Public Speaking (Chapters 9, 10, and 11)
Topical Order
Divide main topic into subtopics
Spatial Order
Follows a directional pattern
Causal Order
Main points are organized according to their cause-effect relationship
First impressions and Last impressions
-Both are very important -This is why speeches need strong introductions and conclusions
Outlines
-Can be essential to effective speeches -Thoughts flow from one to another -Structure of speech is coherent -Detailed preparation
Speaking Outline
-Contain key words or phrases to jog your memory -Essential statistics and quotations -Legible -Follows visual framework of your preparation outline -Includes cues for delivering the speech
Connectives
-Help tie a speech together -Words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them
Objectives of a speech conclusion:
-Let the audience know you are ending -Wording or manner of the delivery -Reinforce the central idea -Summarize the speech -End with a quotation -Make a dramatic statement -Refer to the introduction -Can combine two or more techniques to do so
Main Points
-Should be no more than 2 to 5 -Focus on a single idea -Worded clearly -Clear and convincing
How to gain attention and interest of your audience:
-Show the importance of your topic -Startle or question your audience or arouse their curiosity -Begin with a quotation or a story
Preparation Outline
-State your specific purpose and central idea -Label the introduction, body, and conclusion -Identify main points, sub points, and sub sub points by a consistent pattern of symbolization and identation -Designate transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews
4 Objectives to accomplish in your Introduction:
1. Get the attention and interest of the audience 2. Reveal the topic of your speech 3. Establish your credibility and goodwill 4. Preview the body of the speech
2 Types of Outlines:
1. Preparation 2. Speaking
4 Types of Speech Connectives:
1. Transitions 2. Internal Previews 3. Internal Summaries 4. Signposts
Supporting Materials
Backup ideas for your main ideas and should be relevant to the main points they are supposed to support
Problem-Solution Order
Breaks the body of the speech into two main parts (problem and solution)
Chronological Order
Follows a time pattern