Public Speaking

concept

a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like ex. numerology, sustainability, net neutrality

speaking outline

a brief outline used to jog a speakers memory during the presentation of a speech

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes ex. this class

small group

a collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose

font

a complete set of type of the same design

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech prep that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, into, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion and bibliography of a speeech

invalid analogy

a fallacy analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike ex. employees are like nails. just as nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees

hasty generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

false cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follow another the first event is the cause of the second

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

either-or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternative when more than two alternative exist

red herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good correct or desirable

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

appeal to traditon

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

slippery slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

reflective-thinking method

a five step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group 1. define the problem 2. analyze the problem 3. establishing criteria for solving the problem 4. generating potential solutions 5. selecting the best solution

pie graph

a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

line graph

a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space

bar graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

consensus

a group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group

implied leader

a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank expertise or other quality

emergent leader

a group member who emerges as a leader during the groups deliberations

dyad

a group of two people

bibliography

a list of all the sources used in preparing the speech

brainstorming

a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts

comparative advantages order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main pint explains why a speakers solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed soultions

problem cause solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies the problem the second analyzes the causes of the problem and the third presents a solution

Monroes motivated sequence

a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, call to action

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern ex. hurricane: center of hurricane:eye, surrounding eye: eyewall, rotating around eyewall: clouds

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

causal order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship ex. two main points: cause and effect

pause

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speeech

vocalized pause

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as uh er and um

designated leader

a person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed

speech to gain passive agreement

a persuasive speech in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable withougtencouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

speech to gain immediate action

a persuasive speech in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

symposium

a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic

question of fact

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

question of value

a question about the worth rightness morality of an idea or action

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

hidden agenda

a set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole

problem-solving small group

a small group formed to solve a particular problem

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

informative speech

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

oral report

a speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group

acceptance speech

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

online speech

a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online and in real time

speech of introduction

a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

commemorative speech

a speech that pays tribute to a person group of people an instiuition or an idea

speech of presentation

a speech that presents someone a gift, award or some other form of public recognition

manuscript speech

a speech written out word for word and read to the audience

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points

preview statement

a statement in the intro of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

contrast

a statement of the differences among two or more people events ideas

comparison

a statement of the similarities among two or more people events ideas etc

description

a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

panel disucssion

a structured conversation on a given topic among several ppl in front of an audience

process

a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product

creating common ground

a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values attitudes or experiences of the audience

cliche

a trite or overused expression fresh as a daisy.... hungry as a bear

dialect

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent grammar or vocabulary ex. regional or ethnic speech patterns

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas. ex. the first cause... the second cause... the third cause...

chart

a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.

graph

a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

connective

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them ex. transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, signposts

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

fallacy

an error in reasoning

simile

an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

metaphor

an implicit comparison not introduced with the word "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

event

anything that happens or is regarded as happening ex. boston marathon, sleep deprivation, therapeutic massage

object

anything that is visible tangible and stable in form

inflections

changes in the pitch or tone of a speakers voice

vocal variety

changes in the speakers rate pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

nonverbal communication

communication based on a person use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

maintenance needs

communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group ex. how well members get along how willing members are to contribute whether members are supportive of one another

eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

delivery cues

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech

clutter

discourse that takes many more words than necessary to express an idea

pathos

emotional appeal

inclusive language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.

logos

logical appeal to the speaker: evidence and reasoning

gestures

motions of a speakers hands or arms during a speech

conversational quality

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

reasoning

process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

practicality

question of policy: will the speakers plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems?

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second ex. if your good at tennis you will probably be good at ping pong

reasoning from a principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion 1. all people are mortal 2. socrates is a person 3. therefore socrates is mortal

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion 1. my PE class was easy 2. my bros PE class was easy 3 my roomates PE class was easy 4 therefore all PE classes are easy

casual reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects ex, because that patch of ice was there i fell and broke my arm

repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences ex. if not now, when? if not us, who? if not together, how?

alliteration

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. ex. nothing great is accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause

procedural needs

routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group ex. deciding when and where the group will meet reserving the room setting the agenda

criteria

standards on which a judgment or decision can be based

task needs

substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task ex. analyzing the issues facing the group distributing the world load among the member collecting information

evidence

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

leadership

the ability to influence group members one has to help achieve the goals of the group

pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

credibility

the audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

goodwill

the audiences perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

initial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

terminal credibility

the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech

need

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy??

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speakers voice; sound waves

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure ex. ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

volume

the loudness or softness of the speakers voice

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points

supporting material

the materials used to support a speakers ideas. examples, statistics, testimony

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

mental dialogue with the audience

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech ex. predict anticipated objections and answer them directly in your speech

ethos

the name used by aristotle for what modern students refer to as credibility

burden of proof

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary ex. convince that the old one isnt working

rhythm

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words ex. rearranging words like poetry

visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speakers ideas.

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

persuasion

the process of creating reinforcing or changing peoples beliefs or actions

plan

the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem

parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences ex. rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, mean and woman

rate

the speed at which a person speaks

kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication ex. physical signals sent through bodily movement that have a significant impact on the meaning communicated by the speaker

generic "he"

the use of "he" to refer to both women and men

imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

personalize

to present ones ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts...general Physical activity, sports

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects ...specific Lebron James