Psychology Test 3 (Chapters 6, 7)
metamotivation
"being needs," the desire to grow beyond satisfying basic needs
achievement
(need for) mastery of a skill or significant accomplishment
novelty
(need for) newness
competence
(need for) others to look to you for help because you are capable and in control of a situation
affiliation
(need for) social interaction and connection
anal stage
18-36 months, self-control and obedience
phallic stage
3-6 years, gender identity
latency stage
7-puberty, no bodily focus or developmental theme
Emotion
A complex internal state that involves physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components
adaptation (emotions)
Ali argues that emotions are ever-changing and allow us to adjust to our environment.
James-Lange theory of emotion
Beth is reading about emotional processing theory. She thinks it's interesting that perhaps the sympathetic nervous system is first activated by an emotional stimuli and then we become of aware of this.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Beth read an idea stating that first our brain would experience an emotion such as fear and then a bit later the sympathetic nervous system would activate.
emblems
Caleb tends to yawn or roll his eyes when he is not particularly interested in what someone is saying to him.
energy balance
Dr. Calvin explains that they need to eat a sufficient amount of food not only to be at rest all day but also to do all their daily activities.
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Dr. Calvin explains to her class that they use energy even when at rest.
activation
Dr. Goldman has found that emotions tend to make individuals more alert and aware of their environments
set point
Dr. Jami is a scientist studying human biology. She believes that the body wants to maintain a certain body weight or fat level.
basic emotions
Dr. Liu studies facial expressions. She has found that happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise are similarly represented on the faces of individuals from all different cultures.
amygdala
Dr. Recowski explains that an almond-shaped structure is quickly activated especially for the emotion of fear
limbic system
Dr. Recowski is studying the brain system responsible for emotions.
internal signals
Dr. Usef is a biochemist who studies cues inside the person that give them information about hunger and satiety.
insulin
Dr. Usef is interested in how or bodies use sugar for energy.
external signals
Environmental cues that influence hunger and satiety
Why would we?
From the humanistic perspective, why does personality need to be measured at all?
introverts
Gina is more reserved and prefers reading more than going out and socializing.
intrinsic motivation
Haji is driven by pride and the desire to do his best work.
emotional expression
Karen studies facial expressions and body language to see how people of different cultures uses cues to show how they are feeling.
extrinsic motivation
Kyito is motivated by wealth and earning potential.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Mallory advocates a latter-type model of human needs - first we must meet our basic needs
primary reinforcers
Mallory is a humanistic psychologist who believes that there is more to life then basic needs (food, water, air, etc.).
palatability
Nancy is looking at how an increased focus on how tasteful food is
external signals
Nancy studies environmental cues regarding hunger and satiety.
fight-or-flight response
Nick is confronted by a group of bullies. Instead of fighting, he decides to run home.
internal signals
Person cues of hunger and satiety that regulate our eating behavior
emotional intelligence
Some scientists believe that possessing the ability to identify the causes and effects of feelings may be a better predictor of success than I.Q.
Motivation
The forces that activate and direct behavior
extroverts
Warren is very outgoing and gregarious
body language
When Caleb is interested he tends to open his body to the individual and slightly leans inward toward them.
drives
a central concept in motivation, internal forces that provide us with the energy and intensity to regain homeostasis
factor analysis
a mathematical process that identifies how large numbers of individual items tend to cluster together in groups
unique
a person is understood only by seeing the world from his/her perspective
self-efficacy
a person's belief that he or she can perform a behavior that will produce wanted outcomes
developmental
a person's psychology develops as she or he matures, with different focal points and different priorities at each level of maturity
NEO-PI
a survey that assesses The Big Five traits, people indicate how much they think different verbal descriptions apply to them
reinforcement
ability of an object or action to make the actions that preceded it more likely to happen in the future
energy balance
ability to eat a sufficient amount of food to engage in all activities that cost energy
free will
ability to freely choose what one's behaviors will be
emotional intelligence
ability to recognize causes and consequences of feelings in self and others
self-awareness
ability to understand one's own motivations
parapraxis
accidental leakage of the unconscious mind into observable behaviors
psychological needs
according to Maslow, love/belonging and esteem
learned
acquired through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational learning
fixation
act of leaving too much libido behind in a particular stage of development
evolution (emotions)
adaptive role of emotions in evolution of the species
description
adjectives to quantify personality
fight-or-flight response
adrenaline release resulting in activation of the sympathetic nervous system
universality
all people have fundamental drives that make us more alike than different
quantity and quality
amount and type of reinforcement and punishment, important determinants of motivation
frontal cortex
area of the brain that evaluates information, has direct connections to the hypothalamus and amygdala
Person-Situation Debate
argument about whether or not personality is useful as a construct, although behaviors do vary as a function of the situation, there also exist consistent patterns across situations
hierarchy of needs
arrangement of human motivations from basic to higher order
explain
attempt to answer "how" and "why" questions
obesity
based on a combination of height and weight, 30 or above using body mass index (BMI) of weight status
extrinsic motivation
behavior directed toward obtaining rewards that are outside ourselves
intrinsic motivation
behavior driven by desires that are inside ourselves
B = f (P + E + PE)
behavior is a function of the person, the environment, and their interaction
unlearned behaviors
behaviors that are apparent from a very early age onwards and require very little experience to emerge
operant behaviors
behaviors that are rewarded
factors
behaviors that cluster together
instincts
behaviors that do not require previous experience or learning
modal action patterns
behaviors that occur in the same fashion, time and time again, and are present in nearly every individual
primary reinforcers
biological reinforcers, such as food, water, sex, temperature, and air
oral stage
birth to 18 months, dependency
amygdala
brain structure in limbic system, processes fear
hypothalamus
brain structure in the limbic system acts as a relay station for emotional projection.
limbic system
brain system that regulates emotion, motivation, and memory
evolutionary psychology
branch of psychology that seeks to explain behavior in terms of its function
love and social acceptance
cared for, accepted, and included
determinism and free will
causal influences on personality exist that are not freely chosen, such as one's genetic make up and some environmental forces; also causal influences on personality that are chosen by the individual, such as goals
sublimation
channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable and constructive activity
insulin
chemical signal involved in regulating eating behavior, allows cells to take up sugar, increased levels suppress appetite
leptin
chemical signal involved in regulating eating behavior, released by fat cells, increased levels suppress appetite
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
chemical signal involved in regulating eating behavior, released by the hypothalamus, increased levels stimulate appetite. Research shows that injection into the brain results in intense eating behaviors.
ghrelin
chemical signal involved in regulating eating behavior, released by the lining of the stomach to stimulate appetite
cholecystokinin (CCK)
chemical signal involved in regulating eating behavior, released by the small intestine into the bloodstream, increased levels suppress appetite
incentives (cues)
classically conditioned cues that grab your attention and influence your behavior
safety, security, comfort
clothing and shelter from the elements
expectancies
confidence or doubt about the likelihood that goals can be achieved
ego
conscious experience of ourselves and the world, also connected to unconscious
dimensions
continuum along which emotions vary
Rorschach Inkblot Test
created in 1921, inkblots serve as stimuli for responding to questions about them
Thematic Apperception Test
created in 1930s, drawings of ambiguous situations serve as stimuli for stories which are then interpreted
emblems
culture-specific signs that indicate and project a feeling about an issue
display rules
culture-specific, elaborate rules about when and where it is okay to express particular emotions
obesity
current out-break of individuals with BMI's of 30 or above.
Thanatos
death drives
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
description of needs as a progression, with basic physiological needs at the foundation and more complex psychological needs at the top
goals
desired states abstractly represented in the mind of a person, motivate and direct behaviors
activation
dimension of emotion, how alert/aware/aroused we are
pleasant-unpleasant
dimension of emotion, how good or bad it feels
evolutionary fitness of traits
each trait involves a trade-off of costs and benefits to the species
reaction formation
ego instigating behaviors that are the exact opposite of the anxiety-inducing impulse
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
emotion is felt/experienced first, followed by sensations of sympathetic nervous system arousal
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
energy we consume when at rest
punishment
event that makes the actions that preceded it less likely to happen in the future
Expectancy X Value theories
expectancies and values interact with each other to determine people's behaviors
proactive vs. reactive
extent to which behavior is driven by inner or outer forces
universality vs. uniqueness
extent to which everyone's personality is the same
static vs. dynamic
extent to which people change over time
determinism vs. free will
extent to which people have the freedom to choose their behaviors
nature vs. nurture
extent to which the origins of personality are in biology or the environment
environmental factors
external determinants of your personality and behaviors
microexpressions
facial version of an emblem, appear and disappear very quickly
self-esteem
feeling good about ourselves
ethology
field that seeks to study the behavior of animals in their natural habitat
universal
finite set of laws that govern personality
psychological needs
first we must meet our basic needs, but then we attempt to accomplish higher, interpersonal and intrapersonal goals.
basic biological processes
food, water
psychoanalysis
form of talk therapy where the behaviors of the patient are examined to uncover their personality
homeostasis
fundamental concept of both physiology and behavior, that there's an optimal level for something
congruence/incongruence
great deal of overlap between the real self and the ideal self/mismatch between who you are driven to become and what the world is telling you to become
self-regulation theory
human behavior is organized around goals that motivate and direct behaviors and give meaning to people's lives.
deterministic
humans have no free will in choosing their actions
arousal homeostasis
idea that we all strive to be at our optimal level of arousal
ideal self
ideal self comes from our environment and those around us, the world's demand of who we "should" be
Projection Hypothesis
if a person is presented with an ambiguous stimulus to interpret (like an inkblot), the person's personality will be projected onto the stimulus
identification
incorporating the same-sex parent's beliefs and values into the emerging superego
superego
internalized ideals
cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
intuitive evaluations of potentially emotional situations are followed by a decision (cognitive appraisal) about the situation, which creates sympathetic arousal, or not
repression
involuntarily pushing anxiety-inducing cognitions out of awareness
id
largest part of the mind, situated in the unconscious
observational learning
learning by observing others
classical conditioning
learning to associate a meaningless stimulus with a meaningful stimulus that is important to us because of its ability to elicit a response
psychic energy
libido, fuel that makes the mind work
eros
life drives
Pleasure Principle
main motivation is self-gratification
Idealistic Principle
main motivation is to engage in morally perfect behavior
Reality Principle
main motivation is to navigate reality and keep the self safe from harm
adaptation (emotions)
meeting challenges, adjusting to our environments, forming bonds with others
conditions of worth
message that we have to meet certain conditions if we are going to be considered worthy of love and affection from others
basic elements
minimum core set of characteristics that could be used to describe all personalities
actualizing tendency
motivation to preserve and enrich life
behavioral observation
observing the behaviors or people in order to study personality traits
drive reduction
occurs after we begin to reduce a need, when we begin to feel better.
psychic conflict
occurs when two or more parts of the mind have incompatible urges
static
once a person reaches adulthood, his or her personality remains fixed
fear
one of six basic, innate emotions, expressed through clenched jaw and wide eyes when experiencing feelings ranging from worry to horror
surprise
one of six basic, innate emotions, expressed through raised eyebrows and open mouth when experiencing feelings ranging from startled to astonished
happiness
one of six basic, innate emotions, expressed through relaxed eyes and a smile when experiencing feelings ranging from contentment to elation
anger
one of six basic, innate emotions, expressed through tight mouth and furrowed brow when experiencing feelings ranging from annoyance to rage
sadness
one of six basic, innate emotions, expressed through turned down eyes and a frown when experiencing feelings ranging from cheerless to miserable
disgust
one of six basic, innate emotions, expressed through wrinkled nose and raised upper lip when experiencing feelings ranging from aversion to repulsion
dialectic pairs
opposing ideas that serve to expose the essential questions of a discipline
structure
organization and elements of personality
body language
outward indicators of an internal emotional state
short- and long-term weight regulation
over time, your body seeks to consume the right amount of energy to maintain your weight at its set point
reticular formation
part of the brain located in the brain stem, regulates brain's ability to regulate all levels of arousal
sympathetic nervous system
part of the nervous system that responds when threat is present, dual action of suppressing some activities while enhancing others
Oedipus complex
pattern of feeling maternal attraction and paternal rivalry
nature and nurture interaction
people are born with certain predispositions that help to shape personality, people's personalities develop through interactions with their environment
religious—Islam, Buddhism, Christianity
people are inclined toward selfishness, conflicted, evolving
proactive
people are motivated to actively pursue their inner desires
dynamic
people are motivated to make the world and themselves better, and can therefore choose to change
universality
people are not unique, and only reason that people seem unique is because they have differing amounts of the same core personality traits
deterministic
people do not freely choose each behavior, but instead have characteristic patterns into which they fall
psychosexual development
people go through a series of distinct stages, with each stage having a bodily focus and developmental theme to be resolved
philosophical—Plato
people have a physical, mortal body and an immortal soul
proactive and reactive
people respond to their environments and help to shape their environments
extroverts
people who derive energy from relationships
introverts
people who derive energy from solitude
self-concept
perception of the self, includes real self and ideal self
regression
person deals with stress or anxiety by retreating to an earlier, more immature stage of development
personality
person's reliable pattern of thinking, feeling, and doing
interactions
personality emerges from interactions among conscious thoughts, learned behaviors, and environmental situations
nature
personality evolved as a result of biological adaptations
biological—Galen
personality is a balance of four basic bodily fluids
reciprocal determinism
personality is caused by three interacting factors: 1) internal personal factors; 2) behavioral (learning) factors; and 3) environmental factors
nurture
personality is learned
phenomenology
personality stems from our conscious experience of everything in our lives
dynamic
personality varies as a function of the environment
agentic view of people
perspective that conceptualizes people as being active causal agents
Five Factor Theory
posits that personality is a combination of the five enduring personality characteristics common to everyone
pragmatism
practical usefulness of constructs, such as personality
measurement
process of assigning numbers to characteristics we believe exist in people
change
process of knowing how to control or alter behavior
describe
process of observing and stating what behaviors are occurring and when
modeling
process of paying attention to a particular person's actions and learning from them
explain
process of stating how and why the behaviors are occurring
predict
process of stating what is likely to occur in the future and under what conditions
genital stage
puberty-adulthood, creating and enriching life
function
purpose of personality
usefulness
real, practical value and function in the real world
projection
reduces anxiety by taking uncomfortable impulses off the self and placing them onto others
denial
refusing to believe that the source of anxiety exists
incentives
reinforcements and punishments, external forces that act on our behavior
scientific models
representations of reality, not intended to completely replicate reality
self-determination
reward is fundamentally centered within the person who desires competence, relationships, and autonomy
Terror Management Theory
roots in the psychodynamic perspective, people need a way to manage the terror associated with the thought of their own mortality
peak experiences
self-transcendence, where one becomes so focused on a task or activity that s/he loses self-awareness
observe the unseen
sessing the unconscious motivations that determine behavior
libido
sexual impulses
collective unconscious
shared, inborn set of ideas and memories specific to each species and inherited at birth
in simulacra
simplified versions of reality
basic emotions
six emotions with great commonality across species - include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise
hypothalamus
small area at base of brain through which emotions are projected to other areas of the brain
hypothalamus
small brain structure, most important overall regulator of our eating behavior
proactive and reactive
some behaviors are driven by internal forces; whereas, other behaviors are reactions to environmental or social factors
self-report questionnaires
sometimes called surveys or tests, used to measure personality traits
origin
source(s) of personality
traits
stable attribute of personality
satiety
state of feeling full
hunger
state of feeling hungry
levels of consciousness
states of awareness ranging from unconscious to conscious
unconscious
store of uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories that are out of our awareness
defense mechanisms
strategies used by the ego to protect the self from the anxiety generated by psychic conflict
Jung
student of Freud, disagreed with emphasis on sexuality, expanded on consciousness
facial-feedback hypothesis
support for James-Lange, specific facial expressions are followed by the experience of that emotion
MMPI
survey designed to assess the personality traits of people with psychological disorders
objective tests (NEO-PI, MMPI)
surveys that require you to choose from a range of responses indicating your agreement with a statement, with a standard way of interpreting responses
two-factor theory of emotion
sympathetic nervous system arousal and a cognitive label combine to create an emotional feeling
James-Lange theory of emotion
sympathetic nervous system is activated first, followed by interpretation and labeling of the experience as an emotion
palatability
tastiness
agreeableness
tendency to be cooperative and caring toward other people
extraversion
tendency to be externally oriented
conscientiousness
tendency to be responsible and disciplined
neuroticism
tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anxiety, guilt, sadness, and anger
theories
tentative explanations
projective tests
tests that rely on the Projective Hypothesis to analyze someone's personality
set point
the body weight, or fat level, that each of us seeks to maintain
flow
the complete absorption in what one is doing
unconditional positive regard
the giving of acceptance and love to a person regardless of her or his behavior
arousal
the level of alertness or sleepiness we feel at any given moment
body fat
the lightest way to store a given number of calories
value
the relative importance of a goal in the context of the other goals in a person's life
situationism
the situation determines behavior
Yerkes-Dodson arousal curve
theory that describes the relationship between arousal and performance as an inverted-U-shaped curve
preconscious
thoughts we can bring into conscious thought when we want to
conscious
thoughts, feelings that we experience in our daily lives
internal personal factors
thoughts, feelings, and biological characteristics that make you who you are
structure of the mind
three parts (id, ego, superego) that correspond to emotional, rational, and ethical aspects respsectively
self-actualization
to become a fully-functioning person who realizes her or his potential
nature
traits are assumed to have biological underpinnings, usually forged into the species through evolutionary pressures
genetically based
traits are determined by genetic code
heritable
traits are transmitted via genes
biological evolution
traits evolved in our species over time and exist independent of learning and experience
dream analysis
unconscious motivations of the id reveal themselves symbolically in dreams that are then interpreted
archetypes
universal, shared set of ideas or concepts expressed in a culture's mythology, folklore, art, and literature
innate potential to develop
unless they are somehow thwarted by their environment, people have the inborn capacity to become healthy, productive individuals
socio-historical perspectives
viewpoint that considers the people and the time during which something occurred
emotional expression
ways of communicating emotions - includes facial expressions, body language, and microexpressions
static
we are born with certain quantities of core traits and those traits don't vary much as we age
social learning history
we take notice of the actions and consequences of the people around us and modify our own behaviors accordingly
worldview defense
when people feel threatened by the thought of death, they make themselves feel better by increasing how strongly they endorse their own cultural values
free association
where the patient simply says whatever comes to mind, and the analyst interprets the content
real self
who we would become if unfettered by the demands of the outside world
openness
willingness to experience new and different things
mastery experience
working hard and successfully completing a task, increases self-efficacy
behavioral (learning) factors
your learning history
your pattern of responding to the world
your personality is a combination of natural and learned processes and involves an interaction between internal (e.g., thoughts and feelings) and external (e.g., environmental) factors
