Psychology: Introducing Lifespan Development

Parents review an informed consent form for their children to participate in a study of instant versus delayed gratification. The parents are informed that the researchers will use one-way viewing screens and recording methods that do not disturb children. The researchers are using the observational techniques first developed by ____.

Arnold Gesell

Dr. Carlton conducts evaluation research of language enrichment programs for preschool children from low-income families. The objective of this research is to ________.

Assess the effectiveness of an academic enrichment program

A person trying to quit smoking tells his therapist how difficult it is, "Every time I take a break at work, after meals, or when I get home from work, I crave a cigarette." The therapist tells him that his response is based on ____.

Classical conditioning

A term researchers is interested in studying changes in parenting style over times, as children and parents grow older. One researcher states, "If we choose a ____, then it would be less time consuming and expensive." Another researcher comments, "If we choose that design, then we have measurements of parenting style for one point in time, and we can't be sure about changes with age over time." They are discussing the advantages and disadvantages of which research design?

Cross-Sectional

To examine the effectiveness of two types of interventions for depression, researchers randomly assigned participants to a 12-week course of cognitive-behavioral therapy, a 12-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program, or a waitlist control group. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?

Depression

In order to minimize attrition in studies with infants and children, researchers are advised to ____.

Design the study to be as short as possible.

A professor tells students, "In order to understand human development, you can't just study infants, children, or teenagers. You need to study people over the course of their entire lives." Which of Balte's key principles of lifespan development is this professor supporting?

Development is lifelong

In a health class for middle schoolers, the instructor discusses puberty, to the embarrassment of the students, and reviews the biological factors involved in how their bodies are changing, the cognitive factors involved in more advanced thinking skills, the emotional factors involved in regulating feelings, and the social factors involved in navigating relationships. This illustrates which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development?

Development is multidimensional

Brain training programs, which are used to reverse cognitive decline seen in aging, capitalize on the brain's lifelong capacity to reorganize cortical tissue, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________.

Development is plastic

Parents exclaim, "One day my baby was crawling around on the floor, and the next day my toddler was wobbling around the house on two feet! It all happened so suddenly." Which approach to describing how developmental changes occur does the parents' statement reflect?

Discontinuous Development

Someone expressing ___ believes that their cultural practices are best and right ones, and it is difficult for them to understand the cultural practices of other societies. Someone expressing ____ demonstrates an appreciation for cultural differences and a willingness to consider the perspective of people on other cultures.

Ethnocentrism; Cultural relativity

An ____ on human development seeks to understand how our genetic inheritance determines behavior and personality and which traits became adaptive through a process of natural selection.

Ethology perspective

Neo-Piagetian theorists consider how ____, which is an extension of Piaget's traditional approach to cognitive development.

Experience, culture, and interactions with others influence cognitive development.

A young adult client tells her therapist how she struggles to develop and maintain successful relationships with others. The therapist learns that the client did not develop a strong sense of self or positive self-concept in adolescence. Erik Erikson would suggest that we must have a strong sense of self before we can develop successful intimate relationships. Which stage of psychosocial development is this client currently in?

Intimacy versus Isolation

Which element of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model would be most concerned with the impact of a schools' philosophy and a church's influence on individuals, families, and the community?

Mesosystem

In a psychotherapy session, Adrienne talks with her therapist about the stress of raising two young children who are involved in competitive sports and preparing for standardized tests, while caring for her elderly parents who are experiencing ill health, including early signs of dementia. Adrienne's therapist normalizes her experience as part of the "sandwiched generation", sandwiched between caring for young kinds and aging parents. Adrienne's in the ___ period of human development.

Middle adulthood

Riley does not like Corey, but Riley treats Corey in an excessively friendly manner. Freud would say that Riley's behavior is a classic example of the defense mechanism, ________.

Reaction formation

A shy student is drawn out by a friendly, outgoing student, and in turn, becomes more engaging with other students. This interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment demonstrate ___, according to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory.

Reciprocal Determinism

A four month old infant is playing with a toy. When the toy is removed from his sight, he does not search for it. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, this infant has not yet developed ____.

Reversibility

Educators rely on Vygotsky's technique of ____ to provide guided assistance when modeling how to solve problems and to provide levels of support as needed, which enables children to understand concepts and gain more language skills.

Scaffolding

The National Institutes of Health released a large dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, or the ABCD study. Now researchers from around the world have access to this data and can conduct _____ on various factors related to brain, cognitive, social, and emotional development.

Secondary Content Analysis

Both ___ approaches to lifespan development view development as continuous, propose there are many courses of development, and suggest that development is more influenced by nurture than nature.

Social cognitive theory and Piaget's theory of cognitive development

When researchers select participants for their studies in a random way to ensure that all members have an equal chance of being selected, they are demonstrating which aspect of the scientific method?

The scientific method offers a systematic way to make comparisons and guard against bias.

A researcher advisor recommends that graduate students review all the ___ on a topic of interest in order to understand all the well-developed set of ideas that explain the topic and then use this information to make predictions for their own research.

Theories

To reduce the academic achievement gap, school administrators implemented a language enrichment program for preschool children from low-income families. Now they want to know if the program is working. They ask Dr. Carlton to conduct an evaluation research study. What is the objective of evaluation research?

To assess the effectiveness of an academic enrichment program