Psychology final

Frustration aggression hypothesis

, frustration, which is defined as "the state that emerges when circumstances interfere with a goal response," often leads to aggression

central and peripheral routes to persuasion

Central- being persuaded by the arguments or the content of the message Peripheral- being persuaded in a manner that is not based on arguments or the message content

three ways to remove inconsistencies that cause dissonance

Change beliefs, change actions, and change perception of actions

Hardy personality and its three factors

Commitment- sense of self, direction and place in life Control- personal agency, internal locus of control Challenge- looked at change as expected, and normal. A challenge to overcome but not a stressor

destructive obedience

Complying with instructions that causes harm to others or leads to a negative outcome.

Exhaustion stage

Energy is depleted

fundamental attribution error and what increases versus decreases its occurrence

FAE- to place and undue emphasis on personality to explain someone else's behavior in a given situation rather than considering the situation's external factors

that's not all

Have you ever found yourself watching a television infomercial? Once a product has been pitched, the seller then adds an additional offer before the potential purchaser has made a decision. "That's not all," the salesperson might suggest, "If you buy a set of widgets now, we'll throw in an extra widget for free!" The goal is to make the offer as appealing as possible.

stress and heath risks

Heart disease. Researchers have long suspected that the stressed-out, type A personality has a higher risk of high blood pressure and heart problems. ... Asthma. ... Obesity. ... Diabetes. ... Headaches. ... Depression and anxiety. ... Gastrointestinal problems. ... Alzheimer's disease.

intrumental and hostile agression

I-a behavior that occurs when the primary goal of an action is not to make the victim suffer, but to attain a non-injurious goal H-a behavior that occurs when the primary goal of an action is to make the victim suffer

factors that increase and decrease obedience

Increased:Commands were given by an authority figure rather than another volunteer The experiments were done at a prestigious institution The authority figure was present in the room with the subject The learner was in another room The subject did not see other subjects disobeying commands Decreased- Teacher was in another room. It was easier to say no when they weren't in their face

ways to reduce prejudice

Learn about your community,Document activities in your community that reflect racial prejudice or racism, Understand the depth of the problem (e.g., it's a new problem because of a group of newcomers, or it's an old problem that won't go away). Identify and understand the kinds of policies that may need to be challenged. travel to different areas of the world.The necessary conditions include cooperation towards shared goals, equal status between groups, and the support of local authorities and cultural norms.

Normative and informational conformity: what and when likely to occur

N-occurs because of the desire to be liked and accepted. Most people probably think of peer pressure amongst teens when they think of normative conformity, and for good reason. (peer pressure, standing ovation, fashion trends) I-occurs because of the desire to be correct. In Asch's experiment, some of the participants stated that they believed they must be wrong since no one else agreed with them. They changed their answer so that they would be 'right.'(eating at a busy resturant because it looks more popular)

Gender differences in preference

Physical- women look for men with masculine feature (e.g. Broad shoulders, strong jaw, facial hair). Men look for women with full lips, hips, breast, and I tiny waist Non-physical- women look for wealth, power, high social status. Men look for nurturing qualities (good cook, ability to perform domestic task)

communicator and message variables that enhance persuasion

Popular and attractive communicators are more effective than unpopular or unattractive ones (Kiesler & Kiesler, 1969). Communicator People who speak rapidly are more persuasive than people who speak slowly (Miller, Maruyama, Beaber, & Valone, 1976). One reason is that rapid speech conveys the impression that the speaker knows what he or she is talking about. Communicator We are more easily persuaded if we think the message is not deliberately intended to persuade or manipulate us (Walster & Festinger, 1962). Message Persuasion can be enhanced by messages that arouse fear in the audience (Leventhal, Singer, & Jones, 1965). To persuade people to stop smoking, for instance, it may be useful to create a fear of dying from lung cancer by showing a cancerous lung to smokers. You have seen this approach in television adverts designed to reduce the road toll or promote safely in the workplace. Message Persuasion can be enhanced by using evaluatively biased language, but these effects depend on the amount of cognitive effort (van Schie, Martjin, & vab der Pligt, 1994). [Evaluatively biased language refers to using evaluatively biased terms in judging an attitudinal issue.] Message People with low self-esteem are persuaded more easily than people with high self-esteem (Janis, 1954). Audience People are sometimes more susceptible to persuasion when they are distracted than when playing full attention, at least when the message is simple (Allyn & Festinger, 1961) Audience When persuasion is tough - that is, when the audience is hostile - it is more effective to present both sides of the issue than just one side (Hovland, Lumsdaine, & Sheffield, 1949). Message and audience A message is less persuasive when given in a powerless linguistic style

Dissonance theory and ow dissonance promotes attitude change

Proposed by Festinger, asserts that people often have two or more conflicting or inconsistent cognitions which leads to tension or discomfort.

Alarm reaction

Provides a burst of energy. Fight or flight response

factors in attraction: proximity, similarity, physical attraction attractiveness

Proximity- to be attracted to others, one must be near to them in both space and time. Similarity- we are attracted to someone similar to us Physical- the degree to which a person's physical features are considered aesthetically pleasing or beautiful

Ways through which we acquire attitudes

Social learning, classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, observational learning, the media, social comparison.

resistance stage

The body tries to resist or adapt to the stressor

Door-in-face compliance

The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader's face. The respondent is then more likely to agree to a second, more reasonable request, compared to the same reasonable request made in isolation.

Attitude- behavior consistency: factors that increase

The state of being consistent in behavior pattern. An individual is more likely to adhere to the same principles throughout life.

Actor/observer bias

The tendency to attribute ones own actions to external causes while attributing others behaviors to internal causes

General adaption syndrome

The three predictable stages the body uses to respond to stressors (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

men and women reaction to stress

Though they report similar average stress levels, women are more likely than men to report that their stress levels are on the rise. They are also much more likely than men to report physical and emotional symptoms of stress.

Cognitive conistency

Used to label out need for a consistent, coherent world where things fit together and make sense.

Deindividuation

a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups

Diffusion of responsibility

a psychological phenomenon in which people are less likely to take action or feel a sense of responsibility in the presence of a large group of people

Groupthink: what and what promotes

a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. Furthermore, groupthink can produce dehumanizing actions against the "outgroup".

Social Cognition

a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations. It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.

Attitude

an effective feelings of liking or disliking toward an object (which can be basically anything) that has an influence on behavior.

foot in door compliance

assumes agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a second, larger request. So, initially you make a small request and once the person agrees to this they find it more difficult to refuse a bigger one.

obedience

compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another's authority. "children were taught to show their parents obedience"

Aversive Racism

endorse egalitarian values who regard themselves as nonprejudiced, but discriminate in subtle, rationalizable ways

Realistic Conflict Theory

explain the conflict, negative prejudices, and discrimination that occur between groups of people who are in competition for the same resources.

What is beautiful is good sterotype

physically attractive people are superior to others on many other traits, such as intelligence and overall personality

matching hypothesis

suggests why people become attracted to their partner. It claims that people are more likely to form and succeed in a committed relationship with someone who is equally socially desirable.

social loafing

the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.

complaince

the action or fact of complying with a wish or command.

social facilitation

the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone

In group bias

the tendency to favor one's own group. This is not one group in particular, but whatever group you associate with at a particular time.

Altruism

when we act to promote someone else's welfare, even at a risk or cost to ourselves. Though some believe that humans are fundamentally self-interested