public speaking
why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? what can you do to make sure your ideas don't pass over the heads of your listeners?
* Most of your listeners will be only vaguely knowledgeable about the details of your topic. *be sure to explain everything so thoroughly that they cannot help but understand.
what is a preliminary bibliography? why is it helpful to you in researching a speech?
* a list complied early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic *it's helpful because it gives you a lot of options in picking the sites you actually want to use for your speech and helps you pick the best possible materials to use.
what is a preview statement? why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction of your speech?
* a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body * so the audience is aware about the main points that will be in the speech
what is nonverbal communication? why is it important to effective public speaking?
* communication based on a person's use of choice and body, rather than on the use of words * research shows that the impact of a speaker's words is powerfully influenced by his or her nonverbal communication
what is incremental plagiarism? how can you steer clear of it when dealing with quotations and paraphrases?
* failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people *1.) to be careful when taking research notes to distinguish among direct quotation, paraphrased material, and your own comments. 2.) err on the side of caution. when in doubt, cite your source.
what is a testimony?
* quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
what are the 5 basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? which is the most appropriate for persuasive speeches? which is used most often?
*1.) chronological order 2.) spatial order 3.) causal order 4.) problem- solution order 5.) topical order *problem- solution order *topical order
what steps should you take when preparing for a question- and- answer session? what should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the session?
*1.) formulate answers to possible questions 2.) practice the delivery of your answers *1.) approach questions with positive attitude 2.) listen carefully 3.) direct answers to the entire audience 4.) be honest and straightforward 5.) stay on tract
why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?
*by thinking over your past experiences- gathering material from yourself- you can find many supporting materials for your speech. *adding personal experiences to your speech can bring it to life
explain the differences b/w expert testimony and peer testimony.
*expert testimony- testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields *peer testimony- testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
what is the difference b/w global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism? what are the 2 best ways to avoid these two kinds of plagiarism?
*global plagiarism- stealing a speech entirely form a single source and passing it off as one's own *patchwork plagiarism- stealing ideas or or language from 2 or 3 sources and passing them off as one's own *1.) don't leave your speech until the last minute. 2.) consult a large number of sources
what are the differences among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility
*initial credibility: the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak *derived credibility: the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech *terminal credibility: the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?
*people who hear a well organized speech are more likely to believe the speaker to be much more competent and trustworthy *its easier for the audience to understand/ follow along with the speech
what is ethics?
*the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
what is the difference b/w the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech?
*the specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish. the central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say
what are some examples of specialized resources sites that are most likely to be helpful for your speeches?
*virtual libraries *government resources *wikipedia
what are 3 tips for preparing your main points?
1.) keep main points separate 2.) try to use the same pattern for wording for main points 3.) balance the amount of team devoted to main points
what are 5 tips for formulating your specific purpose?
1.) write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment 2.) express your purpose as a statement, not as a question 3.)avoid figurative language in you purpose statement 4.)limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea 5.) make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general
what are the 5 steps of Monroe's motivated sequence? why is the motivated sequence especially useful in speeches that seek immediate action from listeners?
1.)attention 2.)need 3.)satisfaction 4.)visualization 5.)action
what are the 3 basic issues you must deal with when discussing a question of policy? what will determine the amount of attention you give to each of these issues in any particular speech?
1.)need 2.)plan 3.)practicality base it off of your topic and your audience ∑
what are 4 guidelines for an effective central idea?
1.)should be expressed in full sentences 2.) should not be in the form of a question 3.) should avoid figurative language 4.) should not be vague or overly general
what 4 things should you do to take research notes efficiently?
1.)take plenty of notes 2.) record notes in a consistent format 3.) make a separate entry for each note 4.)distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas
what are 4 tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech
1.)use specific evidence 2.)use novel evidence 3.)use evidence form credible sources 4.)make clear the point of your evidence
how many main points will your speeches usually contain?
2 or 3
extemporaneous speech
a careful prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
define academic database
a database that catalogues articles from scholar journals
define hasty generalization
a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
define false cause
a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
define bandwagon
a fallacy which assumes that bc something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
define catalogue
a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library
topical order
a method in speech organization in which th main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
define comparative advantages order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
define problem-solution order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals w the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
define problem- cause-solution order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point anazlyes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.
causal order
a method of speech making in which the main points show a cause- effect relationship
problem- solution order
a method of speech making organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
spatial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
define call number
a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves
define central idea
a one sentence stamen that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
what are the questions of fact? how does a persuasive speech on a question of fact differ from an informative speech?
a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion the situation for an informative speech is nonpartisan but the situation for a persuasive speech is partisan
what are questions of value?
a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
what are questions of policy?
a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
define newspaper and periodical databases
a research aid that catalogues articles form a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers
define virtual library
a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data
define specific purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
impromptu speech
a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
define informative speech
a speech designed to convert knowledge and und2erstanding
manuscript speech
a speech that's written out word for word and read to the audience
define internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
define internal summery
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points
define abstract
a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author
chiche
a trite or overused expression
define signpost
a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
define connective
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them
define transitions
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
define reference work
a work that synthesizes a large amount of related info for easy access by researchers
define fallacy
an error in reasoning
define object
anything thats visible, tangible, and stable in form
aspect of your voice is defined as the physical production of particular speech sounds
articulation
thesaurus
book of synonyms
what is the difference b/w denotative and connotative meaning?
denotative meaning: the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase connotative meaning: the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions trigger by a word or phrase
how can you use google and other search engines systematically to find what you need?
develop a search strategy that will allow yo to zero in precisely on the info required for you speech
why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speeches?
if you have too many main points, the audience will have trouble sorting them out
What is the difference b/w an informative speech and a persuasive speech?
informative you are just informing someone about something, persuasive you are informing someone about something AND persuading them to think a certain thing.
what is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking? identify 3 methods you can use to generate emotional appeal in your speeches.
intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like 1.)use emotional language 2.)develop vivid examples 3.)speak w sincerity and conviction
why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation?
it he;ps keep the audience at the center of your attention as you prepare your speech
what is the best virtual library on the internet?
its a merger of 2 previous virtual libraries- Librarians' Internet Index and Internet Public Library
inclusive language
language that doesn't stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
why is it so easy to lie with statistics?
numbers can easily be manipulated or distorted
what is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?
organize your supporting materials so they are directly relevant to the main points they are suppose to support
explain the difference b/w passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy
passive agreement: a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy. immediate agreement: a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
What's the first step in speechmaking?
picking a topic
what is analogical reasoning?
reasoning in which a speaker compares 2 similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
what is resigning form principle?
reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
what is reasoning from specific instances?
reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
what is casual reasoning?
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship b/w causes and effects
repetition
reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
alliteration
repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
conversational quality
resenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
what is evidence?
supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.
What is credibility? what 2 factors exert the most influence on an audience's perception of a speaker's credibility?
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. 2 major factors: competence and character
define credibility
the audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
define goodwill
the audiences perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
define need
the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy. is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
why is it important to start you speech research early?
the longer you wait, the more problems you will encounter (books you need may be checked out, ect.)
mental dialogue with the audience
the mental give- and - take b/w speaker and listener during a persuasive speech ⁺
Define Monroe's Motivated Sequence
the method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. the 5 steps of the motivated seq are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
define ethos
the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.
define burden of proof
the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
rhythm
the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
what is the target audience for a persuasive speech?
the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
persuasion
the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.
define reasoning
the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
define plan
the second basic issue in analyzing a quesiotn of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
parallelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
why do you need supporting materials in your speech?
the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference b/w a poor speech and a good speech
define kinesics
the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
define practicality
the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems?
imagery
the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas
what are 3 methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?
through description, comparison, and contrast
what 2 things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?
to know what can be explained to an ordinary audience and what cannot
what should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to the audience?
use personal terms when giving your speech (ex: you and your)
define residual message
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
abstract words
word that refer to ideas or concepts
concrete words
words that refer to tangible objects
why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?
your audience will be more invested in the speech if you seem to know what your talking about/ has good credibility
what are the 5 steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?
1.) go through your preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse 2.) prepare your speaking outline. 3.) practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline 4.) now begin to polish and refine your delivery 5.) give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class
what are 2 ways to bring your speeches to life with vivid animated language
1.) imagery 2.)rhythm
what 3 questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?
1.) are the statistics representative? 2.)are statical messes used correctly? 3.) are the statistics from a reliable source?
what are 4 tips for your conclusion?
1.) as with the intro, keep an eye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech 2.) conclude with a bang, not a whimper. 3.) don't be long- winded 4.) don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance
what are 3 criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the internet
1.) authorship 2.) sponsorship 3.) recency
what are the 3 guidelines for ethical listening discussed in this chapter?
1.) be courteous and attentive 2.) avoid prejudging the speaker 3.) maintain the free and open expression of ideas
what are the 3 kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? how might yo use each kind to support you ideas?
1.) brief examples (also called specific instances) * brief examples that can be used in passing to illustrate a point 2.) extended examples (also called narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes) * by telling a story vividly and dramatically, they pull listeners into the speech 3.) hypothetical examples * example that describes an imaginary situation- usually are brief stories that relate a general principle
what are 2 ways you can signal the end of your speech?
1.) crescendo ending- a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity 2.) dissolve ending- a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
what are 5 questions to ask about your specific purpose?
1.) does my purpose meet the assignment? 2.) can i accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3.) is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4.)is the purpose too trivial for my audience? 5.) is the purpose too technical to my audience?
what are the 3 major kinds of supporting materials?
1.) examples 2.) statistics 3.) testimony
what are 3 ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?
1.) explain your competence 2.) establish common ground with your audience 3.)deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction
what are the 4 objectives of a speech introduction?
1.) get the attention and interest of your audience 2.) reveal the topic of your speech 3.) establish your credibility and goodwill 4.) preview the body of the speech
what are 6 tips for your introduction?
1.) keep the intro relatively brief. 2.) be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do you research. 3.) be creative in devising you intro 4.) don't worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech 5.) work out your intro in detail 6.) when you present the speech, don't start talking too soon.
what are 5 resources for finding what you need in the library
1.) librarians 2.) the catalogue 3.) reference works 4.) newspaper and periodical databases 5.) academic databases
what are the 5 guidelines for ethical speechmaking discussed intros chapter?
1.) make sure your goals are ethically sound 2.) be fully prepared for each speech 3.)be honest in what you say 4.) avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language 5.) put ethical principles into practice
what are the 4 aspects of bodily action you should concentrate on in your speeches?
1.) personal appearance 2.) movement 3.) gestures 4.) eye contact
What 3 brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for your speech?
1.) personal inventory 2.) clustering 3.) internet search
what 4 methods of organization are used more often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?
1.) problem- solution order 2.)problem-cause-solution order 3.)comparative advantages order 4.)monroe's motivated sequence
what are 4 tips for using testimony in your speeches?
1.) quote or paraphrase accurately 2.) use testimony from qualified sources 3.) use testimony from unbiased sources 4.) identify the people you quote or paraphrase
what are the 4 methods of speech delivery?
1.) reading verbatim from a manuscript 2.) reciting a memorized text 3.) speaking impromptu 4.) speaking extemporaneously
what are 7 methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience
1.) relate the topic to the audience 2.) state the importance of your topic 3.) startle the audience 4.) arouse the curiosity of the audience 5.) question the audience 6.) begin with a quotation 7.) tell a story
what are the elements of good speech delivery?
1.) speaking intelligibly 2.) avoiding distracting mannerisms 3.) establishing eye contact
what are the 4 types of informative speeches discussed in the chapter? give an example of a good specific purpose statement for each type
1.) speeches about objects ex: to inform my audience about 3 major kinds of service dogs 2.) speeches about processes ex: to inform my audience how flash floods develop 3.) speeches about events ex: to inform my audience about the major types of therapeutic massage. 4.) speeches about concepts ex:to inform my audience about the philosophy of Net neutrality.
What are the 2 broad categories of potential topics for your classroom speeches?
1.) subjects you know a lot about 2.)subjects you want to know more about
what are 4 ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?
1.) summarize your speech 2.) end with a quotation 3.) make a dramatic statemetn 4.) refer to the introduction
what are 4 pieces of info do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?
1.) the book, magazine, newspaper, or Web document you are citing 2.) the author or sponsoring organization of the document 3.) the author's qualifications with regard to the topic 4.) the date on which the document was published, posted, or uploaded
what are the major functions of a speech conclusion?
1.) to let the audience know you are ending the speech 2.) to reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea
What are the 2 general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ?
1.) to persuade 2.) to inform
what are the 4 kinds of speech connectives? what role does each play in a speech?
1.) transitions 2.) internal previews 3.) internal summaries 4.) signposts
what 8 steps should you take if you are faced with presenting an online speech?
1.) understand the special nature of the online environment 2.) know your technology 3.) control the visual environment 4.) adapt your nonverbal communication 5.) adjust your pacing for the outline environment 6.) mange Q&A for the outline environment 7.) rehearse for the outline environment 8.) have a backup plan
what are 5 tips for using examples in your speeches?
1.) use examples to clarity your ideas 2.) use examples to reinforce your ideas 3.) use examples to personalize your ideas 4.) make your examples vivid and richly textured 5.) practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
what are 3 things you should do to use language clearly in your speeches?
1.) use familiar words 2.) choose concrete words 3.) eliminate clutter
what are six tips for using statistics in your speech?
1.) use them to quantify your ideas 2.)use them sparingly 3.) identify the sources of your statistics 4.)explain your statistics 5.) round off complicated statistics 6.) use visual aids to clarify statistical trends
what are the 8 aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?
1.) volume 2.) pitch 3.) rate 4.) pauses 5.) vocal variety 6.) pronunciation 7.) articulation 8.) dialect
what are the 3 stages of a research interview? what should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful interview?
1.) what to do before the interview *define the purpose of the interview *decide whom to interview *arrange the interview *decide whether to record the interview *prepare you questions 2.) what to do during the interview *dress appropriately and be on time *repeat the purpose of the interview *set up the recorder, if you are using one *keep the interview on track *listen carefully *dont overstay your welcome 3.) what to do after the interview *review your notes as soon as possible *transcribe your notes
