Public Speaking
concept
a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like ex. numerology, sustainability, net neutrality
speaking outline
a brief outline used to jog a speakers memory during the presentation of a speech
extemporaneous speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes ex. this class
small group
a collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose
font
a complete set of type of the same design
crescendo ending
a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
dissolve ending
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
monotone
a constant pitch or tone of voice
preparation outline
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech prep that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, into, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion and bibliography of a speeech
invalid analogy
a fallacy analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike ex. employees are like nails. just as nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees
hasty generalization
a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
false cause
a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follow another the first event is the cause of the second
ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
either-or
a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternative when more than two alternative exist
red herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
bandwagon
a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good correct or desirable
appeal to novelty
a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
appeal to traditon
a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
slippery slope
a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
reflective-thinking method
a five step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group 1. define the problem 2. analyze the problem 3. establishing criteria for solving the problem 4. generating potential solutions 5. selecting the best solution
pie graph
a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
line graph
a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space
bar graph
a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
consensus
a group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group
implied leader
a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank expertise or other quality
emergent leader
a group member who emerges as a leader during the groups deliberations
dyad
a group of two people
bibliography
a list of all the sources used in preparing the speech
brainstorming
a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts
comparative advantages order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main pint explains why a speakers solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed soultions
problem cause solution order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies the problem the second analyzes the causes of the problem and the third presents a solution
Monroes motivated sequence
a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, call to action
problem-solution order
a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
topical order
a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
spatial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern ex. hurricane: center of hurricane:eye, surrounding eye: eyewall, rotating around eyewall: clouds
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
causal order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship ex. two main points: cause and effect
pause
a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speeech
vocalized pause
a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as uh er and um
designated leader
a person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed
speech to gain passive agreement
a persuasive speech in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable withougtencouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
speech to gain immediate action
a persuasive speech in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
symposium
a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic
question of fact
a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
question of value
a question about the worth rightness morality of an idea or action
question of policy
a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
rhetorical question
a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud
hidden agenda
a set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole
problem-solving small group
a small group formed to solve a particular problem
impromptu speech
a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
informative speech
a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
oral report
a speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group
acceptance speech
a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
online speech
a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online and in real time
speech of introduction
a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
commemorative speech
a speech that pays tribute to a person group of people an instiuition or an idea
speech of presentation
a speech that presents someone a gift, award or some other form of public recognition
manuscript speech
a speech written out word for word and read to the audience
internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
internal summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points
preview statement
a statement in the intro of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
contrast
a statement of the differences among two or more people events ideas
comparison
a statement of the similarities among two or more people events ideas etc
description
a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness
panel disucssion
a structured conversation on a given topic among several ppl in front of an audience
process
a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product
creating common ground
a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values attitudes or experiences of the audience
cliche
a trite or overused expression fresh as a daisy.... hungry as a bear
dialect
a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent grammar or vocabulary ex. regional or ethnic speech patterns
signpost
a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas. ex. the first cause... the second cause... the third cause...
chart
a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.
graph
a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns
connective
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them ex. transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, signposts
transition
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
fallacy
an error in reasoning
simile
an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
metaphor
an implicit comparison not introduced with the word "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
event
anything that happens or is regarded as happening ex. boston marathon, sleep deprivation, therapeutic massage
object
anything that is visible tangible and stable in form
inflections
changes in the pitch or tone of a speakers voice
vocal variety
changes in the speakers rate pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
nonverbal communication
communication based on a person use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
maintenance needs
communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group ex. how well members get along how willing members are to contribute whether members are supportive of one another
eye contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
delivery cues
directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech
clutter
discourse that takes many more words than necessary to express an idea
pathos
emotional appeal
inclusive language
language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.
logos
logical appeal to the speaker: evidence and reasoning
gestures
motions of a speakers hands or arms during a speech
conversational quality
presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
reasoning
process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
strategic organization
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
practicality
question of policy: will the speakers plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems?
analogical reasoning
reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second ex. if your good at tennis you will probably be good at ping pong
reasoning from a principle
reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion 1. all people are mortal 2. socrates is a person 3. therefore socrates is mortal
reasoning from specific instances
reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion 1. my PE class was easy 2. my bros PE class was easy 3 my roomates PE class was easy 4 therefore all PE classes are easy
casual reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects ex, because that patch of ice was there i fell and broke my arm
repetition
reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences ex. if not now, when? if not us, who? if not together, how?
alliteration
repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. ex. nothing great is accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause
procedural needs
routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group ex. deciding when and where the group will meet reserving the room setting the agenda
criteria
standards on which a judgment or decision can be based
task needs
substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task ex. analyzing the issues facing the group distributing the world load among the member collecting information
evidence
supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
leadership
the ability to influence group members one has to help achieve the goals of the group
pronunciation
the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
credibility
the audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
goodwill
the audiences perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
initial credibility
the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
derived credibility
the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
terminal credibility
the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech
need
the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy??
pitch
the highness or lowness of the speakers voice; sound waves
antithesis
the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure ex. ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country
denotative meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
volume
the loudness or softness of the speakers voice
main points
the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points
supporting material
the materials used to support a speakers ideas. examples, statistics, testimony
connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
mental dialogue with the audience
the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech ex. predict anticipated objections and answer them directly in your speech
ethos
the name used by aristotle for what modern students refer to as credibility
burden of proof
the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary ex. convince that the old one isnt working
rhythm
the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words ex. rearranging words like poetry
visual framework
the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speakers ideas.
articulation
the physical production of particular speech sounds
target audience
the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
persuasion
the process of creating reinforcing or changing peoples beliefs or actions
plan
the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem
parallelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences ex. rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, mean and woman
rate
the speed at which a person speaks
kinesics
the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication ex. physical signals sent through bodily movement that have a significant impact on the meaning communicated by the speaker
generic "he"
the use of "he" to refer to both women and men
imagery
the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas
personalize
to present ones ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
abstract words
words that refer to ideas or concepts...general Physical activity, sports
concrete words
words that refer to tangible objects ...specific Lebron James