Psychology Questions ch6-10

The capacity of STM is _______ items

7 +- 2

Concepts are ideas that represent

A class or category of objects, events, or activities

Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?

A teacher works one-on-one with a student and then begins to withdraw help as the student becomes more skilled.

Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called

Accommodation

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?

Algorithmic method

What have twin studies told us about sexual orientation?

Although supporting a genetic influence on sexual orientation, they do not rule out environmental influences as a contributor.

A visual image held in the sensory register is

An icon

Which hormone is the primary determinant of whether a baby will develop male or female external genitalia?

Androgen

John, a 43-year-old father dying of cancer, makes frequent nasty remarks to his wife such as, "You can't wait until I die so you can get the insurance money and live it up, can you." This illustrates which of Kubler-Ross' stages?

Anger

The strange situation procedure, in which researchers unobtrusively watch an infant in the presence or absence of several combinations of the child, caretaker, and stranger, is used to study

Attachment

According to cognitive theories, appraisal of the situation would come _______ the physical arousal and _______ the experience of emotion.

Before; before

Bill has felt isolated and like an "outsider" since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to rush a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Bill may be attempting to meet the need of _______________.

Belonging

Channel is a 43 year old female who has been in sexual relationships with both men and women in the past. She is presently dating a 32 year old female and is thinking of moving to a state which legally recognizes the marriage between two women. She is thinking of getting married to her partner, despite still admitting that she finds both men and women attractive. Channel is considered _____________ in terms of her sexual orientation.

Bisexual

A committee has been set up to identify young people who are likely to become great Olympics skaters. In addition to physical skills, the committee believes that an understanding of one's emotions is a plus because it will help the skaters through training and competitions. Using Howard Gardner's types of intelligences, which two should be the focus of their search?

Bodily kinesthetic and intrapersonal

A group of businessmen and women get together to try to solve the problem of decreased sales of their company's products. One of them suggests that they generate as many ideas as they can in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. This technique of stimulating divergent thinking is called

Brainstorming

By what age do infants develop a preference for salty tastes?

By four months

Emotional arousal and experience occur at the same time because of stimulation of the cerebral cortex, according to the _______ theory.

Cannon-bard

Kohler demonstrated "Aha!" or insight behavior with

Chimps

Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory: GOTOYOURBEDROOM. However, if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words, they fit short-term's memory span: GO TO YOUR BEDROOM. This illustrates

Chunking

Emotion has been defined to have three elements. Please identify which choice below is NOT one of the three elements.

Cognitive dissonance for the exhibited behavior

What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?

Conformation bias

thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed.

Convergent

The ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called

Creativity

Researchers have discovered that during specific periods in one's life, certain abilities must develop or they will not develop later. These are known as

Critical periods

The passing of time causes forgetting according to

Decay theory

The typical sequence of the five stages of dying postulated by Kubler-Ross is

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

The emotions which are most easily recognized from facial expressions include happiness, anger, and

Disgust

_______________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings.

Display rules

The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) ______.

Drive

Christine has always had an unusually effective memory. She credits this to the fact that after seeing something just once, she can visualize the object in great detail, as if she was looking at a photograph of it. Christine's ability is an example of

Eidetic imagery

From the second week until the third month after conception, the developing organism is called a(n)

Embryo

What are the components of the information processing model in order?

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car?

Episodic memory

Which hormones are responsible for a child's developing as a female during pregnancy?

Estrogens

A culture's expectation of masculine and feminine behaviors can be defined as _____

Gender roles

"Children observe the world around them and develop mental concepts to represent the concepts of male and female. They then develop a concept of their own gender, and adjust their behaviors to be consistent with that concept." This statement is the foundation of __________ theory.

Gender schema

Shaquilla says that all men are insensitive and unemotional. She is probably expressing a ___

Gender stereotype

Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of:

General intelligence and specific abilities

According to Erikson, a sense of producing and contributing to the world is called

Generativity

Which of the following STIs is NOT caused by a bacterial infection?

Genital herpes

What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?

Heuristics

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called

Homeostasis

The Binet-Simon scale was originally developed to

Identify children who might have difficult in school

A person's sense of being a boy or girl, or man or woman, is their gender ____

Identity

Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?

Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.

A seemingly arbitrary flash "out of the blue," through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you "figured it out," is called

Insight

The ability to think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist's working definition of

Intelligence

What score indicates how one individual compares to others on an intelligence test?

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of

Intimacy versus isolation

An intersexed individual is defined as a person who

Is born with non-standard male or female genitalia

Suppose that you show a small boy two bars of fresh fudge that are equal on all dimensions (exactly the same size, shape, and weight). You ask him if the two bars are the same, and he says "Yes." You then cut one of the bars into 10 chunks as he watches. You are surprised when he now asks if he can have the cut up fudge because it has more candy than the intact bar. This episode illustrates that the youngster:

Is in the preoperational stage

Why is implicit memory so difficult to study?

It does not operate on a conscious level.

A developmental psychologist believes that increased TV watching by young children is responsible for a decline in reading scores when these children enter school. To explore her hypothesis, she records the TV watching habits of toddlers in a suburban community. She examines these habits again when the children enter kindergarten and once more when they complete first grade. This method is

Longitudinal

Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was designed by ______

Masters and Johnson

Prefixes, suffixes, and words are examples of

Morphemes

Which statement about motivation is TRUE?

Motivation energizes and directs behavior

Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences?

Naturalistic

According to Piaget, which of the following is crucial to cognitive development at the sensory-motor stage?

Object permanence

Which of the following best describes the instinct theory of motivation?

Organisms have inborn patterns of behavior and innate desires to perform in a certain manner.

The ability to experience love appears to be strongly influenced by one's ____________.

Past experience

The basic sound units of any language are called

Phonemes

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, which needs must be met first?

Physiological

According to Kohlberg, children interpret behavior in terms of concrete consequences at the __________ level of moral development

Preconventional

The development of secondary sexual characteristics

Provides external signs of the approach of puberty

Which is the correct order of development of Six Motor Milestones according to research?

Raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking

Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is

Relatively stable well into adulthood

Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be:

Reliable

The step in the memory process that actually makes our memories available to us is

Retrieval

Which of the following is NOT a physiological change associated with emotion?

Saliva secretion

Sex organs and traits that develop at puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction are known as __________ sexual characteristics.

Secondary

For Maslow, the most highly evolved motive is

Self-actualization

Our memories of general knowledge items such as the meanings of words or the dates of famous historical events are stored in

Semantic memory

The type of memory that is most like an encyclopedia or a dictionary is

Semantic memory

Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest she is in?

Sensorimotor

Iconic and echoic memory are types of _______ memory

Sensory

In the section "Three Types of Needs," which of the following was not discussed?

Sex

You looked up a friend's address for a letter you wrote. Suddenly the phone rings-wrong number. Even though you were interrupted for only a few seconds, you've forgotten the address. Which memory system failed you?

Short-term memory

Sue sees her mother knitting a sweater. Later, Sue takes out a ball of yarn and some knitting needles from her mother's supplies and tries to do the same. This is a good example of the ____________ theory of gender development

Social learning theory

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be involved in

Stopping the eating response

Someone a short distance away, to whom we have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you are attending to that conversation. This is an example of

The cocktail party phenomenon

The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as

The mechanical solution

You are asked to recall the word that means "a woman who houses and manages prostitutes." You are confident that you know what the term is, and you feel as though you are about to remember it, but it just will not pop out of your memory. You are experiencing:

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student?

They are using representative heuristic

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that Masters and Johnson's research was considered controversial?

They participated in sexual activity with their subjects.

Studies of genetically male children who were surgically altered to appear as females found that _____

They preferred male play activities

Which of the following is NOT an emotion?

Thirst

Erik is a newborn. According to Erikson, his main task will be to develop a sense of

Trust

Which female sex organ or process is present at birth?

Vagina

You are walking through a store when you run into a friend you have not seen in a long time and whom you miss very much. According to the James-Lange theory, what might happen?

You experience physiological changes followed by a feeling of happiness

An individual's memory can be distorted by:

all of the these choices. exposure to new information; unconscious reconstruction; being asked leading questions

Which statement concerning long-term memory is TRUE?

all of these choices Information in long-term is stored permanently. The longer information is in short-term, the more likely it will be stored in long-term. Rehearsal is one of the primary methods information is moved from short-term to long-term.

According to research, infant girls who were exposed to androgens were found to be more likely to ________

be "tomboys" during their childhood but grew up to be more "typically female" in adulthood and had a desire for marriage and motherhood.

Masters and Johnson reported that unlike men, women ________________

do not have a refractory period and can achieve many orgasms during a sexual encounter

Which of the following does NOT support drive-reduction theory?

going jogging when you are bored

What is the general term used to describe someone who is sexually aroused by objects or situations that are considered unusual?

paraphilia

A recognition test requires one to:

pick the correct answer from among several possible ones provided.

Tim is studying for a test. After seven consecutive hours of studying, he finds he can remember what he just finished studying, but he can no longer remember what he studied five or six hours ago. Tim's memory problems are BEST explained by

retroactive interference

Which of the following is the correct order for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

sensory-motor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

Kinsey believed that ____

sexual orientation was on a continuum

Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three notes of music for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them. If the instructions to recall the notes came immediately, the students usually succeeded. If the instructions came more than three seconds after the notes were played, the students were much less successful. The MOST plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that, in the latter case

the echo faded before being stored in short-term memory