Psychology of Addiction-Comorbidity
What is the relationship of substances of psychopathologies being meaningfully linked?
Substances may enhance psychiatric symptoms Example: ASPD and Bipolar clients
Is there specific relationship between the user the user's drug of choice? Example?
Yes Social anxiety patients use alcohol for its disinhibiting effects violent patients use opioids for their calming effects
What is the self-medication hypothesis?
people with psychiatric conditions use certain drugs because the reinforcing effects that occur as the substance interact with the disorders symptoms
Comorbid disorders are _____ and ______
pervasive and heterogenous
What is incidence?
rate of occurrence
What DOES Comorbidity mean?
refers to individuals who have a SUD PLUS a co-occuring independent psychiatric problem
What is epidemiology?
refers to the branch of med. science concerned with the incidence, prevalence, and control of illness in a given population
What is the psychiatric relationship of comorbidity?
symptoms may results from chronic intoxication Using a certain substances mirrors the symptoms of a mental illness that disappear after a few hours Using a substance can create depression, anxiety, psychosis, disassociation, hallucinations Example: Taking PCP or LSD can create hallucinations or psychosis like schizophrenia
What is the relationship of psychiatric and SUDs may not be related?
the presence of two disorders does not necessarily indicate a causal link or relationship
What does psychopathology relationship mean?
there is risk and vulnerability of SUD for people with existing psychiatric conditions Example: Self medicating hypothesis
Dual diagnosis conditions are associated with _________ clinical and functional outcomes than SUD or mental illness alone
worse
What does comorbidity NOT refer to?
-Mixing multiple substances -In SUD populations, problematic use of multiple substances -Example: using alcohol + weed + cocaine = stimulant/depressant
What percentage of people with psychiatric disorders have a co-occuring SUD?
30%
Do Americans have the highest rate of ADHD?
No
What is SUD?
Substance Abuse Disorder
What is the long term use relationship?
Substance can create a long term permanent psychiatric conditions Example: Dementia resulting from chronic heavy alcohol use
If you took away the SUD, would there still be a mental illness?
Yes, the mental illness is not a consequence of the SUD
Within 12 months of diagnosis, 20% of those with depression and 15% those with anxiety would experience a what?
co-occuring SUD
What is prevelance?
distribution
Why is it important to study comorbidity?
focusing only on a primary condition (addiction) may mean that other conditions are not identified or treated
What is treatment like for dual diagnosis patients?
more costly, involving emergency and hospital care
Substances are used to alleviate ________ not __________
psychological pain euphoria
What does it mean if comorbid disorders are pervasive and heterogenous?
show up frequently and there is no formula or specific pattern (each is unique to the person)
What is the co-occuring separate condition relationship?
the conditions interact two separate things that start independent then become a relationship Example: You have anxiety so you use drugs and now they are related
What are some examples of comorbidity situations?
-Schizophrenic use depressants to manage psychotic symptoms -Bipolar clients use alcohol during man phases and stimulants during depressive episodes -PTSD patients use drugs or alcohol to deal with flashbacks or fear responses
What are the 6 different models for explaining comorbidity relationships?
1. Psychopathology 2. Co-Occuring Separate Condition 3. Psychiatric 4. Longterm use 5. Substance and Psychopathologies can be linked 6. Psychiatric conditions and SUDs may not be related
Who has the highest rate of HIV?
Africa has the highest, Middle East has the least
What disorder are SUD most common in first and second?
Anti Social Personality Disorder Bipolar Disorder
What is the top comorbid diagnosis with alcohol?
Major depression (20.5%)
What is the top comorbid diagnosis with drugs?
Major depression and Anti Social Personality Disorder
Those with alcohol dependence, what percentage had a personality disorder? Anxiety disorder? Mood disorder?
PD-40% MD-28% AD-23%
Those with drug dependence, what percentage had a personality disorder? Anxiety disorder? Mood disorder?
PD-70% MD-55% AD-43%