in his field and provides up to date medical information for viewers. Sometimes he recommends specific products and Valerie a regular viewer of the program, trusts what he says or recommends. What explains this?

Source Credibility

A ___ attitude is ___ likely to predict behavior.

Specific; More

The process of carefully observing behavior as it occurs is known as ___________.

Systematic Observation

A correlation exists between 2 variables when ___________.

The 2 variables are inversely related - as 1 increases, the other decreases.

Blair watches the newscast each evening, with its usual diet of fires & usual accidents. She often eats at Herby's Fried Snacks, a restaurant located in a brick building, despite the fact that her eating there has resulted in bad indigestion several times.she avoids the well- respected Korean restaurant, because the Korean restaurant is in a wooden building. Blair eating habits are probably being guided by _________.

The Availability Heuristic

Research has demonstrated that most people are more sensitive to negative information than to positive information. This is known as ________.

The Negativity Bias

James, a 17 yr old high school student, has just moved to a new city enrolled in a new school. At his old school, there were strong social norms against teens smoking cigarettes. At his new school, however, several of his new friends regularly smoke & say to him "come on don't be a jerk, have 1 of mine." As a result, James is likely to begin smoking because of ____.

The Normative Social Influence

During finals week, Jonah tells his friend that he'll be able to write 4 term papers over the next few days. Jonah is shocked & upset when he is barely able to complete 2 of these 4 papers. Jonah's behavior is consistent with ___________.

The Planning Fallacy

Imagine that you see a friend arguing with a sales clerk in a store. You have never seen your friend argue with anyone in public before. Therefore, you think that the clerk did something to cause the argument. The theory that most directly explains how you reached the conclusion is _______.

The Theory of Correspondent Inference

jane asks her friend tom, a guy good with tools out to dinner. halfway through she asks him, buy the way would you mind looking at my car? she is using the compliance technique -

reciprocity

I have a friend that loves to by the gossip magazines but says she does it because she likes to see what the celebrities are wearing to determine "in" fashions. What type of social power do celebrities have over her?

referent power