Psychology final (WOOHOO) (12, 13, 14, and 15)
In Damon's description of developmental changes in empathy, what should a child of 10 to 12 years of age nature of empathy be?
Children develop an emergent orientation of empathy for people who live in unfortunate circumstances- the poor, the handicapped, and the socially outcast. In adolescence, this newfound sensitivity may give a humanitarian flavor to the individual's ideological and political views.
What is true of Asperger syndrome and autistic disorder?
Children with Asperger syndrome frequently engage in obsessive repetitive routines and preoccupations with a particular subject; autistic disorder includes abnormalities in communication and stereotyped patterns of behavior; Asperger syndrome is on the mild range of the autism spectrum, whereas autistic disorder is on the severe range
The common STI chlamydia is names for the bacterium ____ ____, an organism that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes:
Chlamydia trachomatis
The contemporary perspective on types of play emphasizes both ___ and ___ aspects of play.
Cognitive; social
What do children receive from peers that they don't receive from siblings?
Comparison to others the same age
According to Kohlberg, what is the second, or intermediate, level in his theory of moral reasoning?
Conventional reasoning; At this level, individuals apply certain standards, but they are the standards set by others, such as a parent or the government
What is Project Head Start?
Created in 1965, it is a compensatory program designed to give children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire skills and experiences that are important for success in school
Research has found what behaviors to be linked to early sexually intimate behavior in girls?
Early menarche, antisocial behavior, and alcohol use
What term involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes that person's feelings?
Empathy
___-___ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role:
Gender-typing
What is true regarding gender differences in school? (hint: there are three)
Girls complete high school more often, males are in special education more, and girls earn better grades
What is true of the benefits of taking HRT (hormonal replacement therapy)?
Lowers the risk of bone fractures in post-menopausal women; it has been associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease; and lowers the risk of bone loss in post-menopausal women
What are features of crowds?
Many are defined by activities, they tend to be based on reputation, and they are larger than cliques
What does DAP emphasize?
The importance of creating settings that reflect children's interests and capabilities while encouraging them to be active learners.
What are the features of crowds? (Hint: there are three)
They tend to be based on reputation; they are larger than cliques; many are defined by activities
True/False: A majority of children engage in some sex play, usually with friends or siblings
True
True/False: According to Sigmund Freud, guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty are the foundation of moral behavior
True
True/False: Kohlberg's argued that family processes are essentially unimportant in children's moral development
True
True/False: Piaget argued that, as children develop, they become more sophisticated in thinking about social matters, especially about the possibilities and conditions of cooperation
True
True/False: a teenage girl having unprotected sex with an infected partner has a 50% chance of contracting gonorrhea
True
True/False: even in the sexually active oldest group (75 to 85), more than 50% said they still have sex at least 2 to 3 times a month
True
True/false: context affects gender role behaviors?
True
Forgiveness is:
an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person released the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation.
Dale Schunk has applied the concept of self-efficacy to many aspects of students' achievement; in his view, self-efficacy influence a student's...
choice of activities
The term _____ is used to describe the midlife transition during which fertility declines
climacteric
The contemporary perspective on types of play emphasizes both ___ and ___ aspects of play
cognitive; social
(regarding sexual harassment) By some estimates, two-thirds of:
college men admit that they fondle women against their will; college freshman women report having been date raped or having experienced an attempted date rape
The social cognitive theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral ___ and moral ____
competence; performance
The new model of parent-adolescent relationships notes that adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds are:
connected
The ____ punished the child for behaviors disapproved by the parents, making the child feel guilty and worthless.
conscience
Examining cross-cultural situations provides us with a window into the effect of:
context on gender differences
___ children are frequently nominated as both someone's best friend and as being disliked
controversial
According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
division of labor, and social hierarchy
The ___ ___ rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts according to ideal standard approved by the parents.
ego ideal
What is the social cognitive theory of morality?
emphasized a distinction between an individual's moral competence (ability to perform moral behaviors) and moral performance (performing those behaviors in specific situations).
According to developmental researchers, parental obligations in close parent-child relationships include all of the following EXCPET: 1) ensuring healthy emotional expression; 2) guiding children to become competent; 3) engaging in positive caregiving
ensuring healthy emotional expression
According to the new model of parent-adolescent relationships:
everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal; parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe; minor disputes facilitate adolescents' transition from dependence to independence
___ psychology emphasizes the adaptation of human and different pressures in primeval environments:
evolutionary
Jacquelynne Eccles defined student's ____ for success as beliefs about how well they will do on upcoming tasks, in either the immediate or long-term future
expectations
What is Gender Identity?
involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female
What is moral development?
involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.
What is the prenatal critical-period hypothesis of homosexuality?
it hypothesizes that in the second to fifth months after conception, exposure of the fetus to hormone levels characteristic of females might cause the individual (male/female) to become attracted to males
What does moral competency include?
it includes what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules and regulations, and their cognitive ability to construct behaviors.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding child sex play? 1) it includes exhibiting or inspecting the genitals; 2) it is indulged in only by a minority of children, most of whom are maladjusted; 3) it does not appear to be linked to sexual adjustment in later life; 4) it is likely motivated by curiosity
it is indulged in only by a minority of children, most of whom are maladjusted
What is androgyny?
it is the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person.
Students with a ___ disability are the largest group to receive special education services
learning
Hobbies, sports, and reading are all examples of:
leisure
Research shows that lesbians, in regards to gay males and heterosexual couples, have sex:
less often than gay males or heterosexual couples
People who display a ___ ___ are task-oriented- they concentrate on learning strategies and implementing the process of achievement rather than focusing on their ability or the outcome.
mastery orientation
___ adulthood is a time for evaluation, assessment, and reflection about work:
middle
___ identity is a central aspect in the role of personality in development
moral
The 1994 Sex in America survey discovered that, in regard to sexuality, Americans are:
more conservative than previously believed
Evidence suggests that older men become:
more feminine
Latinas and African Americans have had the ___ recent declines in adolescent pregnancy and birth rates among ethnic groups in the U.S.
most substantial
Research indicates it is the ___ of parents' work that has the greatest impact on children's development, not whether one parent or both parents work outside the home
nature
___ children are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not dislike by their peers
neglected
What causes men to have inadequate positive emotional connections with other males? ( hint there are 3)
not learning how to be nurturing and sensitive to others; the emphasis on competition rather than cooperation; Little interaction with their fathers
Children's willingness to embrace the values of their ___ greatly contributes to their development of conscience
parents
In terms of peer status, the ___ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.
popular
At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking
preschool
At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking?
preschool
The gender-intensification hypothesis states that adolescents begin to act more stereotypically female or male because of increased:
pressures to conform
Research indicates that in fact, females and males are similar on most _____ factors
psychological
What are some symptoms that some menopausal women experience?
rapid heartbeat, nausea, and fatigue
Most learning disability interventions usually aim to help children increase their ___ ability
reading
What is gender typing?
refers to acquisitions of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
___ children are infrequently nominated as someones best friend and are actively dislikes by their peers
rejected
Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ___ learning
rote
A ___ is a cognitive structure, a network of association that guide an individual's perceptions
schema
According to Bandura, the concept of ___-___ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
self-efficacy
What are gender roles?
sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism spectrum disorders? 1) problems in verbal and nonverbal communication; 2) problems in social interaction; 3) repetitive behaviors; 4) severe mental retardation in all types
severe mental retardation in all types
What is the traditional religious script?
sex is acceptable only within marriage
what is the romantic script?
sex is synonymous with love
Gustavo Carlo and his colleagues confirmed there are ___ different types of prosocial behavior:
six
Which types of children's play styles have been widely studied?
social and constructive play, sensorimotor and practice play, and pretense/symbolic play
According to the ___ ___ theory of gender, children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation, and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.
social cognitive
What is immanent justice?
the concept that if a rule is broke, punishment will be meted out immediately
At what age can autism spectrum disorder often be detected?
1 to 3 years of age
Three aspects of moral personality that have recently been emphasized are:
1) moral identity, 2) moral character, and 3) moral exemplars
Children form many ideas about what the sexes are like from about ___ of age:
1.5 years to 3 years
With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the U.S., statistics show that tone of every __ mothers with children under the age of 5 are in the labor force.
2
What are the average ages of marriage for males and for females in the U.S.?
29 for males and 26.5 for females
What percentage of U.S. 15-19-year-old girls have engaged in oral sex?
47%
The highest incidence of game-playing occurs between what ages?
8 and 12
How does the US government define whether a child should be classified as having a learning disability?
A child with a learning disability has difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling.
The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan, who argues that Kohlberg's theory reflects what?
A gender bias. According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others and sees the individual as standing alone and independently making moral decisions.
A key concept in Kohlberg's stages:
A key concept in understanding progression through the levels and stages is that people's morality becomes more internal or mature. That is, their reasons for their moral decisions or values begin to go beyond the external or superficial reasons they gave when they were younger to more complex consideration of multiple perspectives
___ refers to the characteristics of people as males and females:
Gender
In a recent study of almost 1,500 college women, it was found that when they had been sexually harassed, they reported an increase in:
disordered eating, psychological distress, physical illness
From 4 to 12 years of age, the preference for playing in same-sex groups:
increases
___ primarily promote the development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics.
Androgens
What are the features of the parent-adoelscent relationship according to the old model?
As adolescents mature, they detach themselves from parents; parent-adolescent conflict in intense and stressful throughout adolescence
According to research, which of the following are true regarding sexual behavior in adolescents belonging to different ethnic and cultural groups?
Asian American adolescents have the most restrictive sexual timetable; Male, African American, and inner-city adolescents report being the most sexually active
___ children receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers
Average
What aspects change dramatically during adolescence?
Biological processes, social relationships, and cognitive abilities
There are differences between the genders, however, in most cases the differences may be due to ___ factors, ____ factors, or both:
Biological; sociocultural
What is mindset?
Carol Dweck's analysis of motivation for achievement, which she defines as the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves
In Damon's description of developmental changes in empathy, what should an early infant's nature of empathy be?
Characterized by global empathy, the young infant's empathic response does not distinguish between feelings and needs of self and others
What is the major risk when withdrawn children are rejected and/or victimized?
Depression
What are some of the contributors to erectile dysfunction?
Diabetes, smoking, elevated cholesterol levels
What do most developmentalists emphasize as the parents' role in moral development?
Discipline techniques, and communication with children
___ is an affective response to another's feelings with an emotional response the tis similar to the other person's feelings. To express this is not just to sympathize; it is to put oneself in another's place emotionally.
Empathy
___ primarily influence the development of female physical sex characteristics and help regulate the menstrual cycle.
Estrogens
True/False: Parent-child relations, in which the parents have power and children do not, are more likely to advance moral reasoning, because rules are often handed down in an authoritarian way.
False; they are LESS likely
According to the text, which year of school can be the most difficult for students?
First year of middle school
Autonomous morality
From about 10 years of age and older, children show autonomous morality. They become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging action, they consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences
Which of the following statements regarding gender and peer groups is FALSE? 1) From about 5 to onward, boys tend to associate in larger clusters than girls; 2) Girls' groups are more likely than boys' groups to seek to attain a group goal; 3) Girls' groups are more likely to engage in "collaborative discourse" than boys' groups; 4) Boys' groups are more likely to participate in organized group games than girls' groups are...
Girls' groups are more likely than boys' groups to seek to attain a group goal
Which of the following sexually transmitted infections does NOT belong to the category caused by viruses? 1) genital herpes; 2) genital warts (HPV); 3) AIDS; 4) Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea
What is the top-dog phenomenon?
Happens in transition form middle or junior high school; moving from being the oldest, biggest, and most powerful students in the elementary school to being the youngest, smallest, and least powerful students in the middle or junior high school.
What does Walter Mischel Argue when it comes to resistance to temptation and self-control?
He argues that self-control is strongly influenced by cognitive factors. Researchers have shown that children can instruct themselves to be more patient and, in the process, show more self-control
What are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?
He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior; and he did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account
Which of the following is a government program to provide skills for success in school for lower socioeconomic status preschool children in the US?
Head Start
What are the TWO stages in Kohlberg's pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?
Heteronomous morality, or punishment and obedience orientation; and individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
What is stage 1 of Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?
Heteronomous morality: First stage in pre-conventional reasoning; At this stage, moral thinking is tied to punishment. For example, children think that they must obey because they fear punishment for disobedience
The ___ of ADHD applies to children who demonstrate a high level of physical activity and do not do a good job of thinking before they act.
Hyperactive/impulsive subtype
What is the Care Perspective?
In contrast with Kohlberg's justice perspective, it is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
What are the reasons that the birth rate to U.S. adolescent girls has decreased?
Increased contraceptive use; fear of sexually transmitted infections
Prosocial behavior will increase in adolescence as a result of:
Increased emotional understanding, advances in abstract and logical reasoning, and increased empathy toward others
What is stage 2 of Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?
Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange; Second stage in pre-conventional reasoning; At this stage, individuals reason that pursuing their own interests is the right thing to do, but they let others do the same. Thus, they think that what is right involves an equal exchange. They reason that if they are nice to others, others will be nice to them in return.
What is performance orientation?
Individuals who are focused on winning, rather than on an achievement outcome, and believe that happiness results from winning
Adolescence is a time of:
Insatiable sexual curiosity, sexual exploration, and sexual vulnerability and confusion
Piaget's Theory:
Interest in how children think about moral issues was stimulated by Piaget who extensively observed and interviews children from the ages of 4 through 12. He concluded that children go through two distinct stages in how they think about morality.
What is the type of schooling known as DAP (developmentally appropriate practice)?
It is based on the knowledge of the typical development of children within particular age span (age appropriateness), as well as on the uniqueness of the individual child (individual appropriateness).
What is false in regards to HRT?
It may reduce cardiovascular disease
IDEA gives a legal basis to educate children with disabilities in the regular classroom, which is also known as the:
LRE (least restrictive environment)
Comparatively, which of the following ethnic groups is the most likely to become pregnant? 1) non-patina white adolescents; 2) Latina adolescents; 3) African American adolescents
Latina adolescents
What is true regarding gender differences in health?
Men are more likely than women to be victims of homicide, and men have higher rates of stress-related disorders than women do
What statement is FALSE regarding sexual behavior in middle adulthood?
Middle-aged men engage in more sexual touching, kissing, and hugging than middle-aged women
Which of the following statements best describe the Montessori approach to early childhood education?
Montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities; the philosophy of the montessori approach has gained popularity in the US; Montessori children are encourages to become self-regulating problem solvers
The aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives is what?
Moral identity
How is moral performance determined?
Moral performance, or behavior, however, is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way.
What issues are NOT included in a true learning disability?
Motor disabilities; hearing impairments; visual impairments
What is stage 3 of Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?
Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity; At this stage, individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgements. Children and adolescents often adopt their parents' moral standards at this stage, seeking to be thought of by their parents as a "good girl" or a "good boy"
What are the mechanisms by which gender develops, according to social cognitive theory?
Observation, imitation, rewards, and punishment
Talking about values is a proactive parenting strategy recommended for which age group?
Older children
What is fixed mindset?
One of two mindsets created by Dweck; individuals believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change
What is growth mindset?
One of two mindsets created by Dweck; individuals believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort
____ is the traditional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all
Perimenopause
Kohlberg's Theory states what?
Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for Kohlberg's theory, but Kohlberg suggested there are SIX stages of moral development. These stages, he argues, are universal. Development from one stage to another, said Kohlberg, is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others and to experience conflict between one's current stage of moral thinking and the reasoning of someone at a higher stage.
Which of the following biological structures affect the production of sex hormones?
Pituitary gland, and hypothalamus
In terms of peer status, the ___ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers
Popular
According to Kohlberg, what is the highest level in his theory of moral reasoning?
Post-conventional reasoning; At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
___ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
Practice
According to Kohlberg, what is the lowest level of moral reasoning?
Pre-conventional reasoning; At this level, good and bad are interpreted in terms of external rewards and punishments
What is social role theory?
Proposed by Alice Eagly; states that psychological gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men.
___ talk is the language of conversation that helps people establish connections and relationships:
Rapport
What are ways considered for men to reconstruct their masculinity?
Reexamining beliefs about manhood, separating out the valuable aspects of the male role; getting rid of those parts of masculine role that are destructive
What important aspect of the child-parent relationship contribute to the child's moral development?
Relational quality, proactive strategies, conversational dialog, and parental discipline
Some theorists suggest that positive feelings such as ___-___, ___, and ___ contribute to children's moral development
Self-esteem, sympathy, and empathy
Zimmerman and his colleagues have developed a model of self-regulation in achievement. What are the three things involved in his model?
Self-reflection, evaluate your performance; forethought, assess task demands; performance, create self-regulating strategies
The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from ___ ___'s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
Sigmund Frued's
What is stage 5 of Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?
Social contract or utility and individual rights; At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law. A person evaluates the validity of actual laws and social systems in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values.
___ ___ ___ focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.
Social conventional reasoning
___ ____ ____ states that there are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. In this theory, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personal knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
Social domain theory
What are the TWO stages in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?
Social systems morality, and mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
What is stage 4 of Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?
Social systems morality; At this stage, moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty. For example, adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively, it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members.
What is the gender-intensification hypothesis?
States that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during adolescence because of increased pressures to conform to traditional masculine and feminine roles
___ is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium Treponema pallidum. The sore can be on the external genitals, vagina, or anus
Syphilis
Middle-aged men experience a decline in the production of the hormone ___ at a rate of 1% each year:
Testosterone
In Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, the superego is the moral branch personality. What does the superego consist of?
The superego consists of two main components: the ego ideal and the conscience.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding adolescent sexuality? 1) most teens experience times of vulnerability and confusion; 2) teen think about whether they are sexually attractive, how to engage in sex, and what the future holds for their sexual lives; 3) there is a latency period during which teens set aside thoughts of sexuality; 4) teens have an almost insatiable curiosity about sexuality:
There is a latency period during which teens set aside thoughts of sexuality
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding erections in middle age? 1) they require more stimulation to achieve; 2) they are less frequent; 3) they are more difficult to achieve but easier to sustain; 4) they are less full
They are more difficult to achieve but easier to sustain
What are the three moral virtues of moral character?
Truthfulness, honesty, and loyalty
In Damon's description of developmental changes in empathy, what should a child of 1 to 2 years go age nature of empathy be?
Undifferentiated feelings of discomfort at another's distress grow into more genuine feelings of concern, but infants cannot translate realization of others' unhappy feelings into effective action
Kohlberg's post conventional level of moral reasoning consists of two stages: social contract or utility and individual rights is one; ___ ___ principles is the other
Universal ethical principles
What is stage 6 in Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?
Universal ethical principles; the sixth and highest stage in the theory; At this stage, the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights. When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person reasons that conscience should be followed, even though the decision might bring risk.
According to an analysis by which child developmentalist, changes in empathy take place in early infancy, at 1 to 2 years of age, in early childhood, and at 10 to 12 years of age.
William Damon
According to the analysis of Tannen, why do women prefer rapport talk?
Women place a high value on relationships and nurturing connections
What is dysgraphia?
a learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.
What is Asperger syndrome?
a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder ins which the child has relatively good verbal language skills, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships
What is the LRE (least restrictive environment)?
a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.
What is autistic disorder?
a severe developmental autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships; abnormalities in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior
What is an IEP (Individualized education plan)?
a written statement that spells out a program that tis specifically tailored for a student with a disability
Date rape or _________ rape is coercive sexual activity perpetrated by someone whom the victim knows in some social capacity
acquaintance
The 1994 Sex in America study showed that ____ is clearly the exception rather than the rule:
adultery
What is dyscalculia?
also known as developmental arithmetic disorder, it is a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.
Which approach has shown some promise in assisting children with autism?
behavior modification
What is sympathy?
an emotional response to another person in which the observer feels sad or concerned about the other person's well-being
To a 6-year-old child, being fair would MOST likely mean giving: 1) an equal amount to all; 2) more to those who are disadvantaged; 3) more to those who work the hardest; 4) more to her/himself than to others
an equal amont to all
Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, required that all students with disabilities be given a free and ___ public education.
appropriate
Peers
are individuals of about the same age or maturity level. These groups of people provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.
Proponents of ___ ___ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong
character education
In Damon's description of developmental changes in empathy, what should a child during the early childhood years nature of empathy be?
children become aware that every person's perspective in unique and that someone else may have a different reaction to a situation. This awareness allows the child to respond more appropriately to another person's distress
Compared to cliques, ___ are larger and less personal.
crowds
Research has found middle-ages adults who experienced child maltreatment had an increased risk for:
diabetes, vision problems, and lung disease
Due to concerns about the safety of HRT, many women are seeking alternatives such as:
dietary supplements and herbal remedies, non steroidal medications, regular exercise, relaxation therapy and acupuncture
Heteronomous morality
form 4 to 7 years of age, children display heteronomous morality, the first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removes form the control of people.
a ___ ___ organizes the world in terms of female and male
gender schema
___ ____ are general impressions and beliefs about females and males:
gender stereotypes
___-___ theory suggests that gender-typing develops as children develop an understanding of what their culture considers gender-appropriate/inappropriate
gender-schema
___ ____ is an STI caused by a large family of viruses with many different strains, including strains that produce non-sexually transmitted infections such as chicken pox
genital herpes
What are the possible ways gonorrhea can spread?
genital, anal-genital, oral-genital
According to statistics, the male role seems to be ___ to men's health:
hazardous
What does Albert Bandura stress about moral development?
he stresses that moral development is best understood by considering a combination of social and cognitive factors, especially those involving self-control
Those with a ___ ___ seem trapped by the experience of difficulty, and they attribute their difficulty to lack of ability
helpless orientation
What are moral exemplars?
people who have lived exemplary lives. They have a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment
____ is the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all
perimenopause
The ___ ___ approach argues that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation, and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-relevant behavior:
social cognitive
What are the three proposed social theories of gender?
social role, social cognitive, and psychoanalytic
What is gender schema theory?
states that gender-typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-innapropriate in their culture
A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a gender ____
stereotype
What are sexual scripts?
stereotyped patterns of expectations for how people should behave sexually
During early adolescence gender ___ increases, and gender attitudes become more flexible:
stereotyping
The term parent-infant synchrony refers to what?
the time-oriented or temporal coordination of social behavior, which play an important role in children's development
Service learning is often more effective for youth when:
they have opportunities to reflect on their participation
What are the desired outcomes for DAP?
thinking critically, working cooperatively, solving problems, developing self-regulatory skills, and enjoying learning.
Female ethnic minority older adults may face what could be described as ___: ageism, sexism, and racism:
triple jeopardy
The role of hormones in sexuality is:
unclear, especially in females