Public Speaking

Managing anxiety: AS YOU deliver your speech

-Display your positive attitude -expect to experience some anxiety -turn anxiety into positive energy -avoid over analyzing -never comment on anxiety -focus on audience -pay attention to feedback -make no apologies or excuses

Managing anxiety: PRIOR to speech

-Dress for the occasion -Keep all your notes and materials organized -Arrive early -Take calming breaths -Warm up your voice -Make sure all technology working -Concentrate on other speakers

speeches on questions of FACT

-ask whether something is true or false -relies on the speaker's ability to present sound, credible evidence typically arranged in chronological, spatial, topical or cause and effect pattern

visual presentation aids

-avoid too much info on a slide -make sure materials are relevant to topic -dont use too many images -use large lettering

video clips in speech

-be sure clip with contribute something important -less than 10% of overall speech time -embed the video within your slides -make sure not offensive -cite source of video

informative speech organizational patterns

-chronological -spatial -topical -narrative -cause and effect

digital tips

-limit # of bullet points for each slide -limit # of words for bullet points -make the type font large and clean -avoid special effects -use high contrast colors

Managing anxiety: AFTER your speech

-listen carefully to audience questions -recognize anxiety can occur after you finish your speech -congratulate yourself -develop a plan for future speeches

informative speech topics

-objects and places -people or other living creatures -processes -events -ideas and concepts

informative speech characteristics

-personally meaningful -presents accurate info -presents info clearly and is easily followed

visual language

-similes: comparison using like or as -metaphors: comparison not using like or as -parallelism: using the same phrase, wording or clause multiple times to add emphasis -rhymes: using words with similar sounds, usually at the end of the word -alliteration: repetition of a sound in a series of words, usually the first consonant -antithesis: juxtaposition of two apparently contradictory phrases that are organized in a parallel structure

Developing your introduction

1. attention getter -cite a surprising fact -tell an emotional story -tell a joke -use info you have collected about your audience -ask question you want audience to consider 2. indicate your purpose and thesis 3. establish your credibility 4. preview your main points

credibility's four dimensions

1. competence - the qualifications a speaker has to talk about a topic 2. trustworthiness -an audience's perception of a speaker as honest, ethical, sincere, reliable, empathic 3. dynamism -an audience's perception of a speaker's activity level when presenting 4. sociability -the degree to which an audience feels a connection to a speaker considered friendly, accessible and responsive

15* Four main fallacy categories

1. faulty assertions 2. flawed evidence 3. defective reasoning 4. erroneous responses

four types of delivery methods

1. impromptu 2. extemporaneous 3. manuscript 4. memorized

Four main parts of a speech

1. introduction 2. body 3. transitions 4. conclusion

developing your conclusion

1. review your main points 2. reinforce your purpose 3. provide closure

Copyright

A type of intellectual property law that protects an authors original work (such as a play, book, song, or movie) from being used by others

Patterns of speech organization

Chronological Spatial Cause-and-effect Problem-solution formats

Models of Human communication: interactional model

Communication is two-way, with messages going back and forth between source and receiver Consists of channel and feedback: CHANNEL- how messages pass from a sender, mode of communication to a receiver (i.e. person, phone, text, webcam) FEEDBACK: Receivers respond to sources with feedback, provides speaker information about how an audience understands the message based on their responses to the speech

Mythos

Focuses on values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives or stories

Public Speaking Students Credibility

How much the audience views the speaker as competent, friendly, trustworthy and dynamic.

Models of Human communication: transmission model

Portrays human communication as information flowing in a single direction from sender to receiver. Consists of noise, context, environment NOISE- any interference in the understanding of a message (internal or ex) CONTEXT- the setting for the communication, physical setting and occasion ENVIRONMENT- all the outside forces that might affect communication

Plagiarism

Presenting someone else's ideas and work, such as speeches, papers and images as your own

Logos

Rational appeals based on logic, facts, and objective analysis. i.e. deployment of scientific evidence, used in court of law, detailed set of recommendations, praising a friend's accomplishments when nominated for leadership position

Transferable skills

Skills that can be transferred from one context to another

SMCR Model

Source, message, channel, receiver

Ethos

Speaker's personal character and credibility. i.e. when speaking at a campus meeting or in class the listeners evaluate your trustworthiness and believably

Pathos

Speakers appeal to emotion. i.e. often used to persuade audience's on sensitive topics via emotion

Ethical speaking/communication

The moral aspects of our interactions with others, including truthfulness, fairness, responsibility integrity and respect

General purpose

The speaker's overall objective: to inform, to persuade or to entertain

Public Speaking

When an individual speaks to a group of people assuming responsibility for speaking for a defined length of time.

Managing speech anxiety: Re-labeling

When you assign positive words or phrases to the physical and emotional reactions associated with speech anxiety.

Specific purpose

a concise statement articulating what the speaker will achieve in giving a speech what you want to achieve in your speech merges your general purpose statement, topic and audience typically begins with -"to inform my audience about..." -"to teach my audience" -"to make my audience aware"

7* similes

a figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison between two things, using the words like or as

7* metaphors

a figure of speech that makes an implicit comparison between two things

15* syllogism

a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, minor premise and conclusion

symposium

a presentation format in which each member of a group presents a speech about a part of a larger topic

oral report

a report in which one member of a group presents the groups findings

values

a standard of behavior enduring concepts of what is good, right, worthy and important

7* analogy

a type of comparison that describes something by comparing it to something else it resembles

15* qualifier

a word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase

avoid euphemisms

a word used in place of another word that is viewed as more disagreeable or offensive i.e. porn ... replaced with adult films

problem-solution pattern

acceptable when attempting to convince audience members that a specific dilemma or problem requires a particular course of action or solution, and must demonstrate that the proposed solution with address the issue described and can be implemented

persuasive speakers

advocate a particular view on a topic they want the audience to adopt voice a clear position on a topic address fact, value and policy

15* cultural appeals

aka mythos

15* emotional appeals

aka pathos

manuscript

allows exact composition of the language you wish to use for your speech

chronological pattern of organization

allows you to arrange your ideas in a time sequence or trace the history of a topic

spatial pattern of organization

allows you to link points together based on their physical relationships

narrative pattern of organization

allows you to structure your main points in story form

15* enthymemes

an argument in which a premise or conclusion is unstated

credibility

an audience's perception of a speaker's 4 dimensions

15* fallacy

an error in making an argument

avoid cliches

an expression so overused it fails to have an important meaning i.e. thinking outside of the box

avoid idioms

an expression that means something other than the literal meaning of the words i.e. that test was a piece of cake

7* testimony

an individual's opinions or experiences about a topic

7* facts

an observation based on actual experience

7* ethos

appeals that are linked to the speakers credibility

7* mythos

appeals to cultural beliefs and values

7* pathos

appeals to emotion

7* logos

appeals to logic

when speaking be sure to

articulate your words clearly and pronounce them correctly

speeches on questions of VALUE

ask qualitative judgments about something's significance addresses individual opinions and cultural beliefs address timeless issues as well as recent concerns typically arranged in chronological, spatial or topical pattern

speeches to INFORM

attempt to describe, explain or demonstrate something and are designed to increase the audience's knowledge about a topic

speeches to PERSUADE

attempt to reinforce or change the audience's beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values and behaviors

paper handouts

can be effective but best to give out after your speech

voluntary audience

choose to attend the event

15* analogical reasoning

comparing two similar objects, processes, concepts or events and suggesting that what holds true for one also holds true for the other

15* analogy

comparison between two things

monroe's motivated sequence

composed of 5 steps that encourage speakers to focus on audience outcomes while organizing ideas 1. attention 2. need 3. satisfaction 4. visualization 5. action

language is active

constantly evolving new inventions create new words specific events change the meanings of words

panel discussion

discussion in which a moderator ask questions of experts on a topic in front of an audience

round table discussion

discussion in which expert participants discuss a topic in an impromptu format without an audience present

topical pattern of orgnaization

divides a topic into subtopics that address its components, elements or aspects

7* type of supporting material: NARRATIVES

draw the audience into the message description of events in a dramatic fashion; also called a story

memorized

effective for small speeches or for sections of your speech such as intro and key transitions

Persuasion

embodies the concept of success -relies on language, images, and other means of communication to influence people's attitudes, beliefs values or actions

7* supporting materials

evidence used to demonstrate the worth of an idea provide the substance of your speech

7* type of supporting material: DEFINITION

explain or describe what something is, meaning of a word or phrase DENOTATIVE MEANING: definitions you find in dictionaries CONNOTATIVE MEANING: personal associations individuals have with a particular word

captive audiences

feel they must attend the event

beliefs

flow form an individuals standpoint something an individual accepts as true

using psychographic info

focus on psychological data (i.e. info about audience's standpoints, values, beliefs, attitudes)

adapting to a diverse audience

for public speakers, the target audience includes the people speakers most want to inform, persuade or entertain diverse audience has pros and cons

15* premises

gives a reason to support a conclusion

attitude

how a person feels about something

body

includes the speaker's main points and subordinate points

avoid slang

informal, nonstandard language, often used within a particular group

currency

information must be current and up to date

reliability

information must be reliable; it must be credible and fit with what other experts have concluded, and the source must be an authority on the topic

validity

information must be valid, and can be tested by examining the author's conclusions

positive audience

informed about your topic and has a favorable view of your position

divided audience

informed about your topic but split in its views

Managing speech anxiety: visualization

involves thinking through the sequence that make up the speech in a positive, detailed, concrete, and step-by-step way 1. focus on what will go right in your speech 2. visualize yourself giving a successful speech 3. use all of your senses to feel what will happen

Negative audience

is informed about your topic and holds an unfavorable view of it

15* casual reasoning

linking two events or actions to claim that one resulted from the other

Standpoint

location or place from which an individual views, interprets, and evaluates the world

7* type of supporting material: EXAMPLES

make ideas more concrete and personalize the topic illustration or case that represents a larger group or class of things

written sources

must be backed up with written citations, include bibliographic info in APA format

Language is arbitrary

no direct connection between a word and what it represents, different groups of people have different words that stand for the same things

7* statistics

numerical data or info

Audience analysis

obtaining and evaluating information about your audience in order to anticipate its members needs and interests and design a strategy to respond to them

15* conclusion

primary claim or assertion a speaker makes

15* claims

propose conclusions based on the evidence presented lay the groundwork for your these position or assertion that a speaker wants an audience to accept

Copyright laws

protect original published and unpublished works -also cover visual and audio materials

15* arguments

provide support for persuasive speakers' positions on questions of fact, value or policy makes a claim and supports it with evidence and reasoning

Oral citations

provided when giving a speech, brief reference to a source -tell who authored or published a certain piece of info -cite video, visual and written materials

forum

question-and-answer session following a group's formal presentation

15* deductive reasoning

reasoning from a general condition to a specific case

cause-and-effect pattern of organization

relies on the idea of one action leading to or bringing about another

extemporaneous

requires careful research, organization and rehearsal before delivery

speeches to ENTERTAI

seek to provide enjoyment to the audience

speech of introduction

short speech that introduces someone to an audience

videoconferencing

small group presentation in which individuals at multiple physical locations interact in real time orally and visually, using video and highspeed computer technology

managing your voice during your speech

speak loudly enough so people dont have to strain to hear you

introduction

speaker gets the audience's attention, indicate the purpose and thesis, establish credibility and preview the speech's main points

using demographic info

speakers assess the size of the audience and their demographic characteristics used to identify target audience demographics: ways in which populations can be divided into smaller groups according to key characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, age and social class

impromptu

speaking requires little or no preparation ex. general conversation

acceptance speech

speech given by an individual who is being recognized, honored, or given an award

eulogies

speech of tribute presented as a retrospective about an individual who has died dont speak bad of the dead

speeches or tribute

speech that gives credit, respect, admiration, gratitude or inspiration to someone who has accomplished something significant, lives in a way that deserves to be praised or is about to embark on an adventure

patterns of organization

structures for ordering the main points of your speech

Thesis

summarizes the plan for achieving the specific purpose declarative sentence that captures central idea of the speech

15* inductive reasoning

supporting a claim with specific cases or instances; also called reasoning by example

15* evidence

supporting materials- narratives, examples, definitions, testimony, facts, stats that a speaker presents to enforce a claim

avoid jargon

technical language used by members of a profession or associated with a specific topic i.e. text, blog, chat

Ethnocentrism

the belief that our cultural view of the world is superior to anyone else's cultural view influences our evaluations of other speakers competence and credibility can promote discrimination against people

15* reasoning

the method or process used to link claims to evidence

uninformed audience

unfamiliar with topic and has no opinion about it

15* logical appeals

use of rational appeals based on logic, facts, and analysis to influence an audience, also known as logos

15* appeals to credibility

use of the audience's perception of the speaker as competent, trustworthy, dynamic and likeable; also know as ethos

vary your rate, pitch and volume

use vocal variety to fit your topic and evoke emotion , indicate different tones

transitions

used to move form the introduction to the body, from one point to the next, from the body to the conclusion

Fair use

using someone else's work in a way that does not infringe on the owner's rights, generally for educational purposes, literary criticism, and news reporting

when speaking avoid

vocal pauses

speeches on questions of POLICY

what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved -typically problem-cause-solution pattern of organization is used

language is ambiguous

words have multiple meanings

conclusion

wraps up the speech, reviews the main points, restates the thesis and provides closure