Psychology - Lifespan Developement

By age ________, a child's brain is 90% of its adult size

6

embryo

An organism in the earliest stage of development;multi-cellular organism thats a result of a zygote dividing for about 7-10 days and has 150 cells

Mitosis

As the cells divide, they become more specialized, forming different organs and body parts. In the germinal stage, the mass of cells has yet to attach itself to the lining of the mother's uterus. Once it does, the next stage begins.

theory-of-mind

At some point during the stage of propperational and typically between 3 and 5 years old, children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own

(Head size) Potential Effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Below-average head circumference

Psychosocial Developement

Emphasizes the role environment plays in a person's development; series of crises through which individuals progress.

Psychosocial Theory of Development

Erik Erikson, another stage theorist, took Freud's theory and modified it as psychosocial theory. Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature. While Freud believed that personality is shaped only in childhood, Erikson proposed that personality development takes place all through the lifespan. Erikson suggested that how we interact with others is what affects our sense of self, or what he called the ego identity.

Donna is going through something like a "mid-life crisis" at age 48. Her twin sons just left for college and she feels like she's in a rut at work. Her feelings coincide with Erikson's ________ conflict.

Generativity vs. stagnation

Age 5 Developmental Milestone

Hops and swings; uses fork and spoon; Distinguishes real from pretend; likes to please friends; Speaks clearly; uses full sentences; Counts to 10 or higher; prints some letters and copies basic shapes

Cognitive Theory of Development

Jean Piaget's theory believed that thinking is a central aspect of development and that children are naturally inquisitive. However, he said that children do not think and reason like adults (explaining how children's thought progresses through four stages). our cognitive abilities develop through specific stages, which exemplifies the discontinuity approach to development. As we progress to a new stage, there is a distinct shift in how we think and reason.

Age 2 Developmental Milestone

Kicks a ball; walks up and down stairs; Plays alongside other children; copies adultsPoints to objects when named; puts 2-4 words together in a sentence; Sorts shapes and colors; follows 2-step instructions

Sociocultural Theory of Development

Lev Vygotsky argued that human development is rooted in one's culture. A child's social world, for example, forms the basis for the formation of language and thought. The language one speaks and the ways a person thinks about things is dependent on one's cultural background. Vygotsky also considered historical influences as key to one's development

(Nose) Potential Effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Low nasal bridge, short nose

Theory of Moral Development

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages.

motor skills

ability to move our body and manipulate objects

cognitive empathy

ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others

psychosexual development.

according to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular biological function and body part

Critical Period/ Sensitive Period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development and specific parts or organs develop

teratogen

any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus.

avoidant attachment

characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

secure attachment

characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore

disorganized attachment

characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused

resistant attachment

characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child

Erikson believed that successful completion of each developmental task results in a sense of ____________________ and a ________________. Failure to master these tasks leads to feelings of _______________________.

competence, healthy personality, inadequacy

Schemata

concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

3-year old twins, Paige and Elsie, love graham crackers. When their dad gives them a cracker, Elsie's breaks in half. Paige notices immediately, and says that it's not fair because she also wants two pieces. Her dad breaks hers in half and then she is satisfied because she does not understand the law of ________. She is in the ________ stage of cognition.

conservation; preoperational

Accommodation

describes when they change their schemata based on new information.

Lifespan development explores how we change and grow from conception to death. This field of psychology is studied by _________________________________________.

developmental psychologists.

A child's self-concept ________.

develops as a result of brain maturation and language

According to psychosocial theory, we experience _____________stages of development

eight

newborn reflexes

inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation

Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development (Erikson)

infancy stage (0-1yrs), toddler stage (1-3yrs), preschool stage(3-6), elementary school storage(6-12yrs), adolescence stage (12-18yrs), early adulthood stage (20-40yrs), middle adulthood (40-64yrs), integrity versus despair stage (65yrs-death)

temperament

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

attachment

long-standing connection or bond with others

egocentrism

means that the child is not able to take the perspective of others.

prenatal care

medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus

Those who argue that biology and genetics have the strongest influence on development emphasize ________.

nature.

Erickson Modified Freud's ideas and suggested a theory of psychosocial development.. Eric Erikson said that our social interactions and successful completion of social tasks shape _______________________________.

our sense of self.

secure base

parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

uninvolved parenting style

parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands

authoritative parenting style

parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view

permissive parenting style

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment

authoritarian parenting style

parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

Developmental psychologists view development as a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically across three developmental domains: ________________________,______________________, and _____________________________.

physical, cognitive development, and psychosocial.

assimilation

taking in information that is comparable to what they already know

Germinal Stage

the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception (Weeks 1-2)

reversibility

understanding that objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition

gross motor skills

use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements

fine motor skills

use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions

conception

when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

Which is the correct order of prenatal development?

zygote, embryo, fetus

Age 4 Developmental Milestone

Catches balls; uses scissors; Prefers social play to solo play; knows likes and interests; Knows songs and rhymes by memory; Names colors and numbers; begins writing letters

Age 3 Developmental Milestone

Climbs and runs; pedals tricycle; Takes turns; expresses many emotions; dresses self; Names familiar things; uses pronouns; Plays make believe; works toys with parts (levers, handles)

Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor (0-2yrs), Preoperational (2-6yrs) Concrete operational (7-11), and Formal operational (11yrs+)

Psychosexual Theory of Development

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that personality develops during early childhood. For Freud, childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults. He believed that each of us must pass through a serious of stages during childhood, and that if we lack proper nurturance and parenting during a stage, we may become stuck, or fixated, in that stage

Freud's theory of psychosexual development (regarding how babies and children grow and develop into happy, healthy adults.)

Sigmund Freud suggested that we pass through a series of psychosexual stages in which our energy is focused on certain erogenous zones on the body.

(Eyes) Potential Effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Smaller than average eye opening, skin folds at corners of eyes

(Midface) Potential Effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Smaller than average midface size

Blooming

The period of rapid neural growth in childhood

Embryonic Stage

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month. (Weeks 3-8)

Fetal Stage

The third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth. (Weeks 9-40)

prenatal development

There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal

(Lip and philtrum) Potential Effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Thin upper lip, indistinct philtrum

stages of moral reasoning

pre-conventional (before age 9), conventional (early adolescence), post-conventional once formal operational thought is attained)

zygote

result formation of a sperm fertilizing an egg