Psychology Final
Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings? A) naturalistic observation B) replication C) random sampling D) the case study
B
Plato's assumption that certain ideas are inborn is most directly relevant to the controversy regarding A) conscious and unconscious thoughts B) observation and introspection C) nature and nurture D) basic and applied research
C
Pleasant memories are most likely to be evoked by exposure to A) bright colors B) soft touches C) fragrances D) loud sounds
C
Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ______ perspective. A) social cultural B) cognitive C) evolutionary D) psychodynamic
C
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
90 minutes
After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called A) debriefing B) replication C) informed consent D) double blind procedure
A
After discovering that the shadows outside his window were only the trees in the yard, Ralph's blood pressure decreased and his heartbeat slowed. These physical reactions were most directly regulated by his A) parasympatheic nervous system B) sympathetic nervous system C) somatic nervous system D) central nervous system
A
An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a A) placebo B) coefficient C) case study D) replication
A
Bob, Bill, and Boi were all sitting behind the same bowling lane, so Ruth perceived that they were all members of the same bowling team. This best illustrates A) proximity B) interposition C) closure D) continutiy
A
Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors A) vary together B) are random samples C) influence each other D) are dependent variables
A
Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. A) cognitive B) biological C) clinical D) social
A
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the A) adaptive value of conscious thought and emotions B) component elements of sensory experience C) disruptive effects of unconscious motives D) treatment of psychological disorders
A
Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to muscles in your hands by the ________ nervous system. A) peripheral B) parasympathetic C) sympathetic D) autonomic
A
Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as an A) theory B) replication C) naturalistic observation D) operational definition
A
The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in A) children who have a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed B) people paralyzed by a severed spinal cord C) individuals with Alzheimers D) split brain patients
A
The function of dendrites is to A) receive incoming signals from other neurons B) release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions btw neurons C) coordinate activation of sympathetic system D) control pain through the release of opiate like chemicals into the brain
A
The surface of the basilar membrane is lined with: a) hair cells. b) olfactory receptors. c) bipolar cells. d) feature detectors.
A
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as A) behaviorism B) cognitive neuroscience C) humanistic psychology D) positive psychology
A
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time is called A) signal detection B) the absolute threshold C) perceptual set D) the just noticeable difference
D
John B. Watson is to Edward Titchener as ___________ is to ____________. A) biology; environment B) observable behavior; inner sensations C) mental illness; psychiatry D) cognitive perspective; psychoanalytic perspective
B
Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her black friends and asian friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of: A) neuroscience and cognition B) nature and nurture C) behavior and mental processes D) conscious and unconscious thoughts
B
On the way to the visual cortex, neural impulses from the retina are first relayed to the A) lens B) thalamus C) hippocampus D) cornea
B
One research team randomly assigned some newborns and their mothers either to a breast-feeding promotion group or to a normal pediatric care group. Which research method did they use? A) case study B) experiment C) naturalistic observation D) the correlational method
B
Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking A) a representative sample B) informed consent C) an operational definition D) a placebo effect
B
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs is called the A) somatic nervous system B) neural network C) biopsychosocial system D) autonomic nervous system
D
The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates A) random assignment B) hindsight bias C) debriefing D) the placebo effect
D
Bed-wetting is most likely to occur at the end of ________ sleep.
N-REM 3
Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep.
NREM 1
Delta waves are most clearly associated with ________ sleep.
NREM 3
Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with
REM sleep
at 3oclock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurence of
REM sleep
Nightmares are to __________ as night terrors are to ______
REM sleep; NREM 3 sleep
Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning
cerebellum
A skinner box is an
chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.
While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The man's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates
change blindness
Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
chunking
When working an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of
circadian rhythm
Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
classical conditioning
Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
classical conditioning
Although a few keys on the piano were broken, Shana mentally filled in the missing notes of the familiar melodies. This best illustrates the principle of
closure
Suspiciousness, convulsions, and cardiac arrest are aversive reactions most closely associated with the use of
cocaine
Corolina was not aware of what her mother was telling her while she was focusing on a phone voice message from a friend. Her experience best illustrates
cocktail party effect
After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a
cognitive map
The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of
cognitive processes
The absolute threshold for hearing is arbitrarily defined as zero
decibels
Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between
deep and shallow processing
At 1am Luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. an EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of
delta waves
Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?
dilation of the pupil
A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of
discrimination
Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
discrimination
A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called
dissociation
Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is
dreaming
Although we may be unaware of our gender prejudices, they often influence the way we consciously perceive males and females. This best illustrates
dual processing
For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.
echoic
Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates
effortful processing
We are unable to consciously attend to most of the sights and sounds that are continually bombarding us. This fact most clearly contributes to
encoding failure
A lack of conscious memories of your first three years of life illustrates
infantile amnesia
Which theory emphasizes that dreams play a role in consolidating the day's experiences in our memories?
information processing theory
A recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called
insomnia
Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.
intermittent
If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates
latent learning
B.F. Skinner's work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called
law of effect
Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of
learning
Conditioning is the process of
learning associations
As the farmer looked across her field, the parallel rows of young corn plants appeared to converge in the distance. This provided her with a distance cue known as:
linear perspective
Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ______ of a sound.
location
The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as
long term potentiation
THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.
marijuana; hallucinogen
Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears
may be produced through classical conditioning
The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on
memory
When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.
methamphetamine
Without conscious reflection, people often yawn when they observe others yawning. Researchers are now considering whether this can be attributed to
mirror neuron activity
Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated
misinformation effect
Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using
mnemonic technique
Children often imitate behaviors seen on television. This best illustrates the impact of
modeling
Indicators of distance such as interposition and linear perspective are
monocular cues
The recall of sad experiences is often primed by feelings of sadness. This most clearly illustrates
mood congruent theory
Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates
motivated forgetting
During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from
narcolepsy
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates
observational learning
Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of
observational learning
Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?
observational learning
Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home?
olfactory receptors
Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying
operant conditioning
Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates
operant conditioning
Consciousness is
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
The brain's release of endorphins reduces
pain
A capacity to monitor simultaneously the color, shape, and motion of an object best illustrates
parallel processing
The ability to simultaneously process the pitch, loudness, melody, and meaning of a song best illustrates
parallel processing
Associating carrots with a mental image of a bun, milk with a mental image of a shoe, and paper towels with a mental image of a tree best illustrates
peg word system
The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field is called
perceptual adaptation
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change is known as
perceptual constancy
After hearing rumors about the outbreak of an infectious disease, Alyosha began to perceive his normal aches and pains as disease-related symptoms. His reaction best illustrates the impact of
perceptual set
Physical pain and intense cravings indicate
physical dependence
Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. The new class members' names were briefly stored in her ________ memory.
short term
Which theory would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower your absolute threshold for sound as you subsequently tried to fall asleep?
signal detection theory
Mr. Oates always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from
sleep apnea
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM 2 sleep are
sleep spindles
Because she mistakenly thought she was much closer to the mountain than she actually was, Fiona perceived the mountain to be ________ than it actually was.
smaller
The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the A) brain and spinal cord B) sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic C) central system and endocrine system D) somatic and autonomic nervous systems
D
Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are A) pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity B) ingenuity, practicality, and certainty C) certainty, creativity, and curiosity D) curiosity, skepticism, and humility
D
Tiny hairlike receptors that monitor the tilting of your head are located in the A) cochlea B) tendons, joints, muscles C) olfactory bulb D) vestibular sacs
D
To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every 15th person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using A) random assignment B) natualistic observation C) replication D) random sampling
D
Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? A) evolutionary B) neuroscience C) cognitive D) social cultural
D
Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory? A) evolutionary B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) neuroscience
D
You feel the pain of a sprained ankle when ________ relay(s) messages from your ankle to your central nervous system. A) interneurons B) glial cells C) motor neurons D) sensory neurons
D
brightness is to intensity as hue is to a. amplitude b. color c. pitch d. wavelength e. frequency
D
Which theory suggests that hypnosis involves inducing someone to enact the role of a hypnotic subject
social influence theory
After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of
source amnesia
After a fear-provoking biking accident, Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a safe biking trail every day for a week. The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when Alex rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates
spontaneous recovery
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates
state dependent memory
Amphetamines are to ________ as barbiturates are to ________.
stimulants; depressants
The retention of encoded information over time refers to
storage
a loss of an encoded memory as a result of a gradual fading of the physical memory trace best illustrates
storage decay
Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as
the spacing effect
REM rebound involves the
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
Arlette often consumes up to six cocktails in a row before she experiences any noticeable symptoms of intoxication. This suggests that Arlette has developed
tolerance
Information processing guided by higher level mental processes is called
top down processing
While listening to sad rather than happy music, people are more likely to perceive a spoken work as mourning rather than morning. This best illustrates that perception is influenced by
top down processing
Neural stimulation that exceeds a threshold triggers A) a synaptic gap B) homeostasis C) action potential D) depolarization
C
To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan togive one group of children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of A) random assignment B) the double-blind procedure C) naturalistic observation D) operational definitions
A
Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex? A) thalamus B) amygdala C) medulla D) cerebellum
A
Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back? A) parietal B) temporal C) occipital D) frontal
A
Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name? A) reticular formation B) cerebellum C) amygdala D) medulla
A
A hypothesis is an A) observable relationship btw specific independent and dependent variables B) testable prediction that gives direction to research C) set of principles that organizes observations D) unprovable assumption
B
A questioning attitude regarding psychologists assumptions and hidden values best illustrates A) replication B) critical thinking C) hindsight bias D) overconfidence
B
Bob, 55, has been told by experts that he has a conduction hearing loss and that a hearing aid would restore his lost sense of hearing. It is likely that Joe's hearing loss involves problems within the A) inner ear B) middle ear C) auditory nerve D) basilar membrane
B
Central nervous system neurons that process information between sensory inputs and motor outputs are called A) neurotransmitters B) interneurons C) synapses D) dendrites
B
Dr. Wolski does research on the potential relationship between neurotransmitter deficiencies and mood states. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Wolski's research best represent? A) behaviorism B) biological psychology C) functionalism D) cognitive psychology
B
During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's A) perceptual set B) absolute threshold C) prosopagnosia D) difference threshold
B
Hormones are the chemical messengers of the A) autonomic nervous system B) endocrine system C) parasympathetic nervous system D) somatic nervous system
B
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are A) causally related B) negatively correlated C) independent variables D) positively correlated
B
In which type of research is a representative, random sample of people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes? A) experimentation B) the survey C) the case study D) naturalistic observation
B
Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates A) naturalistic observation B) placebo effect C) overconfidence D) random assignment
C
Professor McClure believes that young children are frequently able to make morally correct decisions because humans are endowed with an inborn knowledge of basic ethical principles. The professor's belief is most consistent with the views of A) Aristotle B) Plato C) John Watson D) B.F. Skinner
B
Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in A) survey research B) naturalistic observation C) experimentation D) replication
B
Ringing of the ears after exposure to loud music is most likely to be caused by damage to A) nociceptors B) hair cells C) cochlear implants D) bipolar cells
B
Sensing the position and movement of your pitching arm while throwing a fastball best illustrates A) synesthesia B) kinesthesis C) volley principle D) audition
B
Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of A) random sampling B) wording effects C) the placebo effect D) naturalistic observation
B
The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called A) hormones B) neurotransmitters C) synapses D) glia
B
The control of speech production by the left rather than the right hemisphere of the brain best illustrates A) neurogenesis B) leteralization C) hemispherectomy D) homeostasis
B
The conversion of a fresh coffee aroma into neural impulses by olfactory receptor cells best illustrates A) top down processing B) transduction C) sensory adaptation D) priming
B
The corpus callosum is a wide band of axon fibers that A) enables the left hemisphere to control the right side of the body B) transmits information btw the cerebral hemispheres C) controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs D) transfers neural impulases from the CNS to the PNS
B
The hypothalamus influences the _____ to send messages to the ________ A) adrenal glands; peripheral nervous system B) pituitary; endocrine glands C) motor neurons; sensory neurons D) dendrites; axons
B
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the A) reflex B) threshold C) synapse D) action potential
B
The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the A) cerebellum B) medulla C) amygdala D) thalamus
B
The release of hormones by the adrenal glands is most likely to trigger A) a reduction of blood pressure B) the fight or flight response C) an all or none response D) depolarization
B
The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of A) muscular coordination B) visual perception C) speaking ability D) pain sensations
B
The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as A) functionalism B) natural selection C) behavior genetics D) structuralism
B
To identify which of Lucy's brain areas was most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and an A) hemispherectomy B) PET scan C) EEG D) MRI scan
B
To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? A) the survey B) case study C) experimentation D) naturalistic observation
B
Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes? A) evolutionary psychology B) Freudian psychology C) behavior genetics D) behaviorism
B
Which neurotransmitter plays the most direct role in learning and memory? A) dopamine B) acetylcholine C) GABA D) oxytocin
B
Which of the following body parts is associated with the greatest amount of brain tissue in the motor cortex? A) arms B) face C) trunk D) knees
B
Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause effect relationships? A) the survey B) the experiment C) correlational research D) naturalistic observation
B
Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences? A) behavioral B) cognitive C) neuroscience D) behavior genetics
B
You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the A) somatic nervous system B) sympathetic nervous system C) parasympathetic nervous system D) sensory nervous system
B
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called A) the synapse B) reuptake C) the action potential D) polarization
C
A football quarterback can simultaneously make calculations of receiver distances, player movements, and gravitational forces. This best illustrates the activity of multiple A) endocrine glands B) endorphins C) neural networks D) glial cells
C
A synapse is an A) chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions B) automatic response to sensory input C) junction btw. a sending neuron and a recieving D) neural cable containing many axons
C
After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates A) webers law B) subliminal stimulation C) sensory adaptation D) signal detection
C
After losing his left hand in an accident, Jack continued to experience pain in his nonexistent hand. His experience illustrates A) tinnitus B) sensory interaction C) phantom limb sensations D) McGurk effect
C
Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of A) naturalistic observation B) random sampling C) the double blind procedure D) replication
C
Conscious information processing is LEAST likely to be required for the automatic physical survival functions regulated by the A) hippocampus. B) hypothalamus. C) brainstem. D) amygdala.
C
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of A) conscious and unconscious mental activity B) observable responses to the environment C) behavior and mental processes D) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors
C
During open-brain surgery, Adam's left ankle twitched whenever the surgeon electrically stimulated a specific area within Adam's A) left frontal lobe B) right parietal lobe C) right frontal lobe D) left parietal lobe
C
Figure is to ground as ________ is to ________. A. night; day B. top; bottom C. cloud; sky D. sensation; perception
C
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the _____ of a single neuron A) dendrites to the axon to the cell body B) axon to the cell body to the dendrites C) dendrites to the cell body to the axon D) axon to the dendrites to the cell body
C
In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor and observe its effect on some behavior or mental process? A) the survey B) the case study C) experimentation D) naturalistic observation
C
Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is A) inhibited by the myelin sheath B) delayed by glial cells C) an all or none response D) the result of reuptake
C
Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective. A) evolutionary B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) behavior genetics
C
Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good looking, handsome men will be more successful than average looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of A) the hindsight bias B) the placebo effect C) a hypothesis D) a confounding variable
C
The classic case of railroad worker Phineas Gage illustrated that frontal love damage can A) prevent reward deficiencey syndrome B) enhance moral reasoning skills C) alter one's personality D) facilitate neurogenesis
C
The distinctive feature of the psycho dynamic perspective is its emphasis on A) natural selection B) brain chemistry C) evolutionary D) psychodynamic
C
To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use A) the case study approach B) naturalistic observation C) correlational measures D) experimental research
C
To study the potential effect of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the _______ group A) experimental B) survey C) control D) correlational
C
Which parts of the limbic system play a role in processing new memories? A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) hippocampus D) medulla
C
William James was a prominent American A) psychoanalyst B) behaviorist C) functionalist D) structuralist
C
The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the _____ group. A) control B) standardized C) baseline D) experimental
D
A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a
CS
A myelin sheath is an A) electrically charged atom B) natural opiate like neurotransmitter linked to pleasure C) fatty tissue layer encasing the axon of a nerve cell D) bushy extension of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body
D
A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as an A) hypothesis B) control condition C) replication D) operational definition
D
Addictive disorders may stem from malfunctioning reward centers in the A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) reticular formation D) limbic system
D
After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty A) reading printed words B) understanding what others are saying C) tasting the flavors of foods D) playing his guitar
D
Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of A) relative luminance B) shape constancy C) retinal disparity D) perceptual adaptation
D
An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to A) Alzheimer's B) schizophrenia C) Parkinsons D) depression
D
Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's A) childhood memories B) genetic predispositions C) unconscious thought processes D) potential for healthy growth
D
In a tragic diving accident, Andrew damaged his spinal cord. As a result, his legs were paralyzed. Andrew's injury was located in his A) somatic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) central nervous system
D
Jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of A) glutamate B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) endorphins
D
On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy A) defies the laws of statistical probability B) illustrates the phenomenon of hindsight bias C) is inconsistent with the placebo effect D) is a random and coincidental occurrence
D
People with color-deficient vision for red and green may still see yellow. This is most easily explained by A) Young Helmholtz theory B) feature detection theory C) frequency theory D) opponent process theory
D
Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as A) behavior genetics B) psychoanalysis C) massed practice D) introspection
D
Reuptake refers to the A) movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap B) release of hormones into the bloodstream C) inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane D) reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron
D
Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best illustrates A) the placebo effect B) random assignment C) wording effects D) hindsight bias
D
Some neurons enable you to grasp objects by relaying outgoing messages to the muscles in your arms and hands. These neurons are called A) glial cells B) sensory neurons C) synapses D) motor neurons
D
The axons of ganglion cells converge to form A) lens B) bipolar cells C) visual cortex D) optic nerve
D
The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using A) biopsychosocial perspective B) evolutionary perspective C) positive psychology D) scientific methods
D
The brain structure that provides a major link btw the nervous system and the endocrine system is the A) cerebellum B) amygdala C) reticular formation D) hypothalamus
D
The capacity of the brain area to reorganize in response to damage is known as brain A) tomography B) lateralization C) resonance D) plasticity
D
The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the A) basilar membrane B) semicircular canals C) olfactory bulb D) spinal cord
D
The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by
Ivan Pavlov
The repeated self-harming consumption of a psychoactive drug is an indication of
a substance related disorder
Compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of
addiction
the loudness of sounds is determined by the __________ of sound waves
amplitude
After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories. Molaison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates
anterograde amnesia
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of
associative learning
The process of transforming air pressure waves into neural messages that the brain interprets as meaningful sound is known as
audition
Sensory receptors in your vestibular sacs enable you to maintain your sense of
balance
Depressants are drugs such as
barbiturates and opiates
a subliminal message is one that is presented
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
biological predispositions
Our sense of taste was once thought to involve only the following four sensations
bitter, sweet, sour, salty
Although unable to report the width of a block in front of her, a woman identified as D. F. could grasp the block with just the right finger-thumb distance. Her experience best illustrates
blindsight
Berdine has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her from being able to identify even her mother's face. Berdine most clearly suffers a deficiency in
bottom up processing
A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)
conditioned response
Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry professor several times a week, she didn't recognize the professor when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of
context effects
A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of
continuous reinforcement followed by partial
A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the US is an ______ memory
explicit
According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by
external influences
At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one. With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings, however, his fear of dogs has gradually faded. Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates
extinction
After suffering a trauma, people commonly report nightmares. one of the benefits of these nightmares is that they help
extinguish daytime fears
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves
extrinisic motivation
An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.
fixed interval
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed ratio
Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
fixed ratio; variable ratio
Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.
flashbulb
After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
generalization
Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates
generalization
Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input are called
hallucinogens
Eardrum vibrations are transmitted to the cochlea by a piston consisting of
hammer, anvil, stirrup
Hypnosis involves a state of
heightened openness to suggestion
After recovering from a stroke, Farina was able to learn how to hit a tennis ball. She is unable, however, to learn and remember the name of the rehabilitation therapist who has been working with her each day to develop her tennis swing. Farina is most likely to have suffered damage to her
hippocampus
Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?
hippocampus
Children reported false memories of taking a hot-air balloon ride after viewing digitally altered photos of themselves and other family members involved in such an event. The children's reports best illustrated
imagination inflation
Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) ________ memory.
implicit
Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
implicit
Most college students are "owls," with performance ________ across the day. Most older adults are "larks," with performance ________ as the day progresses.
improving; declining
When asked to watch a video and press a key each time a black-shirted player passed a basketball, most research participants remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman strolling across the video screen. This illustrated
inattentional blindness
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.
negative
Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a
negative punishment
Prior to learning painfully that the sound of a buzzing bee signaled an impending bee sting, Sara experienced no fear in response to the buzzing sound. At that time the sound of the buzzing bee was most clearly a(n)
neutral stimulus
By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.
nicotine
Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressures, or chemicals are called
nociceptors
a young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. Spanking is a
positive punishment
Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)
positive reinforcer
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was
presentation of food to the mouth
The sense of touch includes the four basic sensations of
pressure, pain, warmth, cold
The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as ________ is to ________.
primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer
In experiments, an image is quickly flashed and then replaced by a masking stimulus that inhibits conscious perception of the original image. in these experiments, the researchers are studying the effects of
priming
Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
proactive interference
Accommodation refers to the
process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina
Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting
prosocial behavior
Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates
psychological dependence
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used?
recall
Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness?
recall
Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates
recency effect
Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions?
recognition
Infants who were exposed to the visual cliff
refused to cross over onto the glass over the cliff to their mothers
An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)
reinforcement
Which measure of memory retention assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again?
relearning
George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory.
short term
Holding two index fingers in front of the eyes can create the perception of a floating finger sausage. This best illustrates the effect of:
retinal disparity
The process of getting information out of memory is called
retrieval
When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful
retrieval cue
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of
retroactive interference
Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of
selective attention
While reading a novel, Raoul isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his brothers' loud arguments. This best illustrates
selective attention
the process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called
sensation
Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.
sensation; perception
During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of
sensory interaction
Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.
sensory memory
The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
Although college textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of
shape constancy
Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
shaping
Receptor cells for our sense of ________________ reproduce themselves every week or two.
taste
Although many experienced drivers cannot accurately explain how they do it, most know how to turn successfully from a left to a right lane of traffic. This best illustrates the value of
unconscious processing
Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
variable interval
When Adam observed his sister being scolded after she hit another child, Adam also discontinued hitting other children. This best illustrates the impact of
vicarious punishment
When Celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply of heroin, she began to develop pain and an intense craving for the drug. Celeste was experiencing symptoms of
withdrawal
Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires
working memory
