Puzzle Personality CH.2-3
Imagine that you could draw a flat horizontal line through the points on a scatter plot depicting the relation between X and Y. Which of the following is the closest value to the correlation coefficient that you would compute from these data?
0
Imagine that you could draw a line through the points on a scatter plot depicting the relation between X and Y that slopes upward from left to right. Which of the following is a possible value for the correlation coefficient that you would compute from these data?
1.0
Assume that you are studying 200 participants, all of whom are sick. An experimental drug is given to 100 of them; the other 100 are given nothing . If the correlation between taking the drug and living is .26, then ____________ percent of those who got the drug would still be alive at the end of the study.
63
Using the Binomial Effect Size Display, if there is a correlation or .30 between drinking alcohol and the likelihood of having a car accident, then out of 100 people who have been drinking you would expect _______ of them to have an accident
65
According to the text, what is the best approach to test construction?
A combination of all three approaches
Reliability is ________ for validity.
A necessary but not sufficient condition
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?
A participants records of his daily activities in a daily research "dairy"
Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.
Actually reflected or measures what you think it does
The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to _____________
Aggregate your measurements
Increasing the number of items on a test makes it a better instrument according to which principle?
Aggregation
Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?
Aggregation of responses to different items
What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during normal daily activities?
Ambulatory assessment
The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) was designed to____________.
Assess normal individuals
A test created using the empirical method yields what kind of data
B Data
A test created using the empirical method yields what kind of data?
B Data
The implicit Association Test (IAT) yields what kind of data?
B Data
The typical experimental social psychologist collects ____________data.
B Data
The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ____________data.
B data
Inventories derived from the empirical method sometimes have items that seem strange or even objectionable to test takers ________.
Because those items correlated with outcomes of interest to the test developers
The goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education is to demonstrate that the future scientist_____________.
Can contribute something new to the field
Narrative psychology is an example of the _____________ method
Case study
The judgement that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus, these judgements have_________
Casual force
Integrity tests administered in employment screening provide good measures of ________.
Conscientiousness
The ________ method is NOT a basic method for constructing objective personality tests.
Consensus validation
In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity concern ________.
Consistency; Accuracy
Recent research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to study shyness indicates that __________.
Controlled aspects of shyness can be predicted using S data , but uncontrolled or spontaneous aspects can be more accurately predicted using B data
Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.
Correlational
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?
Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation
The primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the item ________.
Discriminates between two known groups
When evaluated as psychometric instruments, most projective tests ________.
Do not fare very well
If you were to fully develop a personality test without even looking at the item content, you would be using the ________ method of test construction.
Empirical
Imagine that you want to develop a test to measure depression. You gather a set of 100 potential test items and ask a sample of people diagnosed with clinical depression and a sample of nondepression and a sample of nondepressed people to respond to the items. For your final version of the test, you decide to keep only the 15 items that the depressed and nondepressed groups answered differently . You are using a(n)________method of test construction.
Empirical
According to the text, which of the following is another term for behavioral confirmation?
Expectancy effect
Which design is best suited for addressing the third variable problem?
Experimental
The Big Five ______________
Factor analytically derived dimensions of personality
There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits. This is called the _______ effect.
Fish-and -water
Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologist should _____
Gather as much data as possible
Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ____________.
Gather as much data as possible
What is the first step in the empirical method of scale construction?
Gather lots of items
Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called ________.
Generalizability
The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle class college sophomore may reduce the _____________ of psychological research
Generalizability
The technical meaning of reliability refers to ______________.
How much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument
Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental
I data
Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?
I data
The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to ________
Identity groups of test items that seem to be alike
According to the textbook, there are no perfect __________ of personality, only________.
Indicators; clues
All projective tests ________.
Involved stumbling with no clear meaning
What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?
It is not generalizable
I data are _____________.
Judgements made by knowledgeable observers
Récords of employee absenteeism are what type of data
L Data
Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?
L Data
What does MMPI stand for?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
According to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a potential indicator of psychopathology?
Never being married by the age of 40
Eliminating the use of personality tests in employment screening will ___________.
Not prevent traits from being judged but will change the ways traits are judged
Which of the following would be an example of natural B data?
Observations of the number of times a subjects told a joke in a day
What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits?
Omnibus inventories
According to the principles described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable measure of attitudes towards _____________.
Paper clips
What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
Performance based personality test
Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.
Personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual
According to the text, a _________ would receive technical training, whereas a ____________ would receive scientific education.
Physician; biologist
What is the name of the newer, shorter version of the TAT?
Picture story excercise
What is the correct definition of the p-value?
Probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is true
Which of the following is a limitation of projective tests
Projective tests are relatively inefficient and expensive to administer
At the heart of aggregation is the idea that ________.
Random errors cancel each other out
To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have to ________.
Randomly assign some people to a smoking sondition and some others to a control condition
The basis of the ________ method of test construction is to come up with items that seem directly, obviously, and logically related to what it is you wish to measure.
Rational
The basis of the __________ method of test construction is to come up with items that seem directly, obviously, and logically related to what it is you wish to measure.
Rational
What is the most common method of test construction?
Rational
If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ___________.
Reliable
On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence's scores on the Self-Monitoring Scale do not appear to be ________.
Reliable
Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________.
Reliable but not valid measure of intelligence
One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is that they often lack face vadility. What kind of problem does this create?
Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms
One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) it that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?
Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms.
If you were shown an Inkblot and asked to describe what you saw, you would be taking the __________.
Rorschach Test
Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project. She would most likely obtain ________ data.
S Data
A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two of data?
S and B Data
A test created using the rational method yields what kind of data ?
S data
When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits ________. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________.
S data ; B data
Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability
Selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system
If measurement errors are truly random, then they should ________.
Sum to zero
If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________.
Test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated
Which of the following is NOT a major limitation of the factor analytic approach?
The factors are only as good as the criterion groups used to validate the measure
If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connel want to avoid using S data?
The person supplying the S asta may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports about Laura
If a psychologist describes a research result as statistically significant, what does he or she typically mean?
The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance
Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis significance testing?
The smaller the sample size the easier it is to find a significant effect
The sole basis on which items are selected for empirically derived personality scales is whether ________.
They are answered differently by different kinds of people
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?
They come from carefully controlled experimental situations
According to the text, the goal of a scientific education is _______
To question what is known and how to find out what is not yet known
What is the minimum number of informants that Funder recomends for each person in a study?
Two
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and finds a statistically significant correlation between eating pizza and aggression. However, there is no real association between eating pizza and aggression in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made?
Type 1
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and fails to find a statistically significant correlation between exercise and weigh loss. However, there is a real association between exercise and weigh losss in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made?
Type 2
The Woodworth Personality Data Sheet was designed to measure psychiatric problems in what group?
U.S. Army recruits
As described in the text, according to some motivation researchers, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measures _________, whereas questionairebased measures predict___________.
What people want; how motives are expressed
If everybody read, interpreted, and answered an item in exactly the same way, then that item ________.
Would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences
If everybody read, interpreted, and answered an item in exactly the same way, then that item_________.
Would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences.
The MMPI was designed to ______________.
assess individuals with psychological disorders
Factor analysis can ____________.
identify groups of items that go together
Factor analysis can ______________
identify groups of items that go together
A major disadvantage of L data is
that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality
Personality assessment refers to ____________.
the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion
According to the text, the last step in a factor analysis is to ________.
Ñame the factors
