PY 101 Quiz 3

By what age do children acquire most grammar in the language spoken in their environments?

5 years old

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Art has doting parents who praise him every time he sits down and studies. Ben has parents who praise him every now and then when he studies. A learning theorist would predict that if both sets of parents stopped giving encouragement for studying, __________ would continue studying longer because behaviors rewarded on a __________ schedule persist longer.

Ben; partial

Luis is on the jury for a highly publicized murder case. After hearing the prosecution's evidence, he has decided that the defendant is guilty. The defense provides several witnesses that place the defendant at a party during the time of the murder. However, Luis ignores this evidence and continues to believe that the defendant is guilty. Which of the following obstacles to problem solving is operating?

Confirmation bias

Benji is deciding between two houses as an investment property. House A is in a traditionally popular neighborhood. If Benji gets House A, he will probably have an 80% chance of making a $100,000 profit in the next ten years. House B is in a neighborhood with great potential. If he gets House B, he will probably have a 60% of making a $150,000 profit in the next ten years. If we assume that Benji is completely rational, he will probably buy

House B

Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely to make goofy faces in the future to make Jacob stop crying?

Negative reinforcement

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. Group of answer choices

practical

Jaycilyn thinks that she can get a three-bedroom apartment near campus for $250/month. Marty tells her that he saw many advertised for $600/month. Jaycilyn changes her original estimate, and now thinks that she can get an apartment for $300/month. Jaycilyn's revised estimate is affected by the __________ heuristic.

anchoring

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

When Ken kisses Barbie, his heart races. For a month, Barbie snapped her fingers just before she kissed him. She stopped snapping her fingers, but now whenever Ken hears someone snapping their fingers, his heart begins to race. This is an example of __________ conditioning, and finger snapping is the __________.

classical; conditioned stimulus

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Genie was unable to learn language in her teens after being isolated without language until that time. Genie's difficulty is evidence for a

critical period in language acquisition.

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Baby Abbey was playing with her favorite toy rattle when her mom dropped an armful of pots and pans behind her. The loud noise made her startle and cry. Subsequently, on seeing her rattle, she cries. However, Mom continues to give Baby Abbey her favorite rattle and doesn't drop any more pots and pans. We would expect that Baby Abbey's crying when seeing the rattle would now

extinguish

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

fluid

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience is known as

learning.

Cinderella is excited about meeting a potential husband at the ball. Her ideal suitor would have some of the following attributes: tall, dark, handsome, rich, and good taste in glass slippers. At the ball, she hooks up with Prince Charming, who has all of these features. Cinderella's set of characteristic features for her potential husband is called a __________ concept, and Prince Charming is a __________.

natural; prototype

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational learning

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

practical

Lois and Peter want to teach Brian, their dog, to fetch the newspaper. Lois wants to encourage Brian's behavior when he brings in the newspaper. Peter wants to discourage Brian's behavior when he brings in a stick instead. Lois will most likely use __________, and Peter will most likely use __________.

reinforcers; punishment

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schemata

In modern IQ testing, someone with an IQ of 65 would be described as________.

significantly cognitively delayed

Five-year-old Sandrine jumps and cringes every time she hears thunder. Soon she cringes when she sees lightning because she knows that thunder will follow. One day when she is at her first fireworks show, she cringes when she sees the flash of light from the first fireworks in the sky. Sandrine is displaying

stimulus generalization

Many people believe that there are more deaths in the United States each year due to tornadoes than deaths due to asthma, even though asthma kills more people. This mistaken belief is due in part to the reports of tornadoes being more vivid. This is an example of how our judgments are affected by

the availability heuristic.

Reinforcement

the strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Lance is a door-to-door insurance salesman. Lance finds it hard to predict what his sales will be for any given day. On some days, he sells one policy for every three houses that he visits; on other days, he may sell one policy every twenty houses. Lance is being rewarded on a __________ reinforcement schedule.

variable-ratio

punshiment

weakens the response