Psychology final (WOOHOO) (12, 13, 14, and 15)

In Damon's description of developmental changes in empathy, what should a child of 10 to 12 years of age nature of empathy be?

Children develop an emergent orientation of empathy for people who live in unfortunate circumstances- the poor, the handicapped, and the socially outcast. In adolescence, this newfound sensitivity may give a humanitarian flavor to the individual's ideological and political views.

What is true of Asperger syndrome and autistic disorder?

Children with Asperger syndrome frequently engage in obsessive repetitive routines and preoccupations with a particular subject; autistic disorder includes abnormalities in communication and stereotyped patterns of behavior; Asperger syndrome is on the mild range of the autism spectrum, whereas autistic disorder is on the severe range

The common STI chlamydia is names for the bacterium ____ ____, an organism that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes:

Chlamydia trachomatis

The contemporary perspective on types of play emphasizes both ___ and ___ aspects of play.

Cognitive; social

What do children receive from peers that they don't receive from siblings?

Comparison to others the same age

According to Kohlberg, what is the second, or intermediate, level in his theory of moral reasoning?

Conventional reasoning; At this level, individuals apply certain standards, but they are the standards set by others, such as a parent or the government

What is Project Head Start?

Created in 1965, it is a compensatory program designed to give children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire skills and experiences that are important for success in school

Research has found what behaviors to be linked to early sexually intimate behavior in girls?

Early menarche, antisocial behavior, and alcohol use

What term involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes that person's feelings?

Empathy

___-___ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role:

Gender-typing

What is true regarding gender differences in school? (hint: there are three)

Girls complete high school more often, males are in special education more, and girls earn better grades

What is true of the benefits of taking HRT (hormonal replacement therapy)?

Lowers the risk of bone fractures in post-menopausal women; it has been associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease; and lowers the risk of bone loss in post-menopausal women

What are features of crowds?

Many are defined by activities, they tend to be based on reputation, and they are larger than cliques

What does DAP emphasize?

The importance of creating settings that reflect children's interests and capabilities while encouraging them to be active learners.

What are the features of crowds? (Hint: there are three)

They tend to be based on reputation; they are larger than cliques; many are defined by activities

True/False: A majority of children engage in some sex play, usually with friends or siblings

True

True/False: According to Sigmund Freud, guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty are the foundation of moral behavior

True

True/False: Kohlberg's argued that family processes are essentially unimportant in children's moral development

True

True/False: Piaget argued that, as children develop, they become more sophisticated in thinking about social matters, especially about the possibilities and conditions of cooperation

True

True/False: a teenage girl having unprotected sex with an infected partner has a 50% chance of contracting gonorrhea

True

True/False: even in the sexually active oldest group (75 to 85), more than 50% said they still have sex at least 2 to 3 times a month

True

True/false: context affects gender role behaviors?

True

Forgiveness is:

an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person released the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation.

Dale Schunk has applied the concept of self-efficacy to many aspects of students' achievement; in his view, self-efficacy influence a student's...

choice of activities

The term _____ is used to describe the midlife transition during which fertility declines

climacteric

The contemporary perspective on types of play emphasizes both ___ and ___ aspects of play

cognitive; social

(regarding sexual harassment) By some estimates, two-thirds of:

college men admit that they fondle women against their will; college freshman women report having been date raped or having experienced an attempted date rape

The social cognitive theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral ___ and moral ____

competence; performance

The new model of parent-adolescent relationships notes that adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds are:

connected

The ____ punished the child for behaviors disapproved by the parents, making the child feel guilty and worthless.

conscience

Examining cross-cultural situations provides us with a window into the effect of:

context on gender differences

___ children are frequently nominated as both someone's best friend and as being disliked

controversial

According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?

division of labor, and social hierarchy

The ___ ___ rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts according to ideal standard approved by the parents.

ego ideal

What is the social cognitive theory of morality?

emphasized a distinction between an individual's moral competence (ability to perform moral behaviors) and moral performance (performing those behaviors in specific situations).

According to developmental researchers, parental obligations in close parent-child relationships include all of the following EXCPET: 1) ensuring healthy emotional expression; 2) guiding children to become competent; 3) engaging in positive caregiving

ensuring healthy emotional expression

According to the new model of parent-adolescent relationships:

everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal; parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe; minor disputes facilitate adolescents' transition from dependence to independence

___ psychology emphasizes the adaptation of human and different pressures in primeval environments:

evolutionary

Jacquelynne Eccles defined student's ____ for success as beliefs about how well they will do on upcoming tasks, in either the immediate or long-term future

expectations

What is Gender Identity?

involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female

What is moral development?

involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.

What is the prenatal critical-period hypothesis of homosexuality?

it hypothesizes that in the second to fifth months after conception, exposure of the fetus to hormone levels characteristic of females might cause the individual (male/female) to become attracted to males

What does moral competency include?

it includes what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules and regulations, and their cognitive ability to construct behaviors.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding child sex play? 1) it includes exhibiting or inspecting the genitals; 2) it is indulged in only by a minority of children, most of whom are maladjusted; 3) it does not appear to be linked to sexual adjustment in later life; 4) it is likely motivated by curiosity

it is indulged in only by a minority of children, most of whom are maladjusted

What is androgyny?

it is the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person.

Students with a ___ disability are the largest group to receive special education services

learning

Hobbies, sports, and reading are all examples of:

leisure

Research shows that lesbians, in regards to gay males and heterosexual couples, have sex:

less often than gay males or heterosexual couples

People who display a ___ ___ are task-oriented- they concentrate on learning strategies and implementing the process of achievement rather than focusing on their ability or the outcome.

mastery orientation

___ adulthood is a time for evaluation, assessment, and reflection about work:

middle

___ identity is a central aspect in the role of personality in development

moral

The 1994 Sex in America survey discovered that, in regard to sexuality, Americans are:

more conservative than previously believed

Evidence suggests that older men become:

more feminine

Latinas and African Americans have had the ___ recent declines in adolescent pregnancy and birth rates among ethnic groups in the U.S.

most substantial

Research indicates it is the ___ of parents' work that has the greatest impact on children's development, not whether one parent or both parents work outside the home

nature

___ children are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not dislike by their peers

neglected

What causes men to have inadequate positive emotional connections with other males? ( hint there are 3)

not learning how to be nurturing and sensitive to others; the emphasis on competition rather than cooperation; Little interaction with their fathers

Children's willingness to embrace the values of their ___ greatly contributes to their development of conscience

parents

In terms of peer status, the ___ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.

popular

At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking

preschool

At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking?

preschool

The gender-intensification hypothesis states that adolescents begin to act more stereotypically female or male because of increased:

pressures to conform

Research indicates that in fact, females and males are similar on most _____ factors

psychological

What are some symptoms that some menopausal women experience?

rapid heartbeat, nausea, and fatigue

Most learning disability interventions usually aim to help children increase their ___ ability

reading

What is gender typing?

refers to acquisitions of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

___ children are infrequently nominated as someones best friend and are actively dislikes by their peers

rejected

Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ___ learning

rote

A ___ is a cognitive structure, a network of association that guide an individual's perceptions

schema

According to Bandura, the concept of ___-___ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

self-efficacy

What are gender roles?

sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism spectrum disorders? 1) problems in verbal and nonverbal communication; 2) problems in social interaction; 3) repetitive behaviors; 4) severe mental retardation in all types

severe mental retardation in all types

What is the traditional religious script?

sex is acceptable only within marriage

what is the romantic script?

sex is synonymous with love

Gustavo Carlo and his colleagues confirmed there are ___ different types of prosocial behavior:

six

Which types of children's play styles have been widely studied?

social and constructive play, sensorimotor and practice play, and pretense/symbolic play

According to the ___ ___ theory of gender, children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation, and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.

social cognitive

What is immanent justice?

the concept that if a rule is broke, punishment will be meted out immediately

At what age can autism spectrum disorder often be detected?

1 to 3 years of age

Three aspects of moral personality that have recently been emphasized are:

1) moral identity, 2) moral character, and 3) moral exemplars

Children form many ideas about what the sexes are like from about ___ of age:

1.5 years to 3 years

With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the U.S., statistics show that tone of every __ mothers with children under the age of 5 are in the labor force.

2

What are the average ages of marriage for males and for females in the U.S.?

29 for males and 26.5 for females

What percentage of U.S. 15-19-year-old girls have engaged in oral sex?

47%

The highest incidence of game-playing occurs between what ages?

8 and 12

How does the US government define whether a child should be classified as having a learning disability?

A child with a learning disability has difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling.

The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan, who argues that Kohlberg's theory reflects what?

A gender bias. According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others and sees the individual as standing alone and independently making moral decisions.

A key concept in Kohlberg's stages:

A key concept in understanding progression through the levels and stages is that people's morality becomes more internal or mature. That is, their reasons for their moral decisions or values begin to go beyond the external or superficial reasons they gave when they were younger to more complex consideration of multiple perspectives

___ refers to the characteristics of people as males and females:

Gender

In a recent study of almost 1,500 college women, it was found that when they had been sexually harassed, they reported an increase in:

disordered eating, psychological distress, physical illness

From 4 to 12 years of age, the preference for playing in same-sex groups:

increases

___ primarily promote the development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics.

Androgens

What are the features of the parent-adoelscent relationship according to the old model?

As adolescents mature, they detach themselves from parents; parent-adolescent conflict in intense and stressful throughout adolescence

According to research, which of the following are true regarding sexual behavior in adolescents belonging to different ethnic and cultural groups?

Asian American adolescents have the most restrictive sexual timetable; Male, African American, and inner-city adolescents report being the most sexually active

___ children receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers

Average

What aspects change dramatically during adolescence?

Biological processes, social relationships, and cognitive abilities

There are differences between the genders, however, in most cases the differences may be due to ___ factors, ____ factors, or both:

Biological; sociocultural

What is mindset?

Carol Dweck's analysis of motivation for achievement, which she defines as the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves

In Damon's description of developmental changes in empathy, what should an early infant's nature of empathy be?

Characterized by global empathy, the young infant's empathic response does not distinguish between feelings and needs of self and others

What is the major risk when withdrawn children are rejected and/or victimized?

Depression

What are some of the contributors to erectile dysfunction?

Diabetes, smoking, elevated cholesterol levels

What do most developmentalists emphasize as the parents' role in moral development?

Discipline techniques, and communication with children

___ is an affective response to another's feelings with an emotional response the tis similar to the other person's feelings. To express this is not just to sympathize; it is to put oneself in another's place emotionally.

Empathy

___ primarily influence the development of female physical sex characteristics and help regulate the menstrual cycle.

Estrogens

True/False: Parent-child relations, in which the parents have power and children do not, are more likely to advance moral reasoning, because rules are often handed down in an authoritarian way.

False; they are LESS likely

According to the text, which year of school can be the most difficult for students?

First year of middle school

Autonomous morality

From about 10 years of age and older, children show autonomous morality. They become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging action, they consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences

Which of the following statements regarding gender and peer groups is FALSE? 1) From about 5 to onward, boys tend to associate in larger clusters than girls; 2) Girls' groups are more likely than boys' groups to seek to attain a group goal; 3) Girls' groups are more likely to engage in "collaborative discourse" than boys' groups; 4) Boys' groups are more likely to participate in organized group games than girls' groups are...

Girls' groups are more likely than boys' groups to seek to attain a group goal

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections does NOT belong to the category caused by viruses? 1) genital herpes; 2) genital warts (HPV); 3) AIDS; 4) Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea

What is the top-dog phenomenon?

Happens in transition form middle or junior high school; moving from being the oldest, biggest, and most powerful students in the elementary school to being the youngest, smallest, and least powerful students in the middle or junior high school.

What does Walter Mischel Argue when it comes to resistance to temptation and self-control?

He argues that self-control is strongly influenced by cognitive factors. Researchers have shown that children can instruct themselves to be more patient and, in the process, show more self-control

What are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior; and he did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account

Which of the following is a government program to provide skills for success in school for lower socioeconomic status preschool children in the US?

Head Start

What are the TWO stages in Kohlberg's pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?

Heteronomous morality, or punishment and obedience orientation; and individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

What is stage 1 of Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?

Heteronomous morality: First stage in pre-conventional reasoning; At this stage, moral thinking is tied to punishment. For example, children think that they must obey because they fear punishment for disobedience

The ___ of ADHD applies to children who demonstrate a high level of physical activity and do not do a good job of thinking before they act.

Hyperactive/impulsive subtype

What is the Care Perspective?

In contrast with Kohlberg's justice perspective, it is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

What are the reasons that the birth rate to U.S. adolescent girls has decreased?

Increased contraceptive use; fear of sexually transmitted infections

Prosocial behavior will increase in adolescence as a result of:

Increased emotional understanding, advances in abstract and logical reasoning, and increased empathy toward others

What is stage 2 of Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?

Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange; Second stage in pre-conventional reasoning; At this stage, individuals reason that pursuing their own interests is the right thing to do, but they let others do the same. Thus, they think that what is right involves an equal exchange. They reason that if they are nice to others, others will be nice to them in return.

What is performance orientation?

Individuals who are focused on winning, rather than on an achievement outcome, and believe that happiness results from winning

Adolescence is a time of:

Insatiable sexual curiosity, sexual exploration, and sexual vulnerability and confusion

Piaget's Theory:

Interest in how children think about moral issues was stimulated by Piaget who extensively observed and interviews children from the ages of 4 through 12. He concluded that children go through two distinct stages in how they think about morality.

What is the type of schooling known as DAP (developmentally appropriate practice)?

It is based on the knowledge of the typical development of children within particular age span (age appropriateness), as well as on the uniqueness of the individual child (individual appropriateness).

What is false in regards to HRT?

It may reduce cardiovascular disease

IDEA gives a legal basis to educate children with disabilities in the regular classroom, which is also known as the:

LRE (least restrictive environment)

Comparatively, which of the following ethnic groups is the most likely to become pregnant? 1) non-patina white adolescents; 2) Latina adolescents; 3) African American adolescents

Latina adolescents

What is true regarding gender differences in health?

Men are more likely than women to be victims of homicide, and men have higher rates of stress-related disorders than women do

What statement is FALSE regarding sexual behavior in middle adulthood?

Middle-aged men engage in more sexual touching, kissing, and hugging than middle-aged women

Which of the following statements best describe the Montessori approach to early childhood education?

Montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities; the philosophy of the montessori approach has gained popularity in the US; Montessori children are encourages to become self-regulating problem solvers

The aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives is what?

Moral identity

How is moral performance determined?

Moral performance, or behavior, however, is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way.

What issues are NOT included in a true learning disability?

Motor disabilities; hearing impairments; visual impairments

What is stage 3 of Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity; At this stage, individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgements. Children and adolescents often adopt their parents' moral standards at this stage, seeking to be thought of by their parents as a "good girl" or a "good boy"

What are the mechanisms by which gender develops, according to social cognitive theory?

Observation, imitation, rewards, and punishment

Talking about values is a proactive parenting strategy recommended for which age group?

Older children

What is fixed mindset?

One of two mindsets created by Dweck; individuals believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change

What is growth mindset?

One of two mindsets created by Dweck; individuals believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort

____ is the traditional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all

Perimenopause

Kohlberg's Theory states what?

Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for Kohlberg's theory, but Kohlberg suggested there are SIX stages of moral development. These stages, he argues, are universal. Development from one stage to another, said Kohlberg, is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others and to experience conflict between one's current stage of moral thinking and the reasoning of someone at a higher stage.

Which of the following biological structures affect the production of sex hormones?

Pituitary gland, and hypothalamus

In terms of peer status, the ___ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers

Popular

According to Kohlberg, what is the highest level in his theory of moral reasoning?

Post-conventional reasoning; At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.

___ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

Practice

According to Kohlberg, what is the lowest level of moral reasoning?

Pre-conventional reasoning; At this level, good and bad are interpreted in terms of external rewards and punishments

What is social role theory?

Proposed by Alice Eagly; states that psychological gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men.

___ talk is the language of conversation that helps people establish connections and relationships:

Rapport

What are ways considered for men to reconstruct their masculinity?

Reexamining beliefs about manhood, separating out the valuable aspects of the male role; getting rid of those parts of masculine role that are destructive

What important aspect of the child-parent relationship contribute to the child's moral development?

Relational quality, proactive strategies, conversational dialog, and parental discipline

Some theorists suggest that positive feelings such as ___-___, ___, and ___ contribute to children's moral development

Self-esteem, sympathy, and empathy

Zimmerman and his colleagues have developed a model of self-regulation in achievement. What are the three things involved in his model?

Self-reflection, evaluate your performance; forethought, assess task demands; performance, create self-regulating strategies

The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from ___ ___'s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

Sigmund Frued's

What is stage 5 of Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?

Social contract or utility and individual rights; At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law. A person evaluates the validity of actual laws and social systems in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values.

___ ___ ___ focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.

Social conventional reasoning

___ ____ ____ states that there are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. In this theory, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personal knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

Social domain theory

What are the TWO stages in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

Social systems morality, and mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

What is stage 4 of Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?

Social systems morality; At this stage, moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty. For example, adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively, it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members.

What is the gender-intensification hypothesis?

States that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during adolescence because of increased pressures to conform to traditional masculine and feminine roles

___ is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium Treponema pallidum. The sore can be on the external genitals, vagina, or anus

Syphilis

Middle-aged men experience a decline in the production of the hormone ___ at a rate of 1% each year:

Testosterone

In Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, the superego is the moral branch personality. What does the superego consist of?

The superego consists of two main components: the ego ideal and the conscience.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding adolescent sexuality? 1) most teens experience times of vulnerability and confusion; 2) teen think about whether they are sexually attractive, how to engage in sex, and what the future holds for their sexual lives; 3) there is a latency period during which teens set aside thoughts of sexuality; 4) teens have an almost insatiable curiosity about sexuality:

There is a latency period during which teens set aside thoughts of sexuality

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding erections in middle age? 1) they require more stimulation to achieve; 2) they are less frequent; 3) they are more difficult to achieve but easier to sustain; 4) they are less full

They are more difficult to achieve but easier to sustain

What are the three moral virtues of moral character?

Truthfulness, honesty, and loyalty

In Damon's description of developmental changes in empathy, what should a child of 1 to 2 years go age nature of empathy be?

Undifferentiated feelings of discomfort at another's distress grow into more genuine feelings of concern, but infants cannot translate realization of others' unhappy feelings into effective action

Kohlberg's post conventional level of moral reasoning consists of two stages: social contract or utility and individual rights is one; ___ ___ principles is the other

Universal ethical principles

What is stage 6 in Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning?

Universal ethical principles; the sixth and highest stage in the theory; At this stage, the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights. When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person reasons that conscience should be followed, even though the decision might bring risk.

According to an analysis by which child developmentalist, changes in empathy take place in early infancy, at 1 to 2 years of age, in early childhood, and at 10 to 12 years of age.

William Damon

According to the analysis of Tannen, why do women prefer rapport talk?

Women place a high value on relationships and nurturing connections

What is dysgraphia?

a learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.

What is Asperger syndrome?

a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder ins which the child has relatively good verbal language skills, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships

What is the LRE (least restrictive environment)?

a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

What is autistic disorder?

a severe developmental autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships; abnormalities in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior

What is an IEP (Individualized education plan)?

a written statement that spells out a program that tis specifically tailored for a student with a disability

Date rape or _________ rape is coercive sexual activity perpetrated by someone whom the victim knows in some social capacity

acquaintance

The 1994 Sex in America study showed that ____ is clearly the exception rather than the rule:

adultery

What is dyscalculia?

also known as developmental arithmetic disorder, it is a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.

Which approach has shown some promise in assisting children with autism?

behavior modification

What is sympathy?

an emotional response to another person in which the observer feels sad or concerned about the other person's well-being

To a 6-year-old child, being fair would MOST likely mean giving: 1) an equal amount to all; 2) more to those who are disadvantaged; 3) more to those who work the hardest; 4) more to her/himself than to others

an equal amont to all

Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, required that all students with disabilities be given a free and ___ public education.

appropriate

Peers

are individuals of about the same age or maturity level. These groups of people provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.

Proponents of ___ ___ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong

character education

In Damon's description of developmental changes in empathy, what should a child during the early childhood years nature of empathy be?

children become aware that every person's perspective in unique and that someone else may have a different reaction to a situation. This awareness allows the child to respond more appropriately to another person's distress

Compared to cliques, ___ are larger and less personal.

crowds

Research has found middle-ages adults who experienced child maltreatment had an increased risk for:

diabetes, vision problems, and lung disease

Due to concerns about the safety of HRT, many women are seeking alternatives such as:

dietary supplements and herbal remedies, non steroidal medications, regular exercise, relaxation therapy and acupuncture

Heteronomous morality

form 4 to 7 years of age, children display heteronomous morality, the first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removes form the control of people.

a ___ ___ organizes the world in terms of female and male

gender schema

___ ____ are general impressions and beliefs about females and males:

gender stereotypes

___-___ theory suggests that gender-typing develops as children develop an understanding of what their culture considers gender-appropriate/inappropriate

gender-schema

___ ____ is an STI caused by a large family of viruses with many different strains, including strains that produce non-sexually transmitted infections such as chicken pox

genital herpes

What are the possible ways gonorrhea can spread?

genital, anal-genital, oral-genital

According to statistics, the male role seems to be ___ to men's health:

hazardous

What does Albert Bandura stress about moral development?

he stresses that moral development is best understood by considering a combination of social and cognitive factors, especially those involving self-control

Those with a ___ ___ seem trapped by the experience of difficulty, and they attribute their difficulty to lack of ability

helpless orientation

What are moral exemplars?

people who have lived exemplary lives. They have a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment

____ is the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all

perimenopause

The ___ ___ approach argues that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation, and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-relevant behavior:

social cognitive

What are the three proposed social theories of gender?

social role, social cognitive, and psychoanalytic

What is gender schema theory?

states that gender-typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-innapropriate in their culture

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a gender ____

stereotype

What are sexual scripts?

stereotyped patterns of expectations for how people should behave sexually

During early adolescence gender ___ increases, and gender attitudes become more flexible:

stereotyping

The term parent-infant synchrony refers to what?

the time-oriented or temporal coordination of social behavior, which play an important role in children's development

Service learning is often more effective for youth when:

they have opportunities to reflect on their participation

What are the desired outcomes for DAP?

thinking critically, working cooperatively, solving problems, developing self-regulatory skills, and enjoying learning.

Female ethnic minority older adults may face what could be described as ___: ageism, sexism, and racism:

triple jeopardy

The role of hormones in sexuality is:

unclear, especially in females