Psychology Unit 3 Topic Test 1
Classical conditioning occurs when a particular behavior is reinforced by its consequences.
False
Classical conditioning occurs when the unconditioned stimulus evokes a response from a neutral stimulus.
False
Conditioning occurs when two events that usually go together become associated with each other.
False
Emotional responses are innate behaviors that are not influenced by the environment.
False
Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned response acts as an unconditioned response.
False
Humans do not have innate behaviors.
False
Innate behavior occurs as a result of practice and repetition.
False
Positive punishment occurs when a pleasant stimulus is removed after demonstration of a behavior.
False
Punishment is more effective when applied at least an hour after the target behavior has occurred.
False
Research has indicated that physical punishment is the most effective kind of punishment.
False
Spontaneous recovery is usually a permanent reappearance of a conditioned response
False
How does advertising use classical conditioning to help sell products?
It trains people to associate the product with positive emotions.
Jimmer is playing basketball. After 24 seconds, the shot clock goes off and he loses the ball. This happens every time he gets the ball because he refuses to pass or shoot. Which of the following statements is true?
Jimmer is on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
Which of the following accurately describes reflexive behavior?
Reflexive behavior happens without conscious thought.
Susan is watching a football game when the game goes to commercial. She knows that each commercial break during the game takes a different amount of time to resolve. She gets up to make a snack for herself. She checks back frequently to see if the game is back from commercial. After 3 minutes and 30 seconds, the game comes back on and Susan returns to the room. Which is true?
Susan is on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
What is the outcome when an innate behavior is repeated and practiced?
The behavior becomes more skillful.
The law of effect states that when a behavior is rewarded, which of the following is most likely to occur?
The behavior will be more likely to be repeated.
What did Pavlov initially notice about the animals in his original research after conditioning took place?
They salivated even when food was not present.
A discriminative stimulus is a cue that the reward may be forthcoming for a certain behavior.
True
A reflex is a type of innate behavior.
True
Both learned and innate behavior can occur as a result of automatic processes.
True
Both positive and negative reinforcement serve to strengthen wanted behavior.
True
Conditioning is a process of learning associations.
True
In operant conditioning, many complex behaviors are learned through shaping.
True
In operant conditioning, the consequence shapes the behavior.
True
It is possible for learning to occur without repetition or rehearsal of the learning.
True
Learning can cause negative behaviors.
True
Reward can serve to increase behavior.
True
Sleeping is a behavior that is dependent on both instinctive and environmental conditions.
True
The discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning is one that predicts the probability of a consequence occurring.
True
The types of movies that one likes is influenced by learned behaviors.
True
Using operant conditioning, B. F. Skinner showed that animals could be trained to perform complex tasks.
True
Variable reinforcement schedules generally demonstrate greater resistance to extinction than fixed reinforcement schedules.
True
When a response becomes generalized, then someone will react to things that remind them of the first stimuli that caused a response.
True
Which two stimuli did John B. Watson associate in his infamous "Little Albert" experiment?
a white lab rat and a loud noise
Which of the following represents the initial stage of learning in the process of conditioning?
acquisition
The effects of fatigue are not classified as learning because they __________.
are not permanent effects
It would be most accurate to describe B. F. Skinner as a __________ psychologist.
behavioral
Which of the following is not an example of a learned behavior?
being able to smile
All of the following are shaped by learned behavior except __________.
blinking
Which of the following processes of operant conditioning involves the gradual disappearance of a behavior?
extinction
Which learning process occurs when the same response happens in reaction to many similar stimuli?
generalization
Watson's "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated which of the following pairs of classical conditioning processes?
generalization and acquisition
Behaviors never come back once they have been extinguished.
False
Classical conditioning has an effect only when the subject is not aware it is occurring.
False
All behaviors occur only after conscious thought.
False
Glen is attempting to use operant conditioning to train his dog, Thor, to fetch a ball upon command. At the beginning of the training, Glen throws the ball and yells "Fetch," but Thor only watches Glen expectantly. Which of the following is the most likely reason to explain why Thor does not fetch the ball?
Fetching is a complex behavior that has not been shaped by Glen.
Fred is playing the slot machines. After a certain number of plays, he wins a few coins, but Fred is unable to determine how many plays he needs to win. Which of the following statements is true?
Fred is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Behavior that happens automatically without conscious input is called __________ behavior.
Innate
Molly is eating red and black jellybeans from a paper bag. She is not looking at the jellybeans as she eats them. She likes red jellybeans, but she does not like black jellybeans. The amount of jellybeans she has to take from the jar before she gets a red one is never the same. Which of the following statements is true?
Molly is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Which learning process occurs when organisms are able to distinguish between various similar stimuli and respond only to certain ones?
discrimination
Which of the following events may introduce changes in behavior that can be attributed to learning?
eating
Which of the following would not be classified as innate behavior?
learning to ride a bike at the age of 5
Extinction occurs as behavior __________ due to lack of reinforcement.
gradually diminishes
Which of the following is an example of a learned behavior?
human toddlers walking
When Ivan Pavlov observed evidence of classical conditioning, he was studying the __________.
intestines and digestive process of dogs
In classical conditioning, a stimulus is used to provoke or elicit a response that __________.
it didn't elicit naturally before conditioning occurred
A family counselor tells Jacob and Samantha that they should ignore their daughter's temper tantrums if they want her to stop because giving her attention is only increasing her behavior. Which type of operant conditioning in being recommended to the parents?
negative punishment
Justine starts yelling in the store when she wants something. Her parents buy her a toy in order to get Justine to stop yelling. What type of conditioning is shaping the parents' behavior?
negative reinforcement
Which B. F. Skinner invention allowed him to train subjects through operant conditioning?
operant chamber
All of the following demonstrate ways that learning is tied to experience except ____.
physiological changes
Molly catches her dog chewing on her favorite slippers. Molly swats the dog on the nose so that it will not chew her slippers again. Which type of operant conditioning in occurring in the scenario?
positive punishment
According to research, the most powerful reinforcement technique in conditioning is __________.
positive reinforcement
Glenda is a gymnast. She performs a perfect triple backflip off the high bars. After landing successfully, the crowd erupts in applause. Which type of operant conditioning is occurring in the scenario?
positive reinforcement
Justine is bothering her parents while they are shopping at the store. They buy her a toy in order to calm her down. Which type of conditioning is shaping Justine's behavior?
positive reinforcement
Roland takes a walk through the desert. While there, he becomes extremely thirsty. To quench his thirst, he drinks a bottle of cold water. The water pleasantly refreshes him and he plans on bringing water more often on his desert hikes. Which type of operant conditioning in occurring in the scenario?
positive reinforcement
If a behavior tends to increase after a consequence occurs, that consequence is most likely used as __________.
reinforcement
The continued display of a behavior after reinforcement has been removed is known as ___________.
resistance to extinction
Glen is attempting to use operant conditioning to train his dog, Thor, to fetch a ball upon command. To test Thor's understanding, Glen throws the ball and yells, "Pineapple!" Thor does not fetch the ball. Which process of operant conditioning has Thor demonstrated?
stimuli discrimination
Glen is attempting to use operant conditioning to train his dog, Thor, to fetch a ball upon command. Once, when Thor goes to fetch the ball, he instead brings Glen a pinecone. Which operant conditioning process is Thor displaying?
stimulus generalization
William is taking part in an experiment. William is instructed to tickle his own nose, and as a result, he is about to sneeze. Before he sneezes, a research assistant shines a light in his eyes. After many repetitions of this behavior, when the research assistant shines a light in his eyes, William feels like he has to sneeze. What is the conditioned stimulus (CS) in this scenario?
the light
Applause is a secondary reinforcer because __________.
the subject has learned to be reinforced by it
In classical conditioning, the __________ stimulus causes an unconditioned response.
unconditioned
Which of the following is considered a naturally occurring behavior that does not have to be learned?
unconditioned response