Psychology Final

..... form a fatty substance called myelin.

Glial cells

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor recommends that she take some drugs. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?

an antidepressant

The ...... is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.

autonomic nervous system

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary has:

both positive and negative symptoms

When you are training a pet, you are most likely rely8ing on which of the following psychological perspectives?

Behaviorist

......is the quality of language that permits one too communicate information about objects and events in another time and place.

Displacement

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?

Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.

Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities?

The identities must not be aware of the others.

......refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole.

The principle of closure

...... tells us whether we are falling and provides cues to whether out body is changing speed.

The vestibular sense

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?

a visual illusion

Mr. Rupp's memory has always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and real exactly all of the details of either one. Mr. Rupp's ability to remember these specific details is known as.......

eidetic imagery

The....... monitors brain waves and can be used to teach people how to produce alpha waves, which are associated with relaxation.

electroencephalograph

According to James and Lange, ....... are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses.

emotions

....... is a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing anxiety and concern instead of rational analysis of the issues.

fear appeal

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:

focus on the present

According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems arise.......

from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of ..... memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second.

iconic

Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates......memory.

implicit memory

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:

infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events

In Gestalt psychology, ....... is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.

insight

High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by:

low levels of adrenaline

Kim has a poor appetite and has experienced a severe weight loss. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She often has feelings of unworthiness and guilt for things she has not done. She no longer cares about life and talks about death, and how she would welcome it. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with _____.​

major depressive disorder

Brown and McNeil's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that:

memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues.

According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson:

men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation

Which of the following is considered the most complex form of conflict?

multiple approach-avoidance

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?

noise

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of ....... in the brain.

norepinephrine

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by .......

observation of other people acting aggressively

Kyle is possessed by the thought that he might develop a severe disease due to the germs. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates:

obsessive-compulsive disorder

The.... conducts sensory input to the brain, where it is relayed to the visual area of the occipital lobe.

optic nerve

Max's three-year-old typically says things like, "I seed it" and "Mommy sitter down." These examples illustrate........

over-regularization

The ...... is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body.

parasympathetic nervous system

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called....

placebo

...... is best described as the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction: joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future.

positive psychology

After surviving the horrific car accident, Jesus has experienced intense fear and avoids driving a car. He most likely is suffering from......

post-traumatic stress disorder

Disaster victims may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual disaster. These patients are diagnosed with......

post-traumatic stress disorder

Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "what is the last thing you remember?" Liz was able to answer all of these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked to Liz summon up ........

preconscious information

When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tries to generate her own examples based on her experiences. Using levels of processing terminology Angelica is:

processing the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory.

What are the names of the two terms your text discusses with regard to why we typically develop romantic relationships with people who are similar to us?

propinquity and reciprocity

Because of her poor health, your Aunt B had to take a lot of medication. She usually does a good job remembering to take it but sometimes forgets to do so. This forgetting is a failure of what type of memory?

prospective memory

In the context of the human eye, the size of the...... is sensitive to the individual's emotions.

pupil

Essay tests are example of.....

recall

According to your text, which of the following is NOT a reason for dreaming?

role theory

Professor Schwiesow is trained as which of the following?

school psychologist

...... refers to our ability to bring about desired changes through our own efforts

self-efficacy

The strong tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors is called the.......

self-serving bias

In collectivist cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's .......

social roles and obligations

Psychological disorder are:

sometimes associated with faulty perception or interpretation of reality.

In the current political climate, there has been an increase in ethnic prejudices. Because you study psychology, your friend approaches you with his ideas to combat it. Which of the following ideas would be ineffective?

spend time with people who share your attitudes

As we enter....., our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves

stage 1 sleep

In the context of hunger, adaptive, thermogenesis causes ...... when someone goes on a diet.

the body to burn fewer calories

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of ...... is severed.

the corpus callosum

Asch's study using line judgements was able to demonstrate .......

the effects of social conformity

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

the exhaustion stage

According to your text, if you are American you are most likely stressed about .......

the future of the nation

Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident?

the gate theory

The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of:

the person's mood at the time a memory is encoded and retrieved.

Which of the following is one of the most common concerns about the Cannon-Bard theory?

the theory says that emotions occur independently from the environment.

Derris's mom used to give him gold stars on their refrigerator whenever he would help out around the house. If Derris earned enough gold stars, then he could have some ice cream after dinner. This type of reward system is called a .......

token economy

Darryl has been a cocaine addict for over three years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying.......

tolerance

Seans's client, Jacob, had quickly become unusually close to him, almost as if they were brothers. The term for this according to psychoanalytic therapy is what?

transference

Behavior-therapy methods for reducing fears include......

virtual therapy

Steve's physician has prescribed him valium for his anxiety attacks. This drug will__________.

depress the activity of the central nervous system

Cory was driving the car when an accident occurred that killed his best friend who was with him. When Cory woke up the next morning, he couldn't remember where he was or what had happened the night before. He is most likely exhibiting

dissociative amnesia

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called....

Placebos

The principles of psychotherapy focus on all of the following except for:

Psychotherapy only influences clients' feelings

The..... assumes that the more similar something is too our expectations, the more likely the entity belongs to that category.

Representation heuristic

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?

Serotonin

...... is best described as the direction of one's romantic interests and erotic attractions-toward members of one's own anatomic sex, the other anatomic sex, or both.

Sexual orientation

....... believe that we are not likely to act aggressively unless we believe that aggression is appropriate under the circumstances and likely to be reinforced.

Social-cognitive theorists

Identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence.

Studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?

The illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbook of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?

The participants are debriefed afterward.

Dave could not remember the last digit of his friend's cell phone number, so he kept trying different digits until he found the right one. In this scenario, which of the following methods did Dave use?

The systematic random search algorithm

Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?

There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain.

In the context of the theories of intelligence, which of the following statements is true of creative people?

They appreciate are and music

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?

They are developed through experiences

Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?

They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.

Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities?

Umami

Which of the following senses is dominated in human beings?

Vision

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

aggression

Jenny was beginning to panic as the store began to become crowd with shoppers. Jenny most likely suffers from.......

agoraphobia

....... is na unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

altruism

If you are upset over something that you saw on social media, most likely your ..... is highly active right now.

amygdala

Chelsea sells used cars and she has noticed over the years that when you initially quote a high price for a car people tend to not have a drastically different counteroffer. This is an example of:

an anchoring and adjustment heuristic

When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there is no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of.......

an implicit social norm

Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executes who seemed able to resist illness despite stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to.........

appraise change as an interesting incentive to personal growth

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?

aversive conditioning

Tom was suffering from severe anxiety. However, with the help of his therapist, he noticed that his cheek would start to "twitch" prior to an anxiety attack. This technique is most similar to .........

biofeedback training

The......perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams--and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species--are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.

biological

.........such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

biological factor

Pansy is romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females. She is most likely to be labeled........

bisexual

People with...... alternate between extremes of adulation in their relationships when their needs are met and loathing when they feel scorned.

borderline personality disorder

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that:

both heredity and environment are important in deterring intelligence

It seemed like no matter what you were talking about, Sam always thought you were talking about him. What type of delusions is he most likely suffering from?

delusions of reference

In the context of the origins of dissociative disorder, both psychodynamic and learning theories suggest that:

dissociative disorders help people keep disturbing memories or ideas out of mind.

Schizophrenia is characterized by

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and mood.

In......, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

divergent thinking

According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, ........ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.

emotional concern

In client-centered therapy....... refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings.

empathy

When Shaina is about to begin her speech in class, she notices that a few of her classmates are whispering among themselves. She becomes nervous that she might be boring to her audience and gets distracted. In this scenario, the presence of the classmates is not likely to facilitate her performance due to.....

evaluation apprehension

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parent say getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through........

extrinsic rewards

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is a(n) _____ psychologist.​

forensic psychologist

In the context of psychosurgery, in ......, physicians beam streams of radiation deep into the skull, destroying spots of tissue believed to be overactive in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.

gamma knife surgery

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive changes in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene has high

has high self-efficacy expectations

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) ..... is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features

hierarchy

Shana is a young girl who met with a car accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shana is only able to remember her family members and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life. She is often introduced to the same people whom she has met earlier. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has disabled Shana's ability to permanently store new information because she sustained an injury to her _____.​

hippocampus

Jenny is obsessed with collecting chocolate wrappers from the road and stacks them at her house. Over the years, these wrappers have piled up to such an extent that Jenny is left with only a narrow pathway that leads from the entrance of her house to her bedroom. Although Jenny has been advised by many to get rid of her clutter, she refuses to do so. Jenny is most likely suffering from ......

hoarding disorder

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

The...... is a pee-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

hypothalamus

How to perform different skills and actions in a component of.......

implicit memory

Motives are........

inferred from behavior

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating........

infinite creativity

Explicit memory is:

information that can be clearly state.

If you have a(n) ........ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence the you receive reinforcers.

internal

............ involves championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.

intimacy

The blind spot:

is insensitive to visual stimulation

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?

love and belongingness

In the context of psychological problems arising from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization, if, when we are young, other people approve of us only when we are doing what they want us to do, we......

may learn to disown the parts of ourselves to which they object

Sanchez, an eight-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to his imaginary friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused damage to Sanchez's brain." This statement supports the ..... on psychological disorders.

medical model

Tom is a World War II war hero who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. In 1954, he was sent to an institution for treatment. He was successfully cured and he reentered society to lead a normal life. He was most likely admitted to a(n)..........

mental hospital

Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may ....., that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body.

metastasize

After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n)..........

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

A(n)...... is a state of deprivation

need

Pointing to a cat and saying, "This is not a dog" is a(n) ........ of the dog concept

negative instance

Seilgman (1996) suggested that when things go wrong, we sometimes develop inappropriate attributional styles towards the causes of failure. Which of the following was not proposed by him?

negative or postive

Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from.......

paranoid personally disorder

Keisha takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. She knows that her interviewers will evaluate her based on the first impression she creates. In this scenario, the impression created by Keisha is an example of the......

primacy effect

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in the ..... are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal.

resistance stage

Tom is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he is a star performer at work. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of _____.​

schizoid personality disorder

Hudson was pretty depressed because, after receiving some world news updates on his cell phone, he believed that the world was a violent place. His friends were surprised by his mood because Hudson worked with wonderful people at his place of worship. According to Beck, what type of cognitive error is this?

selective perception

Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life-change units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that:

some of them considered academic success to be stressful

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your........ system.

vestibular

In Stanley Milgram's study, whenever some of the "teachers" would hesitate his research assistants would say one of the following, except for:

"You cannot stop, the experiment must continue."

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?

Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?

Anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is true of prelinguistic vocalizations?

Babies' babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what is said to her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

Broca's aphasia

....... believed that general intelligence was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests.

Charles Spearman

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development?

Children bring neurological prewiring to language learning

......primary study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language.

Cognitive psychologists

......is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and the comments of other people that involves skepticism and examinations of evidence.

Critical thinking

...... is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

Dissociative amnesia

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.

..... intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

Epinephrine

Which of the following statements is true of groupthink?

External threat heightens the cohesiveness of the group and is a source of stress.

Which of the following statements about suicide are correct?

Extracting a promise not to die by suicide before calling or visiting a helping professional seems to prevent some suicides

Which of the following is true of metabolism?

Fatty tissue in the body metabolizes food more slowly than muscle tissue does.

Esteban finds that he is often very anxious and not at ease. Which of the following neurotransmitters might help him the most?

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?

Genotype

Which of the following is not an advantage of group therapy?

Group members who are overly shy do better in these settings

In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.

Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Insist on evidence

Which of the following segments is true about long-term memory?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

Which of the following statements is true of applied research?

It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is true of the majority-wins scheme?

It is the most commonly used social decision scheme.

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight reaction?

It stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening.

What is the name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language?

Language Acquisition Devices

Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness?

Meditation

Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing?

Medulla

....... refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.

Narcolepsy

..... is the concept that holds that adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals with those variations too survive and reproduce.

Natural selection

Which of the following statements is true of sleep?

People need more sleep when they are under stress.

.......... is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations.

Modeling

In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting?

behavior therapy

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the .......

bystander effect

The brain and the spinal cord make up the ...., which controls and commands bodily functions.

central nervous system

Research that is undertaken primarily because the researcher is interested in a research topic is called:

clinical research

On a a(n)....... level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.

cognitive

Jack's therapist Susan wants him to recall significant points about his recent appraisal to help him cope with his work more effectively. In this scenario, Susan is using.......

cognitive therapy

Humor helps people cope with stress by .......

creating positive cognitive shifts that result in positive emotions

......... stress is considered healthful

eustress

When a child utters the word "mama," it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama," "Come, here, Mama," and "You are my Mama." Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as.....

holophrases

According to your text, one of the common complaints concerning the Kinsey reports was that......

it was collected from a non-random sample.

People deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:

learn more slowly

According to Louis Thurstone,........ are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence.

primary mental abilities

The.... is the branch of the autonomic nervous systems that is most active during when you are scared.

sympathetic division

If the...... is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

thalamus

The pain message is relayed from the spinal cord to the..... and then projected to the cerebral cortex, making us aware of the location and intensity of the damage.

thalamus

An association among variables is known as.....

correlation

A(n).....expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variable.

correlation coefficient

...... is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection.

Mutation

Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the lab participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know," This is a example of a ....... study.

double-blind

After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when he went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Lucas was most likely experiencing.....

retrieval cue failure

Although Crystal had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of the speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates.......

the serial-position effect

Nearsightedness can result when the eyeball is elongated such that the images of:

distant objects are focused in the front of the retina.

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of....

dopamine

Jane is a 10-year-old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12. Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is.....

120

Which of the following statements is true of the biological views that explain the origin of anxiety disorders?

A predisposition toward anxiety, in the form of a highly reactive autonomic nervous system, can be inherited

Which of the following statements is true of hormones?

The are secreted directly in the bloodstream.

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?

It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.

Which of the following statements highlights the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia?

People with schizophrenia may have more receptor sites for dopamine in an area of the brain that is involved in emotional responding.

At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?

Sensory adaptation

Sleepwalking typically occurs during:

Stage 4 sleep

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factors affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs smashed)

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through......

afferent neurons

Visual activity is highest when images are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of .... in the region.

cones

The loudness of a sound is expressed in.....

decibels (dB)

People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience ..... with heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations.

delirium tremens

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to.......

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory.

On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of.....

naturalistic observation

...... cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.

non conscious processes

Two identical model cars parked at the far end of a parking lot. You are able to determine that one of the cars is closer to you than the other because it appears to be slightly larger, even though you know it is the same as the other. This is an example of which perceptual cue?

size constancy

People with...... stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.

sleep apnea

One potential reason why women and certain ethnic groups are significantly affected by alcohol is because....

they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups.

The term...... refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness.

suppression

Some researchers consider the...... to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.

prefrontal cortex

On a bright, sunny day. Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The.... in his eye adjust to the sudden increase in light.

pupils

Adam, a sleep researcher, noticed that his sleeping patient had a high level of neurological arousal. The patient is most likely in....... sleep.

rapid eye movement (REM)

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as.....

reinforcement

Carole walked into a Moroccan restaurant and was surprised that she did not see any utensils (i.e., fork, knife, and spoon). Her surprise stems from the fact that she has never eaten with utensils before. This is an example of a(n)........

schema

Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her English text books and ignores the music. In this scenario, Jenny is using......

selective attention

Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in.......

sensorineural deafness

Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of ....

somnambulism

A hypothesis is a:

statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of ........

subliminal stimulation

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs,...... is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

substance use disorder

BF Skinner proposed

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.