Psychology of Addiction-Comorbidity

What is the relationship of substances of psychopathologies being meaningfully linked?

Substances may enhance psychiatric symptoms Example: ASPD and Bipolar clients

Is there specific relationship between the user the user's drug of choice? Example?

Yes Social anxiety patients use alcohol for its disinhibiting effects violent patients use opioids for their calming effects

What is the self-medication hypothesis?

people with psychiatric conditions use certain drugs because the reinforcing effects that occur as the substance interact with the disorders symptoms

Comorbid disorders are _____ and ______

pervasive and heterogenous

What is incidence?

rate of occurrence

What DOES Comorbidity mean?

refers to individuals who have a SUD PLUS a co-occuring independent psychiatric problem

What is epidemiology?

refers to the branch of med. science concerned with the incidence, prevalence, and control of illness in a given population

What is the psychiatric relationship of comorbidity?

symptoms may results from chronic intoxication Using a certain substances mirrors the symptoms of a mental illness that disappear after a few hours Using a substance can create depression, anxiety, psychosis, disassociation, hallucinations Example: Taking PCP or LSD can create hallucinations or psychosis like schizophrenia

What is the relationship of psychiatric and SUDs may not be related?

the presence of two disorders does not necessarily indicate a causal link or relationship

What does psychopathology relationship mean?

there is risk and vulnerability of SUD for people with existing psychiatric conditions Example: Self medicating hypothesis

Dual diagnosis conditions are associated with _________ clinical and functional outcomes than SUD or mental illness alone

worse

What does comorbidity NOT refer to?

-Mixing multiple substances -In SUD populations, problematic use of multiple substances -Example: using alcohol + weed + cocaine = stimulant/depressant

What percentage of people with psychiatric disorders have a co-occuring SUD?

30%

Do Americans have the highest rate of ADHD?

No

What is SUD?

Substance Abuse Disorder

What is the long term use relationship?

Substance can create a long term permanent psychiatric conditions Example: Dementia resulting from chronic heavy alcohol use

If you took away the SUD, would there still be a mental illness?

Yes, the mental illness is not a consequence of the SUD

Within 12 months of diagnosis, 20% of those with depression and 15% those with anxiety would experience a what?

co-occuring SUD

What is prevelance?

distribution

Why is it important to study comorbidity?

focusing only on a primary condition (addiction) may mean that other conditions are not identified or treated

What is treatment like for dual diagnosis patients?

more costly, involving emergency and hospital care

Substances are used to alleviate ________ not __________

psychological pain euphoria

What does it mean if comorbid disorders are pervasive and heterogenous?

show up frequently and there is no formula or specific pattern (each is unique to the person)

What is the co-occuring separate condition relationship?

the conditions interact two separate things that start independent then become a relationship Example: You have anxiety so you use drugs and now they are related

What are some examples of comorbidity situations?

-Schizophrenic use depressants to manage psychotic symptoms -Bipolar clients use alcohol during man phases and stimulants during depressive episodes -PTSD patients use drugs or alcohol to deal with flashbacks or fear responses

What are the 6 different models for explaining comorbidity relationships?

1. Psychopathology 2. Co-Occuring Separate Condition 3. Psychiatric 4. Longterm use 5. Substance and Psychopathologies can be linked 6. Psychiatric conditions and SUDs may not be related

Who has the highest rate of HIV?

Africa has the highest, Middle East has the least

What disorder are SUD most common in first and second?

Anti Social Personality Disorder Bipolar Disorder

What is the top comorbid diagnosis with alcohol?

Major depression (20.5%)

What is the top comorbid diagnosis with drugs?

Major depression and Anti Social Personality Disorder

Those with alcohol dependence, what percentage had a personality disorder? Anxiety disorder? Mood disorder?

PD-40% MD-28% AD-23%

Those with drug dependence, what percentage had a personality disorder? Anxiety disorder? Mood disorder?

PD-70% MD-55% AD-43%