Psychology final

What is the main idea of classical conditioning theory?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

Thomas, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. His friend Renee, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research?

They have higher attrition rates than other populations.

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.

neurotransmitter

Which neurotransmitter plays a role in pleasure and pain modulation.

beta-endorphin

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

Richard and Barry Martin are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

Carlos wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should he work in?

clinical psychology

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

Mark receives one dollar for every pound of worms he gives his grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

Barry has been depressed for several months, and he decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, his breathing rate decreased dramatically, his heart slowed down, and his blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

medulla

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.

more than one gene

Dr. Reynolds noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.

psychoanalytic theory

On her way home one night, Jill is stopped by a police officer. As the officer approached Jill, he clicked on his flashlight in Jill's eyes which made her pupils constrict. After doing this several times, the officer clicked on his flashlight but the bulb was burned out; Jill's pupils still constricted as the result of classical conditioning. In this situation, what is the conditioned response?

pupils constricting

Paul is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Paul fear raspberries, he reacts with fear when he sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.

study the function of behavior

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5

Given the following data set, what is the range? 5, 12, 12, 15, 16

11

Given the following data set, what is the mean? 5, 12, 12, 15, 16

12

Given the following data set, what is the median? 5, 12, 12, 15, 16

12

Given the following data set, what is the mode? 5, 12, 12, 15, 16

12

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

3) Populations of developed nations are living longer.

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

4) human; obtaining informed consent

Which of the following statements is not a hypothesis?

Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

4) type of play; no play

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

Why is psychology considered a social science?

Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning theory?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

What study is a structuralist most likely to conduct?

Determining sensitivity to light in driving.

Carl studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. He is a ________.

Correct Answer 1) biopsychologist

What study is a functionalist most likely to conduct?

Determining the brain wave activity in driving in heavy traffic.

What study is a humanist most likely to conduct?

Determining all of the factors related to safe driving.

What study is a psychoanalyst most likely to conduct?

Determining driving success relative to unconscious aggression.

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait?

Ida is charming.

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?

It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.

Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up?

It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why?

Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

another person's consciousness

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Joey wants to teach his son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Joey praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.

dependent variable

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

designing, conducting, and reviewing

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Behaviorists study ________.

learned behavior

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.

high; low

A state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels is called _____.

homeostasis

Steven has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. He first went to see his doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is his tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

Maria spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine her own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Maria is engaged in ________.

introspection

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

is large and randomly selected

Carl watches his older sister do headstands. Carl falls over when she attempts to do a headstand himself. He watches his older sister more carefully, and he notices that his sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Carl is then able to do headstands himself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

I provide Annette with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when she does something I like. I punish her by squirting her with a squirt gun when she does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Annette's behavior.

operant conditioning

Wanda tells a lie and is grounded. She does this several times, finally learning that her behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Brad wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Brad wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality

Behaviorists all focus on ________.

physiological responses that result in action

Which of the following is not a forebrain structure?

pons

Ricardo is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When he arrives at the lab, he ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

On her way home one night, Jill is stopped by a police officer. As the officer approached Jill, he clicked on his flashlight in Jill's eyes which made her pupils constrict. After doing this several times, the officer clicked on his flashlight but the bulb was burned out; Jill's pupils still constricted as the result of classical conditioning. In this situation, what is the unconditioned response?

pupils constricting

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

quasi-experimental

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

According to ________ our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.

range of reaction

Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________.

receptors; receptors

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Which of the following is not a part of the fight or flight response?

running away

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?

small sample size

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?

substantia nigra

Nancy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Nancy has noticed changes in her mood, and she feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than she used to. It is likely that Nancy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

substantia nigra; dopamine

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

Sam and Heather eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Sam feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Heather is fine, but Sam has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Sam immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.

temperature, touch, and pain

On her way home one night, Jill is stopped by a police officer. As the officer approached Jill, he clicked on his flashlight in Jill's eyes which made her pupils constrict. After doing this several times, the officer clicked on his flashlight but the bulb was burned out; Jill's pupils still constricted as the result of classical conditioning. In this situation, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

the bright light

On her way home one night, Jill is stopped by a police officer. As the officer approached Jill, he clicked on his flashlight in Jill's eyes which made her pupils constrict. After doing this several times, the officer clicked on his flashlight but the bulb was burned out; Jill's pupils still constricted as the result of classical conditioning. In this situation, what is the conditioned stimulus?

the click from the flashlight

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.

the mind and behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.

the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

Quentin heard from his friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Quentin knows that he is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so he decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. He researches where his friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Quentin is ________.

thinking critically

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call him every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to him personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets