Psychology textbook # 1

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the

autonomic nervous system

Large neuron clusters located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex, that work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements are called _____.

basal ganglia

Neuroscience studies are based on the _____ approaches to psychology.

biological

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia interfere with the activity of dopamine. Such a drug is an example of a ( n)

Antagonist.

The ________ has developed ethics guidelines for its members , and the _______ evaluates the ethical nature of research conducted at their colleges and universities.

American psychological association ( APA) ; institutional review board ( IRB)

Discrimination of objects that are necessary for survival ( such as appropriate food ) as well as emotional awareness and expression involved the :

Amygdala.

The function of the ____________ is to take messages to and from the body's internal organs , monitoring such processes and breathing, heart rate , and digestion.

Autonomic nervous system

_________ believed that psychology should be about what people do, and should not concern itself with what cannot be seen, such as thoughts feelings , and goals.

B.F. Skinner

The _____________ approach emphasizes the scientific study of actions and/ or responses and their environmental determinants.

Behavioral

Psychologist who adopt a (n) __________ approach examine behavior and mental processes by focusing on the body , especially the brain and nervous system.

Biológica

________ is an abnormal disruption in the tissues of the brain resulting from injury or disease.

Brain lesioning

The term " plasticity " refers to the

Brain's special capacity for modification and change

In the context of descriptive research methods in psychology, _______________ are performed mainly by clinical psychologists when , for either practical or ethical reasons , the unique aspects of an individual's life cannot be duplicated and tested in other individuals.

Case study

The ______ is part of the forebrain , the outer layer of the brain , and is responsible for the most complex mental functions ,such as thinking and planning.

Cerebral cortex

According to _______ physiology, your brain houses a "mind" whose menta processes allow you to remember , make decisions, plans, set goals, and be creative.

Cognitive

The ___________ approach to psychology views the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system. This view contrasts with the _____ outlook, which portrays actions as controlled by external environmental forces.

Cognitive, behavioral.

A (n) _______ is a person who is given a role to play is a study so that the social context can be manipulated.

Confederate

According to the principle of ______ , researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely confidential and ,when possible , completely anonymous.

Confidentiality

In correlations research, third variables are also known as :

Confounds

The endocrine system :

Consists of a set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the bloodstream.

Neurosurgeon can reduce the unbearable seizures some epileptics experience by severing the

Corpus callosum

The _____ is the large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres and is responsible for relaying information between the two sides.

Corpus callosum

______ is a complex molecule in the cell's chromosome that carries genetic information.

DNA

A key aspect of the process of testing hypotheses in the scientific method is

Data analysis

After a research study has been completed, the researchers should inform the participants of its purpose and the methods they used. This is in accordance with the principal of

Debriefing

Aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave are knows as

Demand characteristics

The goal of ___________ research is to determine the basic dimensions of a phenomenon.

Descriptive

acertycholine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in

Learning and memory.

The _________ is a set of subcortical brain structures central to emotion , memory, and reward processing.

Limbic system

____________ provides ways by which correlational researchers may attempt to demonstrate causal relations among variables , even though the causal relationship may still be somewhat unclear.

Longitudinal designs

In the context of brain imaging ,__________ involves creating a magnetic field around a person's body and using radio waves to construct images of the person's tissues and biochemical activities.

Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI)

Genes

Manufacture the proteins that are necessary for maintaining life.

_______ are the thoughts, feelings , and motives that each of us experience privately but that cannot be observed directly.

Metal processes

The _____ is the part of the cerebral cortex that processes information about voluntary movement.

Motor cortex

Which of the following terms refers to Charles Darwin's principle of an evolution process; the process in which organism that are best adapted to their environment will survive and , importantly produce offspring?

Natural selection

The ______ is the outermost part of the cerebral cortex , making up 80 percent of the human brain's cortex.

Neocortex

The _________ system in the body's electrochemical communication circuitry.

Nervous

_________ is the science study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system.

Neuroscience

___________ are chemical substances that are stored on very tiny sacs within the neuron's terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron.

Neurotransmitters

_______ are interconnected groups of nerves cells that integrate sensory input and motor output.

Neutra networks

Which of the following techniques involves an analyst unlocking a person's unconscious conflicts by talking with the individual about his or her childhood memories, dreams , thoughts, and feelings ?

Psychoanalysis

Which approach to psychology emphasizes unconscious thought?

Psychodynamic approach

__________ refers to researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance , to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups.

Radom assignment

A_________ is a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected.

Random sample

Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing and heart rate ?

medulla

The brain and spinal cord make up the

central nervous system

A ____________ is a layer of fat cells that insulates most axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses.

myelin sheath

The _________ connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

peripheral nervous system

Psychology began as a science in the discipline of :

philosophy

The membrane of the resting neuron is said to be :

polarized

In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA are called

chromosomes

Which of the following approaches to psychology focuses on how we direct our attention, perceive , remember , think, and solve problems?

cognitive

When the axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches, _____ has occurred.

collateral sprouting

Which of the following attitudes are central to the scientific approach to psychology?

critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity

Which of the following is one of the issues addressed by the ethics guidelines developed by the American Psychological Association?

debriefing

In the context of psychological research methods, which of the following refers to a carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable?

experiments

When a neuron sends an action potential, it is commonly said to be :

firing

The chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands are known as

hormones

The ______ is a small forebrain structure that monitors pleasurable activities ( e.g.. eating , drinking ,and sex ) , emotion , stress, and reward.

hypothalamus

__________ refers to the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

internal validity

Depression is associated with low levels of which neurotransmitter?

serotonin

__________ is defined as a special kind of systematic observation , used by correlational researches, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time.

A longitudinal design

Morphine , a neurotransmitter, mimics the actions of endorphins by stimulating receptors on the brain and spinal cord associated with pleasure and pain. Morphine , therefore , is an example of a (n)

Agonist

Fictional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique that

Allows scientists to see what is happening in the brain while it is working.

In a ____________, neither the experimenter administering the treatment nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated.

Double-blind experiment

A( n) _________ allows researchers to identify the specific effects of the independent variable from the possible effects of the experimenter's and the participants' expectations about it.

Double-blind experiment.

Information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscle is sent through _____________ , thus enabling the body to move.

Efferent nerves

__________ carry out information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body

Efferent nerves

The______ involves gaining knowledge by observing events , collecting data , and reasoning logically?

Empirical method

______ are natural opiates that mainly stimulate the firing of neurons.

Endorphins

________ and ________ are secreted by the adrenal glands.

Epinephrine; Norepinephrine

The _________ approach to psychology relies on on concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

Evolutionary.

_________ refers to the degree to which an experimental design really reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address.

External validity

Which of the following is the second step in the science method ?

Formulating hypothesis and predictions

The ________ are involved in personality , intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscle.

Frontal lobes.

William James , a prominent American psychology and philosopher, focused on human interactions with the outside world to understand the purpose of thoughts. His view is known as

Functionalism

Which of the following is defined as organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily fuctions?

Glands

________ provides support, nutritional benefits, and other functions on the nervous system

Glial cells

In the context of the major regions of the brain , which of the following is the lowest portion of the brain ?

Hindbrain

The _________ approach emphasizes a person's positive qualities , the capacity for growth, and the freedom to choose one's destiny.

Humanistic

In an experiment , the ______ is conceptualized as the " potential cause " and the _______ is conceptualized as the " resulting effect. "

Independent variable ; dependent variable

According to the principle of _________ , participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop.

Informed consent.

Which of the following characteristics of the brain refers to the brain's ability to pull information together ?

Integration

In the case of __________ , one wants to know whether the experimental methods are free form biases and logical errors that may render the results suspect.

Internal validity

A case study

Is an in-depth look at a single individual.

Which of the following refers to tiny spaces between neurons ?

Synapses

__________ inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system , but it excites the heart muscle , intestines , and urogenital tract.

Norepinephrine

The cell body contains the _________ , which directs the manufacture of substances that a neuron needs for growth as maintenance.

Nucleus

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

Observing some phenomenon

_____________ provide an objective description of how values are going to be measured and observed in a particular study.

Operational definition

________ is a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the experience of love and social bonding.

Oxytocin

The _______ is defined as a dual-purpose gland under the stomach that performs both digestive and endocrine fuctions.

Pancreas

In the context of the autonomic nervous system , the _______ calms the body.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Researches usually should submit their finding to a journal for review by their colleagues , who makes a decision about whether to publish the paper , depending on its scientific merit. This process is know as

Peer review

The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are component of the :

Peripheral nervous system

The _______ glands is defined as a pea-sized gland just beneath the hypothalamus that controls growth a d regulates other glands.

Pituitary

_______ is a term used by scientists to describe the influences of multiple genes on behavior.

Polygenic inheritance

The subset of a population chosen by an investigator for study is a

Sample

_____ is a genetic method in which organisms are chose for reproduction based on how much of a particular trait they display.

Selective breeding

The _______ , located at the front of the parietal lobes , is defined as a region in the cerebral cortex that processes information about body sensations.

Somatosensory cortex.

The reticular formation of the midbrain is involved in

Stereotyped patterns of behavior such as walking , sleeping, or turning to attend to a sudden noise.

___________ are the circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities.

Stressors

In which of the following psychological approaches did researches ask participants to think about what was going on mentally as varios events took place.

Structuralism

Wilhelm wundt's approach to discover the basic element of mental processes is called :

Structuralism

The _________ is the part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to mobilize it for action and thus is involved in the experience of stress.

Sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following situations occurs when participant's expectations , rather than the experimental treatment, produce and experimental outcome ?

The placebo effect

A(n) _________ is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations.

Theory

An _____ is a drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects, whereas an _____ is a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter's effects.

agonist and antagonist

Which of the following theorist primarily used the structuralism approach to studying human behaviors ?

Wihelm wundt

__________ is most often regarded the " founding father " of modern psychology.

Wilhelm wundt

The brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon is :

action potential

According to the science of psychology, a behavior is a (n)

action that can be directly observed.

________ stress is the momentary stress that occurs in response to life experiences

acute

The final step in the scientific method of psychology is

evaluating conclusions

Which of the following research methods allow(s) researchers to determine causality?

experimental studies

In experimental research , the ________ is a manipulated experimental factor , and the ______ is the outcome.

independent variable; dependent variable

Which of the following types of cells in the nervous system handle the information-processing function.

neurons

The field that studies the nervous system is called :

neuroscience

Corticosteroids are

stress hormones

Wilhelm Wundt was the founder of _________ , whereas William James was the founder of __________.

structuralism and functionalism

Structures in the cerebral cortex that are involved in hearing , language processing , and memory are called :

temporal lobes

A population is

the entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions

The axon is :

the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.

Resting potential is the :

the stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron

Dendrites are :

treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body.

__________ refers to the soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment.

validity