Psych/Soch

? refers to individuals learning to behave in a socially acceptable manner. In this scenario, individuals in America learn to believe that certain types of emotions are socially acceptable for women and certain types are acceptable for men

Socialization

The ? primarily governs motor control functions like coordination and timing

cerebellum

Deductive reasoning start at the "___" with broad theories of information and end at the "___" with specific conclusions and that researchers using inductive reasoning start at the "___" with specific observations and end at the "___" with broad generalizations and theories

top, bottom, bottom,

the structure of the brain, which can be studied through a ? scan.

CAT

The mass media, including film, radio, and television, are consider agents of socialization. Feminist theorists argue that this institution has a significant role in the social construction of gendered realities. Therefore, all of the following can be argued EXCEPT that: Question 6 Answer Choices A. the concepts of gender and sex are not inherent but the product of social processes. B. people have active roles in the construction of gender and gender roles. C. gender differences exist because humans continue to agree on their existence. D. men and women assume different roles that are learned through their interactions.

A

Which theorists are associated with the macro-level theory of society known as Conflict Theory? I. Karl Marx II. Max Weber III. Emile Durkheim Question 3 Answer Choices A. I and II only B. I only C. III only D. II only

A Karl Marx and Max Weber are the two sociologists most associated with Conflict Theory (I and II only are correct). Marx believed that societies progress through class struggle between the working class and the upper class (or capitalists, those who own the means of production). Weber asserted that conflict in society arises due to a struggle over resources between dominant and subordinate groups. Unlike Marx, Weber argued that there are many different groups in a society that possess varying degrees of social power, while Marx asserted there were only two groups, the capitalist class and the working class. Emile Durkheim is not affiliated with conflict theory, but rather with functionalism, another macro-level theory of society, which suggests that society is composed of many different individual parts which work together to maintain stability and function.

Anomie is most likely to occur in societies in which: Question 4 Answer Choices A. individualism and autonomous decision-making predominate. B. social ties are more pronounced. C. there is a significant level of moral guidance. D. there are firm guided lines regarding norms and values.

A. Anomie is a state of few to no moral or social guidelines; therefore, anomie is most likely to occur in societies in which individualism and autonomous decision-making predominate. Anomie occurs when a society does not provide individuals with firm guidelines in relation to norms and values, and there is little moral guidance or social ethic. Each of the remaining choices describes conditions opposite those related to anomie.

Which of the following theorists would argue that religion promotes social solidarity and a collective consciousness? Question 9 Answer Choices A. Durkheim B. Marx C. Weber D. Mead

A. Durkheim was an advocate of functionalism and argued that religion promotes social solidarity as well as a collective consciousness, making individuals feel a part of an entity greater than themselves. Weber and Marx are both affiliated with conflict theory, which would suggest that religion is associated with conflict in society, rather than with solidarity. Mead is most associated with symbolic interactionism (a micro-level theory) and the development of the social self.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding macro and micro sociological perspectives? Question 8 Answer Choices A. Both perspectives emphasize individual interactions. B. Macrosociology focuses on society as a whole, as something that is prior to, and greater than, the sum of individual people. C. Macrosociology looks at large-scale social structures and how these affect individuals. D. Microsociology looks at the smallest building blocks of society and works up to larger social structures.

A. Microsociology focuses on individual interactions while macrosociology focuses on larger social structures. Microsociology looks at the smallest building blocks of society and works up to larger social structures. Macrosociology looks at large-scale social structures and how these affect individuals. Macrosociology focuses on society as a whole, as something that is prior to, and greater than, the sum of individual people.

? describes an instance in which a person does not intervene in a situation because he or she thinks someone else will intervene

Diffusion of responsibility

Rational choice and social exchange theories: Question 5 Answer Choices A. assume that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of potential actions, and always behave according to whichever outcome will be most favorable. Correct Answer B. are macro-level sociological perspectives. C. view society as striving toward dynamic equilibrium. D. are sociological theories because they are the most accurate.

A. Rational choice and social exchange theories assume that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of potential actions, and always behave according to whichever outcome will be most favorable. They are both micro-level sociological perspectives, which focus on individual interactions rather than larger social structures. Structural functionalism views society as striving toward dynamic equilibrium. None of the sociological theories are considered "the best" because each has its own shortcomings. Rational choice and social exchange theories both assume that people will behave in rational, logical ways, and that is a shortcoming for these theories. Sociologists prefer to use different theories for different perspectives on society.

Alex and Pilar were both infected with the Chikungunya virus. While Alex had good health insurance and received excellent treatment for his condition, Pilar had to suffer the symptoms without medication because she could not afford and did not have health insurance. Which of the following would be concerned about this disparity in access to the healthcare system? Question 12 Answer Choices A. Social epidemiology Correct Answer B. Feminism C. Social cognitive perspective D. Social constructionism.

A. Social epidemiology is interested in the distribution of health and disease within a given population. It examines such factors as availability of and accessibility to healthcare among various groups within society. The social cognitive perspective is concerned with social influence, cognition, and learning in relation to behaviors. Social constructionism argues that knowledge transfer and perception are heavily influenced by experiences and interactions among people. Feminism is most concerned with the unequal treatment of men and women because of gender, not because of health insurance coverage.

Which of the following has not traditionally served as a function of the family? Question 13 Answer Choices A. Education Correct Answer B. Social Status C. Reproduction D. Affection

A. Traditionally, the five major functions of family have been reproduction & monitoring of sexual behaviors, social status, affection & companionship, socialization, and protection. Education has not served as a traditional function of the family.

Feminist theorists would argue that sexual assault of women is too common in the United States as a result of the: Question 4 Answer Choices A. internalized objectification of women in the popular forms of media. B. hormone differences that cause heighted aggression in men. C. passive personalities of the women who are assaulted. D. social constructs that define masculinity in terms of aggressive behavior.

D

It has been argued that the earliest sociological research reproduced the same problematic social inequalities that were studied. Thus, it can be concluded that the earliest sociologists identified as: I. male in terms of gender. II. white in terms of race. III. working class in terms of socioeconomic class. Question 3 Answer Choices A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III

A. The fact that the founding sociologists reproduced the observed inequalities in their research suggests that those with cultural characteristics associated with social power were over-represented in the field. Item I is true: Men tend to have more power than women in most societies (choice C can be eliminated). This can be confirmed through the consideration of the founding sociologists—Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber—who are all men. The more specific theories are also associated with male founders, such as the interactionists Herbert Blumer and George Herbert Mead. Item II is true: Whites, and Euro-Americans in particular, tend to have more power than other populations/groups (choice B can be eliminated). Item III is false: Those with working class backgrounds tend to have less power than those with upper and middle class backgrounds (choice D can be eliminated and choice A is the correct answer). These theorists are expected to have been at least middle class considering their access to education.

? occurs when new members alter their own cultural beliefs in order to adapt to a dominant culture and eventually blend in with the rest of that society (choice B is wrong).

Assimilation

? theory refers to individuals attempting to explain the causes behind the behaviors of others and is not a theory about emotion

Attribution

The feminist perspective is considered to be one of the more modern sociological theories, but there are similarities between the concepts behind this perspective and the traditional perspective called: Question 1 Answer Choices A. structural functionalism. B. conflict theory. C. symbolic interactionism. D. rational choice theory.

B

What is social constructionism? I. A micro-level theory of society that is interested in how individuals and groups participate in the construction of society and social reality.II. A macro-level theory of society that looks at how humans learn sets of associations for specific concepts through socialization.III. A macro-level theory of society that looks at how various individuals and groups compete for resources within society. Question 2 Answer Choices A. I only Your Answer B. II only C. I and II only Correct Answer D. I, II, and III

C Social constructionism can be either a micro-level or macro-level theory of society, depending on the context. To check each item, make sure that the description accurately reflects social constructionism. Item I is true: social constructionism can be micro-level, and it is interested in the construction of social reality (choice B can be eliminated). Item II is true: social constructionism can also be macro-level, and it looks at how people form associations with concepts (constructs) through socialization (choice A can be eliminated). Item III is false: although social constructionism can be macro-level, the rest of the item describes conflict theory (choice D can be eliminated and choice C is correct).

What is intersectionality? Question 14 Answer Choices A. A theory suggesting a positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health outcomes. Your Answer B. A suggested continuum of sexuality. C. The study of how various oppressive institutions (like racism, sexism, homophobia, xenophobia, classism, etc.) are interconnected and cannot be examined separately from one another. Correct Answer D. A law that suggests that all organizations, regardless of how democratic they may intend to remain, will eventually and inevitably develop into oligarchies.

C. Intersectionality is the study of how various oppressive institutions (like racism, sexism, homophobia, xenophobia, classism, etc.) are interconnected, often compound one another, and cannot be examined separately. The socioeconomic gradient in health is the theory that suggests that there exists a proportional increase in health and health outcomes as socioeconomic status increases; in other words, there is a positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health outcomes. The iron law of oligarchy suggests that all organizations, regardless of how democratic they may intend to remain, will eventually and inevitably develop into oligarchies. The Kinsey Scale suggests that there is a continuum of sexuality.

What is medicalization? Question 6 Answer Choices A. A way to reduce the costs of medicine. B. A way to provide better access to healthcare for lower-income individuals. C. A social process whereby human conditions come to be defined and treated as medical conditions. D. A medical process meant to standardize the practice of medicine.

C. Medicalization is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions, and thus become the subject of medical study, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment. Medicalization can be driven by: new evidence or hypotheses about conditions, changing social attitudes or economic considerations, the development of new medications or treatments.

Miss Smith places Juan, a new student from Colombia, in a remedial math class because she assumes he does not understand the material covered in the more advanced courses. However, Juan was actually in a much higher level math course in his home country and has always excelled in the subject. As a result of this incorrect categorization, which of the following is most likely to occur? Question 11 Answer Choices A. Juan will feel challenged and will struggle to keep up with his assignments. B. Juan will feel challenged and work hard to impress his new teacher. C. Juan will not feel challenged and will simply do what he must to meet his teacher's expectations. D. Juan will not feel challenged and will struggle to learn English.

C. Teacher expectancy occurs when a teacher's expectations about how an individual will perform academically impact the teacher's behavior toward the individual and result in the individual conforming to expectations. When children are misplaced within the educational system, their performance may suffer. In this case, Juan is placed in a math course that is too easy for him. Therefore, it is highly probable that Juan will not feel challenged and will simply do what he must to meet his teacher's expectations. The question stem does not indicate whether the student already speaks English; moreover, math performance is not necessarily related to English erudition. It is thus most likely that Juan will do the bare minimum to meet the teacher's expectations, making it seem as if he were placed in the proper math course.

Studies show that, at the primary school level, female students are called on less frequently in math and science classes than are male students, even by female teachers. Furthermore, teachers are almost always completely unaware that they are doing this. The concept that best accounts for this is: Question 10 Answer Choices A. institutional discrimination. B. ageism. C. hidden curriculum. D. educational segregation.

C. The hidden curriculum is the unintentional lessons taught in school about norms, values, and beliefs, an example of which would be the boys are better at math and science than girls. Hidden curriculum best explains why female students are called on less frequently in math and science classes than are male students, even by female teachers. Educational segregation is an unequal distribution of academic resources that reinforces class differences. Institutional discrimination refers to the unjust and discriminatory treatment committed by institutions as a whole. Ageism is discrimination based on age.

Which of the following is NOT a right or an obligation of a sick person, according to sick role theory? Question 7 Answer Choices A. The sick person is exempt from normal social roles. B. The sick person should seek treatment and cooperate with the medical professional. C. The sick person is responsible for not getting anyone else sick. D. The sick person should try to get well.

C. The sick role theorizes that individuals who are ill have certain rights and responsibilities in society; if an ill individual cannot fulfill the same duties that a person in good health can, society allows for a reasonable amount of deviant behavior. Sick role theory includes two rights and two obligations of a sick person: the sick person is exempt from normal social roles (right), the sick person is not responsible for their condition (right), the sick person should try to get well (obligation), the sick person should seek treatment and cooperate with the medical professional (obligation).

The ? theory suggests that physiological arousal and emotions occur simultaneously

Cannon-Bard

Researchers at a large urban academic institution are interested in conducting an experiment similar to the one discussed in the passage, but the new experiment includes another group of participants who will be exposed to the scenes once and then report on their response to the scenes at the end of the research period. This group is called the: Question 3 Answer Choices A. the experimental group. B. the placebo group. C. the sensitized group. D. the control group.

D

The functionalist perspective would consider which of the following to be latent functions of the media? I. The economic functions, such as the promotion of services through commercial advertisements II. The political functions, such as the idea of gatekeeping through careful censorship of coverage III. The social functions, such as the reinforcement of the status quo through the common themes Question 2 Answer Choices A. I only B. III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III

D

Patrick will be attending kindergarten this September. Which of the following is/are latent functions of Patrick's attending school: Patrick's mother will no longer have to worry about childcare during the day. Patrick will socialize with children his own age. Patrick will learn basic reading skills. Question 15 Answer Choices A. III only B. I, II, and III C. I only D. I and II only

D Latent functions of education would be those consequences of education that were not initially intended. Therefore, the fact that Patrick's mother will not longer have to worry about childcare during the day is a latent function. As socialization is not a primary goal of education, Patrick's socialization with children his own age would also be a latent function (I and II are correct). Manifest functions of education are the objectives of education. Therefore, learning basic reading skills would be considered a manifest function of a kindergarten education.

The best sociological perspective for research on human behavior is: Question 4 Answer Choices A. a macro-level perspective, such as functionalism. B. a micro-level perspective, such as interactionism. C. a macro- and micro-level perspective, such as the feminist perspective. D. none of the above; it is preferred that sociological research use multiple perspectives.

D important to understand that the sociological approaches are best used to complement one another because while each offers compelling arguments, and there are sociologists that are partial to certain themes, considering multiple perspectives, as well as both macro- and micro-level factors, offers a more in depth description of human behaviors and societies (choice D is correct).

Sociologists are able to understand the realities of group behavior because the field:

relies on careful and empirical methods of research

? is one underlying cause of the bystander effect and can also describe individuals' tendency to be less concerned with social evaluation. When a person is in a crowd, their individual identity is superseded by the group identity, and they may commit antisocial acts and feel less responsible for their own actions

Deindividuation

Which of the following is not a macro-level theory of sociology? I. Symbolic interactionism II. Conflict theory III. Functionalism

I Symbolic interactionism concerns interactions between individuals rather than interactions between groups or institutions; therefore, it is not a macro-level theory (which focus on the larger elements that shape society as a whole). Functionalism explains how social processes work on a broad scale, focusing on the distinct purposes of individual structures and their contribution to society at large, and is therefore a macro-level theory. Conflict theory explains revolutions and other aspects of socio-political systems, focusing on the competition for limited resources, which also makes it a macro-level theory.

The ? theory suggests that physiological and behavioral responses to a given situation determine emotions

James-Lange

?: encourage the patient to attribute his/her problems to internal controllable factors rather than an uncontrollable internal factor.

Locus of control

regular breathing and heart rate and slow brain waves are most consistent with deep sleep, ?

NREM3

The ? theory is a cognitive theory of emotion in which emotion is labeled once an individual experiences physiological arousal, and then tries to find meaning behind the arousal through the interpretation of his or her experience

Schachter-Singer

? occurs when individuals' performance is enhanced in a group setting (choice A is wrong).

Social facilitation

? occurs when individuals put less effort into their work because they are working in a group

Social loafing

? also known as "slacking" or being a "free rider," is a phenomenon that describes an individual's tendency to let others carry the weight of a group effort

Social loafing,

? describes the reluctance of witnesses to intervene in a suspect situation, and one of the reasons bystanders may not intervene is because they do not have enough information about the situation itself

The bystander effect

Classical theorists:

Three theorists are considered to be the founders of the modern sociological tradition as a separate scientific field: Durkheim, whose ideas are the foundation of functionalism; Marx, whose ideas are the foundation of the conflict theory; and Weber, whose ideas are the foundation of symbolic interactionism

The ? is a limbic structure that governs emotional responses; while this center does contribute to decision making, it does not carry out the other functions listed in the question stem (choice C is wrong).

amygdala

the ? model integrates the influence of biological predispositions and the environment.

diathesis-stress

uncontrollable exposure to an aversive stimulus results in ?

learned helplessness

The ? lobe contains many of the brain structures that govern memory formation and storage (choice B is wrong).

medial temporal

The ? contains higher-order processing centers that govern executive functions like planning, organization, judgment and problem solving. These areas develop later than other cortical regions, which is one reason adolescents are thought to be particularly susceptible to peer pressure (choice A is correct)

pre-frontal cortex