Psychology in Addiction Exam 1 (Chapter 1-5)

Which of the following is included in DSM 5? Shopping, internet, sex, exercise, or gambling?

Gambling

drug misuse

Generally; use of prescribed in greater amounts than, or other purpose than those prescribed.

What are the four main DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder?

Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological.

What are the specifiers used in diagnosing substance use disorder?

In early remission, in sustained remission on maintenance therapy, and in a controlled environment.

Who was Harry Anslinger? What did he do?

Led Federal bureau of narcotics and wanted to eradicate marijuana.

What is the Marijuana Tax Act, year passed, and its implications?

Marijuana (mj) tax act of 1937. Did Not ban mj but required authorized producers, manufacturers, importers, and dispensers to register and pay annual license fee. Outlawed nonmedical sale and possession of mj.

What did DAWN do?

Monitored data on drug related deaths and emergency room visits in hospital stays in US cities

Tolerance

requiring a marked increased closed to achieve desired effect or a markedly reduced effect with usual dose.

action potential

the electrical impulse along the axon that occurs when a neuron fires Myelin: a fatty white substance that covers the axons of some neurons.

psychological dependence

the emotional state of craving a drug either for its positive effect or to avoid negative effects associated with abuse.

Distillation

the process by which the heating of fermented mixture increases its alcohol content.

route of administration

the way that drug enter the body

Sensitization

with repeated use of a drug, the drugs effects are heightened.

What is the San Francisco Ordinance, year passed, and its implications?

Passed in 1875. People created "opium dens" in SF where they smoked opium. People thought practice was sinister even though didn't affect others. Rumors that opium den houses was where evil and caused drug addiction. 1875 opium dens were banned but smoking opium was allowed. Large dens closed, but small dens increased. Later in 1909 opium was banned

What is the Pure Food Act, year passed, and its implications?

Passed in 1906. Designed to control opiate addiction. Focused on opium, morphine, and heroin, but also mandated alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. It didnt ban opiates in medicine and this had little impact on addicts at the time.

What is laudanum?

an alcoholic solution containing morphine, prepared from opium and formerly used as a narcotic painkiller.

Psychopharmacology

an area within the field of pharmacology that focuses on the effects of drugs on behavior

psychological set

an individual's knowledge, attitudes, expectations, and other thoughts about an object or event, such as a drug.

fermentation (and why is stops around 15%)

combustive process in which yeasts interact with the sugars in plants such as grapes, grains, and fruits to produce an enzyme that converts the sugar into alcohol. Process: sugar dissolves into water, exposed to air, creates yeast. Yeast grows by eating sugar turns into carbon dioxide and ethanol. As yeast grows so does ethanol to reach 15%. At 15% yeast stops growing.

Placebo

in pharmacology, a chemically inactive substance

Synapse

junction between 2 neurons

How is severity of substance use disorder measured/coded?

mild, moderate, severe

Incidence

number of first- time occurrences of an event during some time period.

Craving

a strong or intense desire to use a drug

Prevalence

The degree to which something is prevalent; especially: the percentage of a population that is affected with a particular disease at a given time.

When was Alcoholics Anonymous formed? Who started it?

1935 by Bill Wilson and Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio

A cluster of three general types of symptoms are used to describe substance use disorders. What are these three?

A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating continues use dispute significant substance related problems.

Syndrome

A number of symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific disease.

Withdrawl

A syndrome occurring when blood or tissue concentrations decline in an individual who has maintained prolonged heavy use; people often consume the substance to relieve the symptoms.

Which two drugs now have a withdrawal syndrome in DSM-5?

Cannabis & Caffeine

What are examples of alcohol and opium usage dating to ancient times? What are examples of restrictions intended to temper consumption? (age limits, drunkenness, gender usage, punishments)

-Opium poppy: used in asia minor around 5000 BC -cannabis sativa: China in 2700 BC -prohibition and taxes tried to temper consumption

Know the dates and process involved in creating and repealing alcohol prohibition and the negative side effects leading to repeal. What is the Volstead Act?

-Passed in 1920 under 18th amendment. Saw alcohol as evil and destructive. Prohibited production, sale, transportation, and importing of alcohol in US. alcohol was to be kept at home. Prohibition was on experiment in drug control that did not succeed. 18th amend repealed 13 years later by 21st amendment. Failed from lack of support. -Benefits: reduced drinking, death rates from liver cirrhosis, hospital admissions from alcoholism, and arrest rates from alcohol. -Consequences: increase use of marijuana, use distilled spirits, speakeasy (saloons operating without a license), criminals distributing alcohol -Volstead act introduced in MInnesota by Andrew Volstead to take effect in 1920: defined intoxicating beverage as one containing more than .5% alcohol.

Explain what the Opium Wars were, their outcome, and why the Chinese did not want opium Imported.

-between china and britain. Opium brought into china by britain through trading. Mid 1800's millions of chinese men addicted to opium. Britain's saw no problem with opium because used it all the time in medicine and wanted financial gain in china. 1839, china destroyed britain boats with opium. Britain won in 1842 b/c 1842 treaty of nanking gave britain rights to hong kong port and got reimbursed for lost opium ships. But in 1856, china gained the right to impose heavy opium taxes which reduced and terminated the trade between the nations.

In what ways are drugs classified (5 schedules according to medical use and potential for abuse and dependence)?

1) high potential for abuse, no medical use, and no safety usage. 2) high potential for abuse, accepted medical use, and can lead to severe dependence 3) has less potential for abuse than 1 and 2, has medical use, and has moderate to low dependence rate 4) drug has low potential for abuse than 3, has medical use and limited dependence than 3 5) low potential for abuse than 4, has medical use has limited Independence rate than 4

What kind of relationship with alcohol did the early Americans have? What was the Whiskey Rebellion? Why did producers of alcohol rebel? What did Washington do about this? Why did Washington want revenue from alcohol sales? What has been the relationship between alcohol and taxation.

A. Pilgrims brought plenty of alcohol, and large consumption of ethanol. The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) led to illegal use of stills, boot-legging, rum-running; taxes on tobacco, snuff, refined sugar. B. From 1870-1915, 1/2 to 2/3 of the U.S. budget came from liquor taxes. The producers were fed up because of the new alcohol tax. C. Washington need to pay back the French for helping them, so Washington taxed Alcohol to pay them back

side effects

Actions of a drug on the body.

What two major drugs that are abused that are not included?

Alcohol and tobacco

What is the Controlled Substances Analog Enforcement Act of 1986? Why was it passed? What is an analog?

Allowed for the immediate classification of substances asa controlled substance. Passed b/c designer drugs were structurally similar but not identical to illegal substances. Officials had to go through a process to analyze the chemical structures of drug, now could identify and schedule it faster. Allowed to monitor and regulate the distribution of chemical chemical substances and other equipment needed for preparation of illegal drugs

Who was Wm. McCoy, and for what is he known?

American sea captain and rum-runner during the Prohibition in the United States. In pursuing the trade of smuggling alcohol from the Bahamas to the Eastern Seaboard, Capt. McCoy,[1] found a role model in John Hancock of pre-revolutionary Boston and considered himself an "honest lawbreaker."

18. What is the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act and its implications?

Authorized FDA to regulate the manufacture, marketing, and sale of tobacco products. Provided FDA with control over how tobacco is marketed and sold, and over claims made about tobacco products. Does not provide the authority to impose an outright ban on tobacco products.

What are the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012 and its implications? What loophole did it close?

Banned synthetic compounds found in marijuana and synthetic stimulants. It addressed a loophole in the 1986 analogue enforcement act that limited its impact to substances intended for human consumption. People avoided this by saying "not made for human consumption"

Drug

Broadly defined as any chemical entity or mixture of entities not required for the maintenance of health but that alters biological function or structure when administered.

What is the Harrison Narcotics Act, year passed, and its implications (how did it affect physicians? impact on opiate abuse, the price of opiates)? What non-narcotic drug got included?

Passed in 1914. Passed as consequence of signing the hague convention of 1912. Strictly regulated the legal supply of certain drugs mostly opiates. Need license to market and prescribe drugs. Act had little effect on opiate abuse. Act was counterproductive b/c people shifted from opium and morphine addicts to heroin (easy to obtain b/c black market) and doubled # of addicts. 3 other things: didn't restrict the making of opium medicine, included cocaine as narcotic, and treatment centers opened in larger cities.

What is the Controlled Substances Act, year created, and its implications?

Passed in 1970. Basis for drug regulation in the US. helps classifies drugs into categories. Drugs are not classified according to their pharmacological action according to their medical use, their potential for abuse, and their likelihood for producing dependence.

What was the London Gin Epidemic? What helped create it, and what was done to decrease alcohol consumption?

People in london drank a lot of gin because easy to get. Many people attributed their social problems to alcoholic beverages. Gin act of 1736 imposed taxes on it. Act of 1751 made it so people needed a license to sell it.

What is NASCAR, and how did it start?

People who used to deliver alcohol via car and outran the police became drivers for nascar. In 1947, Bill France, Sr. started National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing.

Why are placebos important? How are they used in clinical drug trials?

Placebos are important because it is a good way to measure the actual effect of the treatment being tested.

What are the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 and its implications? Why was it created?

Reduce long standing disparities b/w those arrested with crack cocaine versus those arrested with powder cocaine. More severe penalties for crack cocaine arrests.

Who was Benjamin Rush? For what is he known?

Spoke out against alcohol and supported the temperance movement. Wrote "an inquiry into the effects of ardent spirits upon the human body and mind". Said alcoholism is a disease.

What is SAMHSA and what does it do?

Substance abuse and mental health services administration. Leads public health efforts to advance the behavioral health of the nation. It's mission is to reduce the impact of substance abuse and mental illness on america's communities.

Narcotic

a central nervous system depressant that contains sedative and pain relieving compounds.

polydrug use

a persons regular use of more than one drug

over the counter drugs

drugs can get over the counter.

addiction

overwhelming involvement with using a drug, getting an adequate supply of it and having a strong tendency to resume it after stopping for a long period of time.

temperance versus prohibition:

prohibition: the legislative forbidding of the sale of a substance, as in the alcohol prohibition in the US from 1920-1933.