Psychology: Test 1, Human Growth & Development: Test 2, Human Growth & Development Test 3
What does the text say about cohabitation and divorce rates?
Cohabiting=2 in 3 people live together Divorce=1 in 4 US marriage occur b/t previously divorced partners
How does food insecurity affect US families?
Concern for lack of sufficient funds, 1 in 5 mothers reporting this fear in US
What is behaviorist theories?
Couldn't study feelings & thoughts so had to chart measurable, observable responses
What are the parenting outcomes after divorce?
Depending on type of marriage- Moms: -Can be happier -Better able to handle stresses of motherhood -Single motherhood may feel like weight of world Dads: -Can be happier if he was stuck in a loveless marriage -No change in parenting skills -Struggle to handle chores & managing career w/kids on their own
How much of a role do fathers have in childcare today?
Depends on personality & attitude -Can be very involved (possibly the one to change diapers or be the disciplinarian) -Also can be distant from any baby care tasks/raising of kids
Post conventional thinking example
"Heinz had to steal the drug because nothing outweighs the universal principle of saving a life"
Preconventional thinking example
"Heinz should not take the drug because he will go to jail" or "Heinz should take the drug because then his wife will treat him well"
Empathy
Directly feeling another person's emotions
What were the results of Harlowe's studies with baby monkeys?
Disproved Behaviorist theory about food forming attachment, as baby monkeys preferred cloth-covered "mother" versus wire-mesh "mother" the monkeys fed from
What about the false sterotypes about older adults?
-People w/Alzheimer's can still live a meaningful life -5% of 65+ adults are in a nursing home
What are the stages of Piaget's Sensorimotor stage?
-Primary -Secondary -Tertiary Circular Reactions
What should you tell your parents about staying mentally sharp?
-Prioritize health -Mental stimulation (challenging games, word puzzles, etc)
What is lifespan?
Average/maximum age we can life
What is insecure attachment?
Avoidance; appears detached & indifferent upon mother's return
What does it mean to be academically gifted?
scoring higher than average on the IQ test & either skipping a grade/joining a program with special learning courses
How does divorce impact parenting?
Divorce can lead parents to set the child against the other one or limit the balance both parents had during marriage
How does a woman feel during the second trimester?
Feeling much better & connecting emotionally
What is flow?
Feeling of being totally absorbed in an activity
Learned helplessness
Feeling powerless to affect your fate & gives up w/o trying
What is intimacy?
Feelings of closeness
Internalizing tendencies
Form the habit of hanging back in social situations; usually timid, self-conscious, frightened & depressed
How does brain development affect toilet training?
Freudian oral theory transferring into the anal stage, around age 2
When did the Baby Boom generation take place?
From 1946-1964
When are infants expected to show self-control?
From age 2-4 beginning
What is a stereotype?
Generalized assumptions about particular group's beliefs, way of life, people, etc.
How is semantic memory affected by aging?
Gets worse/harder
How does neural plasticity operate throughout life?
Getting rid of unnecessary abilities and magnifying other more prevalent ones
How does a woman feel during the third trimester?
Getting very large & waiting for birth
What is the mental health effect on sexual activity outside of committed relationships for girls and boys?
Girls feel dirty & conflicted about noncommitted intercourse while guys are praised as studs for it
Fine motor skills
Girls; small, coordinated movements (ex. drawing, hitting a ball with a bat, etc.)
What do developmental psychologist study?
Growth and change throughout life; from a baby into old age
What is the typical sequence of change in puberty for both girls and boys?
Growth spurts, lengthening of the reproductory organs, and production of pubic hair
How is episodic memory affected by aging?
Hard at any age Practically impossible for elderly
What role does forgiveness play in marital conflict?
Hard w/a spouse who's disappointed you many time: -Creates trust issues -Sometimes results in divorce
Authoritative parents
High on nurturing & setting limits
What factors are important for predicting which dating couples stay together?
How couples: -talk/interact -solve conflicts
What is life-expectancy?
How long one is suspected of living, especially due to disease, circumstances of birth, etc.
Proactive aggression
Hurtful behavior we initiate to achieve a goal
What are the characteristics of formal operations?
Hypothetical, scientific, flexible reasoning
Induction
Ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize w/pain he has caused another
What role does divided attention play in memory performance?
Impairs memory, at a surprisingly young age & progressively gets harder
What are the disadvantages of authoritative parents?
May have strict rules, yet they are bent sometimes in favor of a special event
Who typically pays for nursing home care?
Medicare doesn't pay for it: -Relatives -Retirement fund of elderly carries over
Once men & women go out into workforce, how do their experiences differ?
Men still paid more (women engineers experience a loss of $40,000 in comparison)
What is the name of the trend in early puberty?
Merache (female) & spermarche (male)
How has the social clock changed?
Mid-late 20's
What are evolutionary theories?
Mirror image of behaviorists; look at nature to explain how people behave
Sympathy
More muted feeling that we experience for another human being
What are the disadvantages of an early-maturing boy/girl?
More prone to abuse substances, at risk for depression, friendship with more mature friends (smoking, drinking, & drugs), unprotected sex, low self-worth, bullying, shorter & stockier
Anorexia nervosa
Most serious eating disorder, defined by self-starvation to the point of reaching 85% of one's ideal body weight or less
How has fertility changed in much of the developed world?
Much of the developed world as people can choose whether or not to have kids
What is a teratogen?
Name for any substance that crosses placenta to harm baby
What are the effects of obesity in life?
Negative emotional effects
How do children affect marital satisfaction?
Negatively: -Focus shifts from marriage to kids -Struggle to uphold relationship & passion -Leaning to become a team
Do girls & boys play the same?
No Girls' play is gentle & subdued, usually one-on-one and more talk than play Boys' play is rough & tumble, usually in big groups and more physical than talkative
How do we effectively prevent bullying?
No audience to encourage the bully
Inhibition
Not doing what we feel like doing (pressing a button whenever a kid sees an animal, but not a dog)
What are the limitations of good preschool programs for low-income children?
Not every poor community have funds to start a good preschool/factors of poverty continue even if children are given educational boost
What is the research done on Eastern European infant orphans?
Not given a secure attachment as robot arms feed babies without anyone holding them or showing any affection
What is neural plasticity?
Occurs in the sense that what is not as needed is shrunk in favor of strengthening another sense
How does a woman feel during the first trimester?
Often tired & ill
What is socioemotional selectivity theory?
Older adults begin to change their prioritizes & social relationships
Which quality is most likely to promote thriving in teenagers?
Superior executive functions
What is the difference b/t sympathy & empathy?
Sympathy less directly involved while empathy is feeling others' emotions directly
What are the advantages of later maturing boy/girl?
Taller & better proportioned
Which hormone is responsible for teenage acne?
Testosterone/androgen androgens
IQ
Tests & measures academic potential
What is identity achievement?
The end result where identity formation is complete
Flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations (practically-smarter people=higher average scores
What is the explanation of the transition to concrete operational thinking by the information processing framework?
The way memories are made
What is an example of the preoperational stage?
Thinking a ball of clay has different amount when it's flattened/believing a glass of water poured into a different shaped glass magically increases the liquid's volume (no/little knowledge of laws of conservation)
What is the developmental trajectory of prosocial behavior during childhood?
This behavior during childhood is very open & giving, but narrows to sophistated skills to know when to help another & if one has the capability to even be helpful
What types of people do we pick as friends?
Those similar to us (similar likes/hobbies)
What is the role of the placenta?
To protect and cushion the baby while providing nutrients
What is income inequality?
Widening gaps between richest fraction of citizens & everyone else (#1 economic problem)
What are the gender differences of women in old age?
Women: -Survive longer due to wider web of social connections -Second X-chromosome -Rank higher on sickness indicators throughout life -More prone to illnesses that cause problems w/ADLs but aren't fatal
What type of issues come from the balance of work-life?
Work encroach on daily life (ex: parenthood made more difficult by distractions)
Rejecting-neglecting parents
Worst of both fields: low on structure & on love
Do the number of synapses in theban change over the lifespan?
Yes, as there are continue connections/disconnections being made
Does personality typically change during young adulthood?
Yes, maturity & personality changes multiply as there's more focus on weighing options & making healthy decisions
What is identity diffusion?
Young people drifting aimlessly toward adulthood w/o any goals
What is identity foreclosure?
Young people who adopt an identity w/o any self-exploration or thought
What is moratorium?
Young people who engage in the exciting, healthy search for adulthood
What do aptitude and achievement tests measure?
a child's academic performance & progress in various subjects
Why do so many teenagers have sex?
b/c they're not educated about it, merely being told to wait on it without any explanation/much reason behind it; curiosity about it
How do school age children describe themselves?
based on what they have to offer others, their attitude, & the values they hold that have an impact on themselves & those around them (internal & psychological)
How do preschoolers describe themselves?
based on what they have, physical appearance, & unrealistic views of their abilities/temperament (external facts)
According to David Elkind, how do teenagers think about the world?
become emotionally & logically intuned to their parents (what they say vs. what they do) & begin to question why things the way they are
How do teenagers' relationships with their parents change as they age?
begin to distance from their parents as they get a car, can drive, & take on more responsibility
What is the best way to parent difficult children?
being sensitive to their needs is crucial to the development & positive outcome for the child
How does menarche compare to spermache?
both at the beginning of a period & have to do w/the major changes, like lengthening reproductive organs
What do teenagers want from sex education courses?
define what sex is in an open & comprehensive way, willing to answer any questions & straighten out misunderstandings
What is an example of intrinsic motivation?
determination to get better at a class, love of learning, stubbornness to meet a challenging subject
What is the prognosis of dyslexia?
inhibit many children/adults who test well on IQ tests but not on general tests
What is the cause of dyslexia?
many causes, including often being an inherited trait
Under what circumstances do children deal with failures well?
physical failures as they realize they're still growing
What is the cause of ADHD?
primarily genetic/ biological surrounding the frontal lobes taking longer than normal to mature
What is the best route of action when children are being abused?
report abuse to authorities & be willing to stand up for abused child in trial if need be
How does learned helplessness develop?
when kids fail once/many times & decide there's no point in trying since they won't succeed anyway
What is the limit of lifespan?
110
When did adolescence become a defined life stage in our country?
1904
What is joint attention?
1st sign of "getting human intentions" when a baby looks at an object to which an adult points/follows a person's gaze
What are the chances of growing up in poverty if you live in a mother-headed single parent household?
2-out-of-3
What did the average family during the Baby Boom grow to?
4 children
When is the secondary circular reactions?
4 months-1 year
When does separation anxiety generally develop?
7-8 months
What is identity confusion?
A failure in discovering who you are, marked by the lack of a future path
What does normal self-esteem issues in a child should look like?
A kid noticing academic areas they struggle in, where others seem to be exceling, & determining to do better
What is the process of fertilization?
A man's sperm travels toward the woman's egg and enters, combines, and becomes an embryo
What is compensation?
A middle-aged person replaces sitting/resting w/active ways of performing basic tasks
What factors can predict a child having a stormy adolescence?
A poor home life &/or sleep deprivation
Reactive aggression
A response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived
Who embarrasses females most regarding their changing body during puberty?
Fathers
How does marital satisfaction change over the adult span?
Marital satisfaction is in a U-shape-the path goes down as fantasies about marriage are disproven & couple finds a good balance
What is commitment?
Marriage/exclusive, lifelong cohabiting relationships
Conventional thinking example
"Heinz shouldn't/should steal the drug b/c it's a person's duty to obey the law (or stick up for his wife)" or "Yes, human life is sacred, but the rules must be obeyed"
When should people be concerned about the self-esteem of children?
"I can't do/am not good at anything" or "why even try if I'm just going to fail mentality
What is an example of identity diffusion?
"I don't know what I want to do, nothing appeals to me"
What is an example of identity achievement?
"I know what I want to do w/my life; I've found my calling"
What is an example of moratorium?
"Let me try this, that, & the other. How can I choose from so many careers in which I have an interest?"
What is a stereotype about mid-life?
"Money can't buy happiness" TRUE!
What labels do we use to describe how popular a child is?
"Most well-liked"/"most feared/intimidating"
What is an example of identity foreclosure?
"My parents want me to continue the family business, so that's what I'll do"
What are the advantages of permissive parents?
"Provide total freedom & unconditional love"
What role does SES play in how quickly we age?
(socioeconomic status)-predicts how long someone can live from how healthy the environment is/how much the economy is flourishing/struggling
What are the disadvantages of authoritarian parents?
-"Do just what I say" -Rules are non-negotiable -Child grows up in an uncaring & cold environment
What stereotypes about older adults are true?
-"Memory stays stable through midlife, then declines in later life" -"Old age is the most happy life stage" -"The typical retirement age is 65" -"Widowhood is always a devastating emotional blow" -"Due to scientific advances, we will soon be able to live well beyond the maximum human lifespan"
What are the sleep patterns in infants?
-18 hrs a day -90% of time in sleep/drowsy state -Drops immediately into REM
What are the gender differences of men in old age?
-2x as likely to die from a heart attack earlier in life -Outlived by wome in every developed nation by at least 4 years
What is the Seattle Longitudinal study?
-40 yrs ago -Study of effect of aging on intelligence, cross-sectional & longitudinal studies
What role does technology play in our jobs today?
-Allows coworkers to interact over long distances -Business partners collaborating on websites -Cash registers, tablets to write down orders, placing online orders -Blue light issues can lead to headaches -Impaired health from overlong periods of sitting
Which chronic illnesses are typically experienced in old age?
-Arthritis -Osteoporosis -Heart disease
What is a generative person?
-At a point in midlife -Find meaning from nurturing next generation -Caring for others -Enriching lives of others through work
How can hearing issues be prevented?
-Avoiding high-noise -Carpeting -Hearing aids if needed -Facing person when speaking -Avoiding elder-speak
What are different development perspectives about how we should show love to babies?
-Behaviorists/Watson: maternal reinforcement stimulus related to food -Ethologists/Lorenz: Gosling attachment
What is post formal thinking?
-Beyond adult formal operations -Combination of wisdom & experienced reasoning
What factors play a role in a good pregnancy?
-Calm attitude -Sober/undrugged mother -Healthy diet -Anything toward birthing a healthy, fat baby
How has the view on childhood changed?
-Children not valued -Child labor common -Children dressed as grown-ups from the beginning, fighting to survive -Child labor made illegal -Children sheltered -Children allowed to enjoy childhood & encouraged to play
What are the hallmarks of adjusting to widowhood?
-Connecting w/Lord, family, & friends -Learned independence
What are the best ways to avoid/prevent dementia in later life?
-Continue to take part in mentally stimulating activities -Not retiring if possible, keeping active & mentally challenged
What role does disappointment play in marital conflict?
-Disappointments w/reality of marriage -Disappointments w/spouse themselves Both can lead to fights
What types of memory tests are problematic for older adults?
-Divided-attention tasks -Working memory -Recalling
What kind of people choose not to have children?
-Doesn't necessarily mean types of people -May worry they wouldn't make good parents -Not wanting kids since they want to focus on career/have to take care of parents early in life -General feeling kids aren't in the books
What are the core attributes of wisdom?
-Embrace uncertainty -Sensitive to other people's perspectives -Self-transcendence/humility
How can motor issues be prevented?
-Exercise moderately -Encourage activity -Remodel home -Cautious in speed-oriented situations
How do intrinsic rewards affect our job satisfaction?
-Feelings of fulfillment -Being part of a work team -Being heard by a boss who truly cares
What are the stages of pregnancy?
-First trimester -Second trimester -Third trimester
What types of programs are most effective at providing food to children in need?
-Food Stamp Program -Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children -Child and Adult Care Food Program
What was a middle-class marriage like in the 1950s in our country?
-Gender roles defined -Usually stay-at-home moms & working dads -Traditional raising of kids -Image of "enduring love"
Years from now, what will you remember from this course?
-General concepts (procedural) -Enough connections to connect these concepts together (semantic) -Hardly any small facts (episodic)
What evaluation is given to currently operated nursing homes in our country?
-General milieu (how homey it feels) -Staff (how king they are/non-abusive to residents) -Residents (how actual members of nursing home reacts)
What are the stages of prenatal development?
-Germinal stage -Embryonic stage -Fetal stage
How should you handle conflict with your spouse?
-Head on -Not hesitating to talk about issues -Not sweating the small stuff
How do extrinsic rewards affect our job satisfaction?
-Health benefits -Retirement -People feel more secure in positions in life
How can vision issues be prevented?
-Healthy diet -Physical exercise -Mental exercise
What health issues typical of later life are preventable?
-Hearing -Motor -Vision
What are the psychosocial stages during adolescence & emerging adulthood?
-Identity -Identity confusion
What are Marcia's identity status categories?
-Identity diffusion -Identity foreclosure -Moratorium -Identity achievement
How & why do grandparents differ in their involvement w/their grandchildren?
-Influenced by gender -Physical proximity -Age (physical/mental ability) -Involvement can be enhanced by technology
What are the characteristics of an emerging adult?
-Life exploration -Not married or settled -Entering & exiting college/parent's home -Testing relationships before marrying -Unrealistic optimism about the future
What are the important characteristics of a quality day carE?
-Loving teachers -Low child-to-caregiver ratios -Care-provider stability -Predictable routine & daily structure
How do today's workers feel about their jobs?
-Negatively -Workplace lacking caring managers -Boss deception rampant in today's economy
What are the Big Five personality traits?
-Neuroticism -Extraversion -Openness -Conscientiousness -Agreeableness
What are the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease?
-Not having proper supervision in later stages as elderly person can walk out of house & get lost -Injuring themselves if they don't have someone to care for them, especially for basic tasks
What characteristics of children make them more likely to be prosocial and how do you encourage this type of behavior?
-Prosocial -Refuse moral disengagement -Caregivers encourage good behavior
What are the stages of labor and birth?
-Stage 1: dilation & effacement -Stage 2: birth -Stage 3: expulsion of placenta
How does our society & media portray mothers & their impact on children?
-Still view women as key caregivers -Fathers sometimes switch to take over role -Mothers may rarely seen as primary caregiver in a complete family unit, but usually as single mother
When is a change in intelligence scores a cause for concern?
-Sudden drop is concerning at any age -Especially into old age as it can be a sign of dementia
What are the 2 major processes of brain development after birth?
-Synaptogenesis -Myelination
What is a state of flow?
-Times flies by -Extreme intrinsic motivation -Appropriate person-environment fit -Challenging
What were common characteristics of the Baby Boom?
-Traditional families -Stay-at-home moms
What are the types of prenatal tests that a pregnant woman can have?
-Ultrasound -Chorionic villus sampling -Amniocentesis
How should you deal with a preschooler's errors in thinking about the world?
-Understand they can't understand some common sense -Reward right ideas & gently correct thinking
What are the factors involved in SIDS?
-Unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant while sleeping -Peak risk during 1-10 months -Top-ranking cause of infant death in developing world
How do working mothers spend their time?
-Usually loaded day of work -Manage kids (school drop-off & pickup) -Spend most of time working/caring for children
How should you treat recent widows?
-W/supporting love, but not w/pity or like they're made of glass -Need to relearn independence in whole new way
What are the compositions of ethnic groups in the USA?
-White -Hispanic/Latino -Black/African American -Asian -Mixed race -American Indian/Alaska native -Hawaiian & Pacific Islander
Are young people interested in marriage today?
-Young people view it with rose-colored glasses -Many consider it simply an option, not a commitment to stand by as divorce is also a choice
What about the false sterotypes of mid-life?
-Youth isn't the happiest stage of life -Fame, success, & money don't instantly lead to a happier life -Happiness/teaching happiness to people can be done
When is the tertiary circular reactions?
1-2 years
When is the primary circular reactions?
1-4 months
How do young people transition to adulthood in our country?
1. Taking responsibility for actions 2. Financially supporting yourself 3. Making independent decisions on your own
Selective attention
Ability to manage awareness to focus only on what one needs to know (kids being asked to memorize only a few pictures of a certain category and not the other irrelevant info)
What is fluid intelligence?
Ability to reason quickly when facing totally new intellectual tasks, linked to nervous system
What is crystallized intelligence?
Accumulated knowledge, increases w/age to later life
Externalizing tendencies
Act on immediate emotions & often behave disruptively & aggressively
Extrinsic motivation
Activities undertaken in order to get external reinforcers
Relational aggression
Acts designed to hurt relationships
How does an affair affect a marriage?
After commitment & marriage vows are broken: -Divorce sometimes results -Usually, marriage is never the same afterward
When does a child master theory of mind?
Age 6
What does amniocentesis do?
Amniotic fluid is removed to test
What is life expectancy?
Amount of time someone is expected to live
Dyslexia
Any reading difficulty or disability
What is nurture?
Anything having to do with the environment
When does depth perception develop in babies?
Around 8 months
When does self-control develop?
Around age 2
When does theory of mind first appear?
Around age 4/5
When do losses in executive functions begin?
As early as 40's
Permissive parents-At the opposite end of the spectrum from authoritarian parents
At the opposite end of the spectrum from authoritarian parents
What is a disorder marked by theory of mind problems?
Autism spectrum disorder
What is the developmental importance of attachment throughout life?
Babies need attachment to primary caregiver(s) to have healthy development throughout older life as parents teach what is important & what dangers are around
What does Piaget mean by "little scientist?"
Baby & toddler years when child is exploring surrounding world
How is temperament related to genetics?
Baby can be born on two sides of the spectrum, extremely difficult or very easy-going, even shy
What are the assumptions of nature and nurture?
Based and influenced by human genetic code
What is the limit of life expectancy?
Based on genetics & if they have chronic illness/good health
What are cognitive theories?
Based on us being a social species & modeling (imitating other people & others imitating us)
What proportion of teenagers and young adults are arrested typically?
Beginning teenagers, risk-taking males, or young adults who often drink
How does fluid intelligence change over our lifetime?
Begins to decline early in adulthood
How does crystallized intelligence change over our lifetime?
Begins to fail in later life
What is the cause of early puberty in girls
Being overweight
Gardener's theory of intelligence
Believes IQ tests aren't completely invalid but don't cover the 8-9 intelligences each person has
Sternberg's theory of intelligence
Believes IQ tests only test 1 type of intelligence rather than the 4 areas of intelligence there truly are
What is an example of animism?
Believing a doll or stuffed animal is conscious and alive
What are the advantages of an early-maturing boy/girl?
Better at sports, more equal with girls, popularity & self-esteem increases
What is lifespan?
Biological limit of human life (around age 105)
What is normal aging?
Body deterioration that advances gradually over many years
What role do prenatal hormones play in later sex role behavior in play?
Boys believed to biologically have hormones that make them aggressive/boys are afraid of playing w/ girl toys (tough mentality Some girls more masculine b/c of exposure to testosterone & regularly cross the line to play with "boy stuff"
Gross motor skills
Boys; large muscle movements (ex. Running, jumping, etc)
How is depth perception measured?
By a large drop & one's fear of heights
What are some examples of emotional regulation?
Calming down one's anger when receiving a failing grade Stopping fear/intimidation from keeping you from asking the teacher for help
What is the main problem with attachment styles research?
Can change & often do Sometimes, people who were attached one way responds in a different way
What are Bronfenbrenner's theory?
Center of expanding circle of environmental influences
How does a recessive gene influence a child?
Changes of 1 in 4 of getting the illness
What is temperament?
Characteristic behavioral style of approaching the world
What is an example of egocentrism?
Child believes he/she is the center of the universe
What is stranger anxiety?
Child gets agitated when any unfamiliar person picks him/her up/wary of anyone other than caregiver
What is a recessive gene?
Child has to get 2 copies of the gene, one from each parent
What is secure attachment?
Child uses primary caregiver as a secure base from which to explore
What are the disadvantages of permissive parents?
Child's wishes rules
What are the disadvantages of rejecting-neglecting parents?
Children left to raise themselves
What are the advantages of rejecting-neglecting parents?
Children neglected, ignored, & emotionally abandoned
How should you talk to children about their accomplishments in schools/otherwise?
Children should feel rewarded about their efforts & progress instead of generally being "smart" or they will feel the pressure to be/do right every time
What are genes?
Codes of DNA attained from mother and father, paired in X's and Y's
What quality is the most important for a teenager to handle college challenges well?
Driven personality
What role does college graduation play in getting a well-paying job?
Drives many previous students to find a job worth their years at college (though that doesn't always happen)
When are ova produced in a woman?
During time in the womb; will have all the eggs throughout life from birth
How does a dominant gene influence a child?
Each has a 50-50 chance of getting ill
What is attachment theory?
Early experiences w/caregivers shape adult ability to love
What is an individualist culture?
Emphasizes independence, competition, & personal success
What are the ultimate determinants for the timing of puberty?
Environmental wellness/stress, health of the body, and a variety of other random influences
What is A not B error?
Even though a baby sees an object hidden in a 2nd hiding place, he/she returns to the originally viewed hiding place to find it
When are sperm produced in a man?
Everyday in a large amount
What is the cause of shyness?
External stimulation in infancy
What can babies see?
Faces, mother's face, especially attractive faces
What is habituation?
Fact that we naturally lose interest in a new object after some time
What can babies hear?
In the womb, learns to differentiate voices
What is nature?
Inborn biological forces that have evolved to promote survival, to explain how we live
Authoritarian parents
Inflexible parenting style
What is procedural memory?
Info we automatically remember
What age will you be at your professional peak?
Intellectually: 40's/50's Creatively: 60's
What is shyness?
Intense nervousness to new or unfamiliar stimuli, especially strangers
Cliques
Intimate groups that have a membership size of about 6
What is said about co-sleeping?
It can be useful, even necessary, for development, but depends on each family
Peer group theory
Judith Rich Harris believes that the environment has a dramatic impact on our development; but, rather than parents, our peer group socializes us to become adults
Conservation
Knowing the amount of a given substance remains identical despite changes in its shape or form
Seriation
Knowledge & ability to arrange items according to a measurable field
Class Inclusion
Knowledge that a category can comprise subordinate elements
Secondary sex characteristics
Label for hundreds of other changes that accompany puberty (ex: breast development, growth of pubic hair, voice changes, & alterations in person's skin)
What is social security?
Landmark government program instituted by President Roosevelt in 1935 at height of Great Depression, gets its financing from current workers
What was the outcomes of the Seattle Longitudinal study?
Landmark in blossoming field of adult development; -intellectual peak during 50's -vocab improves into 60's -fluid intelligence decreased/crystallized intelligence improved
Crowd
Larger groupings than 6 people, includes both best friends & acquaintances
What are the demographics of childhood obesity?
Less than 1 in 2 second graders spend at least 4 days/week engaging in vigorous exercise
What is co-sleeping?
Letting a baby sleep in the bed with one or both parents
What is identity?
Life task of deciding who to be as a person while making the transition to adulthood
What happens to infant reflexes?
Loses these abilities after talking & walking begin
What can babies taste?
Love & prefer sweet things/breast milk
What are the advantages of authoritarian parents?
Love children deeply
What makes a fulfilling life?
One filled w/integrity, or the acceptance of the past & moving on to find happiness in present & future
What is a dominant gene?
One parent harbors the problem gene (& has the illness)
What kind of life is most fulfilling
One that's well-balanced, has good flow, & supportive social connections
What is episodic memory?
Ongoing events of daily life
What are pensions?
Other forms of support for retirement (lucky to receive)
What is semantic memory?
Our fund of basic facts
What is the Flynn effect?
Over past century, IQ scores have risen dramatically
What is the behavioral geneticists' view on how parenting affects development?
Parenting must shift its focus more on providing the best possible environments for their children to realize their genetic potential
How do parents and peers impact aggression and anti-social behavior in a child?
Parents over-spanking, shout-scolding, & curling punishing their child Peers rejection leads to more pride & anger in children ("Fine, I don't need anyone anyway")
What is medicare?
Part of social security as an assertion of medical care for older adults who can be treated
What is Sternberg's triangular theory of love?
Passion Intimacy Commitment
What is optimization?
Paul Baltes' 3 principles for successful aging: 1. Focus on our most important activities 2. Work especially hard in these top-ranking areas 3. Rely on external aids when we cannot cope on our own
What is a collectivist culture?
Places a premium on social harmony
What groups in school does the IQ test pose problems for?
Poor children
What effect can stress have on a baby?
Premature birth
Identity constancy tasks
Preoperational children don't realize that people remain their essential selves despite changes in the way they visually appear/officially set by 2½
What does an ultrasound show?
Presence of the baby, picture into the womb
What is preferential looking?
Principle that human beings are attracted to novelty & look selectively at new things
What type of memory tests isn't problematic for older adults?
Procedural
What are some problems young people have in making the transition to adulthood?
Procrastination as emerging adults put off maturity, believing life is long enough to wait
Mental health impact of being in different crowds in high school
Punks/outcasts-Desire to stand out by dressing different & express personal opinion Popular-Less importance on following moral standards as long as social acceptance is there Bad crowd-Bad influences lead to careless/harmful actions Gang-Gives an illusion of family relationships lacking at home/w/blood relatives
What is an example of the concrete operational stage?
Reasoning the liquid is the same by realizing that the second glass is taller than the wide one it'd been in/blaming the change on the cups rather than conservation of the liquid
Primary sex characteristics
Refer to body changes directly involved in reproduction (ex: growth of penis & menstruation)
What is object permanence?
Refers to knowing that objects exist when we no longer see them
How can you keep marital passion alive?
Regularly engaging in flow-inducing activities that both partners enjoy
What is the most popular discipline technique in the USA?
Removal of children's privileges
Rehearsal
Repeating material to embed it in memory (elementary school students repeating information to themselves before a test)
What is a correlational study?
Researchers charting the relationships between dimensions they're interested in exploring as they naturally occur
What are cross-sectional studies
Researchers comparing different age groups at the same time on trait/characteristics they're interested in, be it political attitudes, personality, or physical health
What are longitudinal studies?
Researchers selecting a group of a particular age and periodically testing those people over many years
What is chronic illness?
Result of body deterioration as the body can no longer hold up
What is the Big Five personality traits' relation to aging?
Results prove we become more ourselves as we age, especially due to specific life experiences
What does normal play look like for children?
Running & chasing
How does scaffolding fit in w/the zone of proximal development?
Scaffolding (process of teaching new skills by entering a child's zone of proximal development) allows parents and teachers to alter the child's thinking through repetition and gentle correction
What is social referencing?
Scientific term for regular checking-back, helps alert toddlers to which situations are dangerous and which are safe
How does your attachment style influence your dating relationships?
Secure attachment=fulfilling relationships Insecure attachment=Program distrust to be a part of every relationship
How does self-esteem and concrete operations relate to each other?
Self-esteem begins to lower in elementary school as kids look outward & compare themselves to others, grades/looks, & finds themselves lacking Concrete operations help a child see their strengths & accept their weaknesses
Intrinsic motivation
Self-generated actions that arise from inner desires
What are the advantages of authoritative parents?
Set clear standards but also provide freedom & plenty of love
What is passion?
Sexual arousal
What is the social clock?
Shared age norms that act as guideposts to what behaviors are appropriate at particular ages & is usually set by society
How should parents manage a shy child?
Shouldn't overprotect their child but expose the baby to unfamiliar people in a gentle, low-stress way
What factors make it difficult for children living in poverty to do well in school?
Single motherhood & low wages can create less opportunities for children to get a steady educational foundation
Emotional regulation
Skills involved in controlling our feelings so that they don't get in the way of a productive life
What role does reaction time play in memory performance?
Slows down as executive functions have to use more parts of the brain, making recall harder
What caused the Baby Boom?
Soldiers returning home after World War II
What does chorionic villus sampling do?
Some of the placenta removed to study chromosomes
In terms of language development by age 1, what abilities do they lose?
Sounds they did while learning
How is procedural memory affected by aging?
Stays about the same
What are the effects that occur from a teratogen?
Stunted growth immediately while in the womb, most seen after birth
What can fine motor & gross motor skills predict for later skill development?
Success in school/academic levels & sport finesse
What are infant reflexes?
Sucking, rooting, grasping, etc., along w/having the instinct to hold breath while underwater
What is the average teenager's general worldview?
To question rules, see below the surface, search for freedom, still reason logically & generally value school, but also have fun & follow the examples of friends to fit in
How does the typical teenage girl view her weight?
Too heavy/not light enough due to social pressures to be thin
Bulimia
Typically not life-threatening b/c the person's weight often stays within normal range, but often involves binging on a lot of food & then purging/vomiting it, leading to health issues
Theory of mind
Understanding that other people have perspectives different from their own
What is an example of artifificialism?
Viewing nature as created by humans/parents have eternal power
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky's theory about the difference between what the child can do by himself and his level of "potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers
When should you be concerned about aggressive play in children?
When a young boy is willing to beat up a girl/doesn't stop even after the person is down Ill intentions when playing rough
What do babies know about human motivations?
When adults are being honest/manipulative, but cannot be manipulative back
How does the zone of proximal development work?
When teaching a child, you have to adjust your instruction to a child's proximal zone and back off as the child grows older
How is socioemotional selectivity theory applied?
Whereas young adults focus on the future, older adults refocus priorities by importance of relationships, as well as maximizing positive experiences
How does temperament affect attachment?
Whether a baby is easy, slow to warm-up, or difficult, it'll have an effect on the parent forming a secure/insecure attachment
What does resilience do for children?
carry them through life to become a successful/better version of themselves, despite the terrible parenting they received/childhood they endured
What is the developmental timeline of the brain's frontal lobes?
continues to develop into your 20's, especially the myelin sheath of the brain
What impact does learned helplessness have on children's lives?
ensure many/if not all failures in a kid's life as they won't give anything new a chance
How can you treat ADHD?
gentler parenting styles & psycho-stimulant medication
What is the role of the hypothalamus & pituitary gland in signaling the start of puberty?
goes through a 3-step chain reaction to signal the pituitary gland to secrete estrogen and testosterone at the beginning of puberty
How do we measure popularity in kids?
how well-liked/feared someone is by their peers
Autism spectrum disorder
impaired theory of mind in areas of social-referencing and normal conversation
What does Vygotsky claim about the role of inner speech in cognitive development?
inner speech plays a vital role in learning language and general concepts
What are the obligations adults have in reporting suspected child abuse?
law requires adults to report child abuse if they suspect it, even if they're unsure or are even worried about ruining a family
How does a child's body change during childhood?
lengthens and thins out into childhood
What type of infant/child is most at risk for child abuse?
ones who cry a lot/act spiteful
What is an example of extrinsic motivation?
parents' approval, making oneself proud, getting money for good grades
Why are teenagers sleep deprived?
tend to begin going to bed later at 11 & waking up early for school
What type of child is most likely to be labeled as highly aggressive?
those that are harshly/physically punished by parents & rejected by their peers/teachers
What type of infant/child is least at risk for child abuse?
those who are well-mannered/sweet
How is IQ measured?
through testing various logics such as similarities, vocabulary, picture completion, block design, coding, & digit span
What is the problem w/Kohlberg's moral reasoning scale?
wrong in how it defined young people as having no knowledge of morality during toddler years, but also not many people were able to reach post conventional thinking because of his demanding criteria