Public Speaking Final Exam Study Guide

How does the primacy-recency effect apply to argumentation in public speaking?

(the primacy effect) arguments presented first set the agenda for what is to follow, and a strong opening argument often impresses an audience with its power, thereby heightening the credibility of the arguer. Recency- close with the most valid point (strongest) last.

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

- physiological needs; basic bodily requirements. - safety needs; freedom from fear and chaos - belonging and love needs; need for acceptance and approval - esteem needs; desire for esteem from others - self-actualization needs; desire to actualize your capabilities

What are the four methods of presentation? How are they different from one another? When is each appropriate? Which is used most often in public speaking?

- the extemporaneous speech-one that is prepared in advance and presented from abbreviated notes. This is most often used in public speaking. It is appropriate for any occasion. - the impromptu speech- a spur of the moment speech. No preparation is done for this speech, and you speak based on what you know at the moment. This is usually done when talking to other people like your friends; you hear them talk about something and you just in with your own input, telling others what you feel or know. - manuscript speech; a speech written out beforehand, and then read from a teleprompter. This is used a lot in presidential speeches as well as radio television speeches. - The memorized speech-a speech that is prepared and written out beforehand, like a manuscript speech, but is memorized because a manuscript or teleprompter is not available. This type of speech is usually one done at gatherings like weddings, anniversaries, etc.

What are the different types of gestures?

-conventional gestures; physical movements that are symbols with specific meanings assigned by custom or convention. -descriptive gestures; physical movements that describes the ideas to be communicated. -indicators; movements of the hands, arms, or other parts of the body that express feelings.

What are the different types of imagery? Be able to recognize examples of each.

-visual sight -auditory sound -gustatory taste -olfactory smell -tactile touch -kinesthetic muscle strain and movement -organic internal feelings like hunger and nausea

What are the factors of attention? Be able to recognize examples of each.

1. Activity: use active verbs, dynamic stories, and short segments. 2. Reality: using words with tangible because they have more force than general references. 3. Proximity: direct reference to someone in the audience or the immediate occasion 4. Familiarity: using what is very known and comfortable because it is well received 5. Novelty: dramatic incidents or unusual developments 6. Suspense: not knowing what will happen in the end 7. Conflict: controversy grabs attention a soup operas, reality TV 8. Humor: makes people enjoy themselves and pay more attention 9. The vital: pay attention to things that immediately benefit us (health, reputation, job)

What are the four factors of intelligibility? How are they important?

1. Adjust your volume. This is the most important. It is related to your distance to the audience and the amount of other noise present. It determines whether the audience will hear you or not. 2. Control your rate. Rate is the amount of words spoken per minute. Having a fast rate while speaking in public, especially to large audiences, can jumble up your words and make them hard to understand. 3. Enunciate clearly- enunciation refers to the crispness and precision with which you form words. Speaking clearly and not being lazy with our speaking as we would in normal conversations is important because it also helps the audience to understand what we are saying as well. 4. Meet standards of pronunciation. Certain audiences expect words to be pronounced in certain ways, so you must meet those standards of pronunciation as this can affect credibility.

What are the motive clusters? Recognize in which clusters different motivational appeals belong and examples of different motivational appeal.

1. Affiliation motive; companionship and affiliation, conformity, sympathy generosity, loyalty, tradition, reverence/worship, and sexual attraction. 2. Achievement motives; acquisition/saving, success/display, prestige, pride, adventure/change, perseverance, creativity, curiosity, and personal enjoyment. 3. Power motives; aggression, authority/dominance, defense, fear, and autonomy/independence.

What organizational patterns are speech-centered? Give definitions and examples of each one.

1. Chronological patterns: order ideas in a time sequence (begin at one point in time and move forward or backward to some other time) 2. Spatial patterns: major points of the speech are organized by their position (can trace ideas from east to west, top to bottom, left to right, or inside out) 3. Causal patterns: show a relationship between causes and effects (can move from present causes to future effects or from present conditions to their apparent causes) 4. Topical patterns: lists aspects of person, places things, or processes (speaking about trees and classifying them as deciduous and evergreen; most popular and easy to use)

What are the different types of claims? Recognize definitions and examples of each.

1. Claim of fact; assertion of truth or that something exist. By what criteria is the truth or accuracy of the claim measured. 2. Claim of value; assertion that something is good or bad; desirable or undesirable; justified or unjustified. By what standard is something to be judged? 3. Claim of policy; recommendation of a course of action. Is there a need for this policy or course of action?

What are different kinds of definitions? Be able to recognize examples of each

1. Dictionary 2. Stipulate 3. Negative 4. Etymological 5. Exemplar 6. Contextual 7. Analogical

What organizational patterns are audience-centered? Give definitions and examples of each one.

1. Familiarity-acceptance order: begins with what the audience knows or believes (the familiar) and moves on to new or challenging ideas (the unfamiliar). (Subatomic particles begin with what is commonly known about molecules and then move on to unfamiliar material) 2. Inquiry order: provides a step-by-step explanation of how you acquired information or reached a conclusion. (Scientists carefully describing the research procedures) 3. Question-answer order: raises and answers listeners' questions. (about buying a car and all the questions that come with it such as gas mileage and son on) 4. Problem-solution order: advocate changes of action or thought. (show students that they do not need to be complacent about the parking shortages) 5. Elimination order: first surveying all the available solutions and courses of action that can reasonably be pursued. (showing a group that your choice is the one to go for because all the other options are unavailable).

What are the different methods of speech conclusion? Be able to recognize examples of each.

1. Issuing a challenge: request support or action. 2. Summarizing the major points or ideas: pulls together the main strands of information 3. Using a quotation: capture the spirit of the conclusion, use poetry and uplifting language 4. Using an illustration: engage listeners emotionally to set the tone and direction of your final words. 5. Supplying an additional inducement to belief or action: adding that last push to see if you can change someone's perspective 6. Stating a personal intention: effective when you have high prestige

What are the different types of reasoning? Recognize examples of each.

1. Pattern reasoning; are habitual ways in which society uses inferences to connect what is accepted to what it is being urged to accept. 2. Inductive reasoning; involves examining a series of examples of known occurrences (evidence) and drawing general conclusion (claim). For example, I enjoy the music of Bach Beethoven, and Brahms. I like classical music. 3. Reasoning from generalization (sometimes called deduction) means applying a general truth to a specific situation. The petunias are all dead. Someone forgot to water them. Irish Setters are friendly dogs. I think I'll get an Irish setter puppy for my niece. 4. Reasoning from sign uses an observable mark or sign as proof for the existence of a state of affairs. You reason from sign when you notice the tickle in your throat (evidence) and decide that you're getting a cold (claim). The petunias are all dead. Someone forgot to water them. 5. Reasoning from parallel case, involves thinking solely in terms of similar things and events. For example, North Korea is developing nuclear technology. South Korea won't be far behind. 6. Reasoning from cause is an important vehicle for reaching conclusions. The underlying assumption of causal reasoning is that events occur in a predictable, routine manner, with causes that account for occurrences. Reasoning form cause involves associating events that come before with events that follow. For example, the engine won't start because the carburetor is flooded with gasoline.

What types of "attention-getters" can you use in an introduction? Be able to recognize examples of each.

1. Referring to the subject or occasion: if audience is already interested in your topic just state the subject before presenting your first main point. 2. Using a personal reference or greeting: warm personal greeting or remembrance of a previous visit; Halle Barry acceptance speech example 3. Asking a question: rhetorical questions forecast major speech topics 4. Making a starting statement: good to grab a distracted apathetic, or smug audience's attention 5. Using a quotation: helps capture an appropriate emotional tone and capture the theme of the speech 6. Telling a humorous story: must be amusing if not funny and must be relevant 7. Using an illustration: real-life incident, passage from a novel or short story, or hypothetical illustration.

What are the characteristics of vocal variety?

1. Vary your rate. Slow down to emphasize thoughtfulness, or speed up to express emotion. 2. Change your pitch. Pitch is the frequency of soundwaves in particular sound. Three aspects of pitch-level, range, and variation-are relevant to effective vocal communication. 3. Use stress effectively. Stress is the watt in which sounds, syllables, and words are accented. Vocal stress is achieved through emphasis and the judicious use of pauses.

What are the different types of language devices? Be able to recognize examples of each

1. imagery and metaphor

What should be included in an effective conclusion?

1. reinforce the message of the speech 2. completes the emotional relationship you've constructed with your listeners 3. creates a sense of completeness or closure

About what percentage of your speaking time should be taken by the introduction? The conclusion?

10% introduction 5% conclusion

What are the different parts or characteristics of an effective speech introduction?

An introduction that secures your audience's attention and good will and that prepares them to listen lays a solid foundation for acceptance of the central idea of your speech.

What are logical fallacies? What are the different types of fallacies? Recognize definitions and examples of each.

A fallacy is a flow in the rational properties of an argument or inference. 1. hasty generalization; a hasty generalization is a claim made on the basis of too little evidence. 2. genetic fallacy; occurs when someone assumes that the only "true" understanding of some idea, practice, or event is to be found in its origins-in its "genes," either literally or metaphorically. 3. appeal to ignorance; people sometimes appeal to ignorance by arguing with double negatives: "You can't prove it won't work!" 4. bandwagon fallacy; a frequent strategy is to appeal to popular opinion or urge people to jump on the bandwagon. Assumes that if everyone else is doing something, you should, too. 5. sequential fallacy; often present in argument s based on evidence from causal relations, the sequential fallacy arises from the assumption that if one event follows another, the firs event must have caused the second. 6. Appeal to authority; when someone who is popular but not an expert urges the acceptance of an idea or a product, this is an appeal to authority. 7. name calling; general label for attacks on people instead of on their arguments is known as name-calling.

How can public speakers construct arguments? (hint: there are three parts, and there's a graphic in your textbook that illustrates this)

Claim, reasoning, and evidence.

What is gender-neutral language? Be able to recognize examples. Why is it important in public speaking?

Do not directly or indirectly denote males or females (ex. police officer)

What is ethos? How does it apply to persuasive public speaking?

Ethos is the speaker's credibility. It is very important when seeking to change someone's mind or behavior. The audience must find the speaker credible if they are going to even consider the changes that the speaker is calling for.

What are the characteristics of oral style? How does it compare to written style?

Is informal, similar to conversation, shorter sentences. Spoken languages assume a more complicated and formal style that more closely resemble written work.

What are the principles of creating an atmosphere?

Mind set or mental attitude that you attempt to create in your audience, intensity and appropriateness.

What is Monroe's Motivated Sequence? What are the steps?

Monroe's Motivated Sequence ties problems and solutions to human motives. The steps are -create interest, curiosity, and desire. -develop the problem by analyzing wrongs in the world and relating them to the individual's interests, wants or desires. -satisfaction; propose a plan of action that will alleviate the problem and satisfy the individual's interests, wants, or desires. -visualization depict the world as it will look if the plan is put into action or not. -action call for personal commitments and deeds.

What is "proxemics"? How does it apply to public speaking?

Proxemics is the use of space by human beings. Physical arrangement and distance are two important factors of proxemics for public speaking. How close you are to the audience and how you arrange yourself in front of them are important and help deliver your message.

What are the differences (in both content and purpose) between rough outlines and speaking outlines?

Speaking outline uses key words or phrases to jot your memory when you deliver your speech, it is short and practical. Its purpose is to remind you of your speech and what you want to say without being obtrusive or distracting.

What is the primacy effect? How does it apply to public speaking?

The primacy effect refers to the way in which listeners tend to remember the first things said because, they are at the beginning. It applies to public speaking because one should open with something strong and attention-getting in order to leave a lasting impression.

What is the recency effect? How does it apply to public speaking?

The recency effect is similar to the primacy effect except that it refers to the end of a speech or list. It has also been shown that as well as remembering the first things said people remember the last things said the most as well. So start strong and end strong.

How can group cohesiveness be created?

Through humor, like when campaigning, politicians spend much time telling humorous stories about their opponents, hitting them with stinging remarks.

What is meant by "motive need"

a motive need is an impulse to satisfy a psychological-social want or a biological urge.

Give purposes, guidelines, and examples for the following types of speeches:

introduction speech - purpose: if you're invited to give a speech of introduction, remember that your main objective is to create in others a desire to hear the speaker you're introducing. - guidelines: be brief, talk about the speaker, emphasize the importance of the speakers subject, and stress the appropriateness of the subject or the speaker. "Ladies and Gentlemen" speech of courtesy -purpose; the speaker not only expresses a sentiment of gratitude or hospitality but also tries to create an aura of good feeling in the audience. -guidelines indicate for whom you're speaking present complimentary facts about the person or person whom you are extending the courtesy After-dinner speech -purpose entertain by working within cultural framework of particular group or society. -guidelines relate a story or present an illustration. setting the tone for enjoyable gathering. Acceptance speech -purpose it is given to an individual who has receive an award usually acknowledges the honor. -guidelines keep it straight to the point. Academy Awards Toast/speech of tribute -purpose; recognizes the achievements of an individual and expresses the hope -guidelines keep it to positive personal qualities. newly married couple Speech of welcome -purpose express appreciation for acceptance -guidelines indicate for whom you're speaking. a representative from the national office who is visiting a fraternity might respond to a greeting.

What is nonverbal communication? What does it include? How does it impact public speaking?

nonverbal communication refer to all aspects of communication that are not spoken. It includes proxemics, movement and stance, facial expressions, and gestures. Nonverbal speaking can disclose the speakers emotional states, enrich the speaker's message, and form a reciprocal interaction between speaker and listener.