Psychology test 1
Research Safeguards
-Protection of partipants from physical and mental harm -The right of participants to privacy regarding their behavior -the assurance that participation in research is completely voluntary -the necessity of informing participants about the nature of procedures before their participation in the experiment -All experiments must be reviewed by an independent panel before being conducted
Functionalism
-Replaced structionalism -concentrated on what the mind does and how behavior functions.. Functionalist, whose perspective became prominent in the early 19002 asked what role behavior plays in allowing people to adapt to thier environments.
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STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
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4 Steps of the Scientific Method
1: Identifying questions of interest 2: Formulating an explanation 3: carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation 4: communicating the findings.
3 major roles played by psychologists in society
1: Teaher, 2: Scientist, 3:Clinical practitioner.
The stages of sleep
1: The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low amplitude brain waves 2: A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regualer wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles" 3: A sleep characterized by slow brain waves, whcih greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep. 4: The deepest stage of sleep,during whcih we are leeast responsibe to outside stimulation
Placebo
A false treatment such as a pill or other substance without any significant chemical properties or active ingrediant.
Random assignment to condition
A procedure in whcih participants are assigned to different experimental groups or conditions on the basis of chance and chance alone
Behavioral neuroscience
Behavioral neuroscience is the subfield of psychology that focuses on how the brain and the nervous system, as well as other biological aspects of the body, determine behavior.
Ciradian rhythms
Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle... -other body function folllow this. temperature hormone productuoion blood pressure
A psychologist who studies logical reasoning is likely a ______ Psychologist
Cognitive
Education of Psychologist
Most psychologists have either phD (doctor of Philosophy) or, less frequently, a PsyD (doctor of psychology).
Replicated research
Research that is repeated, sometiems using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants, to increase confidence in prior findings.
REM Sleep and rapid eye movement
Sleeep occupying 20% of an adults sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections; eye movemetns; and experice of dreaming
Def. of Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Clinical Neuropsychology
Unites the areas of neuroscience clinical psychology: it focuses on the orgin of psychological disorders in biological factors.
activation synthesis theory
hobsons theory that the brain produces random electrial energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain
Activation synthesis theory
hobsons theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain.
Positive Correlation
indicates that as the value of one varialbe increases, we can predict that the value of the other variable will also increase
Sleep apnea
is a condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping. The result is disturbed, fitful sleep, and a signnificant loss of REM sleep, as the person is constantly reawakened when the lack of oxygen becomes great enough to trigger a waking response
Case Study
is an in depth, intensive investigation of a single individual or a small group. Case studies often include PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING a procedure in which a carefully designed set of questions is used to gain some insight into the personality of the individual or group.
PsyD
is obtained by psychologists who want to focus on the treatment of psychological disorders.
Social Psychology
is the study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
Dependent variable
is the variable that is measured in a study . this varible is expected to change as a result of the experiments manipulaiton of the independ variable.
Free will versus determinism
key issue...... how much of our behavior is a matter of FREE WILL (choices made freely by an individual) and how much is subject to DETERMINSM (the notion that behavior is largely produced by factors beyond peoples willful control.
SIDS
kids who die while sleeping
Significant outcome
meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses.
Marry Calkins studied
memory in the early part of the 20th century, became the fist female president of the American PSy associatoin.
control group
no treatment
Nature (herdity) versus nurture (environment)
one of the major issues that psychologist address. How much of peoples behavior is due to their genetically determined nature. --how much is due to nurture the influences of the psysical and socail environment in which a child is raised.
WHY WE SLEEP
page 136
Sleeping better tips
pg 144
Health psychology explore the relationship between ___ factors and physical ailments.
psychological
phD
research degree that requirees a dissertation based on an original investigation.
Archibal research
research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, online databases, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypotheses.
Survey Research
sample of people chosen to represne ta larger group of interst is asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.
Observable behavior versus internal mental process
shoudl psychology concentrate soley on behavior that can be seen by outside observers, or should it foucs on unseen thinking processes.
unconscious wish fulfillment theory
sigmund freuds theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled
Unconscious wish fulfillment theory
sigmund freuds theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled.
Dreams for survival theory
suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep
Humanistic Perspective
suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior. Humanistic psychologists maintain that each of us has the capacity to seek and reach fulfillment.
Behavioral perspective
suggests that the focus should be on observable behavior that can be measured objectively
double blind procedure
the administror nor the participant should know which drug is being administered.
Consciousness
the awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings we experience at a given moment
Experimental manipulation
the change that the researcher deliberately makes in an experiment is called.
Naturalistic observation
the investigator observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation. ex. researcher investitigating helping behavior might observe the kind of help given to victims in a high crime area of a city.
Experiment
the researcher investigates the relationship between two (or more) variables by deliberately changing one variable in a controlled situaiton and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation.
dreams for survival theory
the theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our dally survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep
Hypnosis
trancelike state of heightened susceptibilty to the suggestions of others. cant do bad things
Operational definition
translation of a hypotheesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed.
Correlational research
two sets of variables are examined to determine whether they are associated, or "correlated". the strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables are represented by a mathematical statistic known as a correlation whcih can range form +1.o to -1.0
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake. No matter what the acticity holding a heated conversation, exercising or driving a narcoolptic will suddenly fall asleep.
experimental gorup
group that recieves treatment
informed consent
Before partipating inan experiment, the participans must sign a document affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participantion will involve, what risks the experiment may hold, and the fact that their participation is purely voluntary and they may terminate it at any time
Introspection
A procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus..
Conscious Versus Unconscious causes of behavior.
A second major question addressed by psychologists. READ 21
Evolutionary Psychology
Considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. The evolutionary approach suggest that the chemical coding of information in our cells not oly determines traits such as hair color and race, but also holds the key to understanding a broad variety of behaviors that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce.
Clinical Psychology
Deals with the study, and tratment of psychoogical disorders. Trained to diagnose and treat problems that range from the crises of everyday life, such as unjappiness over the breakup of arelationship, to more extreme conditions , such as profound lingering depression
Developmental psychology
Developmental psychology studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death.
Gestalt Psychology
Emphasizes how perception is organized. Instead of considering the individual parts that make up thinking, gestalt psychologists took the opposite tack., studyinghow poele consider individual elements together as units or wholes. - Led by Hermann Ebbinghaus --and Max Wertheimer.. --proposed the "whole is different from the sum of its parts" menaing our perception or understing, of objects is greater and more meaningful thatn the individual elements that make up our perceptions.
Experimental psychology
Experimental psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world. (The term experimental psychologist is somewhat misleading: Psychologists in every specialty area use experimental techniques.)
Cross-Cultural Psychology
Investigates the similarities and fiferences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.
Scientific method
Is the approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and otehr phenomena of interest
Structuralism
Wundts approach which focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activitees.
Seasonal affective disorder
a form of severe depression in which feelings of despair and hopelessness increase during the winter and lift during the rest of the year.
Meditation
a learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness. eastern religion of Zen Buddhism.
Addictive durgs produce
a physiological or psychological dependence in the user and withdrawl form the durgs leads to a craving for the drug.
Hypothesis
a prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested. Hypotheses stem form theories that help test the underlying soundess of theories
Night Terrors
a sudden awakening from non-REM sleep that are accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal. Usually occuring in stage 4 sleep, night terrros may be so frightening that a sleeper awakens with a shiek.
Theories
are broad explanations and predictions cnoverning phenomena of interest. They provide a framework of understanding the relationsips among a se of otherwise unorganized facts or principles
Psychodynamic Perspective
argue that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about whcih we have little awareness or control. They view dreams and slips of the tongue as indications of what a person is truly feeling within a seething cauldron of unconscious psychic activity`
Variables
behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way.
British Philosopher John Lcok
blank slates
subspecial of experimental psychology
cognitive psychology, which focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language.
Independent Variable
conditon that is manipulated by an experimenter
Neuroscience Perspective
considers how people and nonhumans function biologically: how individual nerve cells are joined togother, how the inheritance of certain characteristics from partents other ancestors influences behavior, how the functioning of the body affects hopes and fears, which behaviors are instinctual, and so forth.
A psychologist interested in how people change from adolescense to adulthood is
developmental psychology
Psychoacive drugs
drugs that influcne a person emotions, perceptions, and behavior
Heal Psychology
explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailmetns or disease.
Experimental bias
factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an eperiment
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
focus on child development and on womens issues.
Karen Horney
focused on socail culture factorsbehind personality....woman people on page 15!!!!!!!!!!
Behavioral Genetics
focuses on biological mechanisms, such as genetics and chromosomes, that enable inherited behavior to unfold.
Cognitive perspective
focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world. Learning how pole comprehend and represent the outside world within themselves and how our ways of thinking about the world influence our behavior
Personality psychology
focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another.
Counseling Psychology
focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.
REM sleep
usually accompanied by dreams, whcih-whethe or not peole rember them are expericced by everyone during some part of their nights sleep.
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)
was the first woman to recive a doctorate in psychology, and she did important work on animal behavior.
waking consciousness
we are awake and aware of our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. All other states of consciousness are considered altered states of consciousness.
Demographic and woman in Psychology
woman earn around 3/4 of new psychology doctorate degrees. Many white people as well. 16% of colored.
