Psychology test 2

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

the theory of_____ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

evolution of natural selection

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Dimitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation for his legs

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

only the right visual field

__________ reinforcers have to initiate reinforcing qualities

primary

which option was the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little" albert?

It would be unethical by todays research standards.

which of the following is an example of a vicarious example ?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, to see how long before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student.

which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule ?

Knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold starts for your reward chard

In _________ reinforcement , the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

Partial

According to psychologist ___________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the C.S

Rescorla

Which of the following experiments involves using operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Which two concepts can be thought of a opposite processes within the classical conditioning?

Acquisition and extinction

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

Observational

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped and ran out the room. This return of previously extinguished response is called _____

Spontaneous recovery

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of _________

Stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of light

a particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. if the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal doubled, the action potential will________.

Undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads?

androgens

which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

Two major divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and _______

central peripheral ; nervous system

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosome's; DNA

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

which of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitters release

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for

depression

the theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us to learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful

evolutionary

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

in a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, sodium levels ________ inside the cell

increase

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.

limbic system ; emotional

the _____ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract

parasympathetic

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

__________ asserts that our genes set boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries will fall

range of reaction

which of the following senses is not first routed through the nose

smell

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

the space between two neurons is called ________?

synapse

the _____ of a neuron contain _______ that house neurotransmitters, the chemicals messengers of the nervous system

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

what is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ______________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Which of the statements about B.F skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning. The motivation of a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent actions against another character

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds: grooves

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb

the myelin sheath is made from

glial cells

___________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions ( such as a body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels

homeostasis

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus